LIBRARY 


University  of  California. 


^IFT    OP 


Class     B  '^  "7 


DOCUMENTS 
DEPT. 


noj 


311 

(A  S~V 

/?7 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/centralelectriclOOunitrich 


J 


^^ 


•/     i 


DEPARTMENT  OE  COMMERCE  AND  LABOR 
^.    BUREAU  OF  THE  CENSUS 

E.  DANA  DURAND,  DIRECTOR 


SPECIAL  REPORTS 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LICHT  AND 

POWER  STATIONS 

1907 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1910 


•  c  •  c  •; 


'^^ 


^^ 


^' 


v^> 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Scope  and  Grouping  of  the  Statistics. 

Page. 

Central  stations 13 

Municipal  stations 13 

Electric-railway  j^lanf s  and  central  electric  stations 13 

Isolated  plants 14 

Power  or  generating  plants 14 

Period  covered 14 

Basis  of  canvass 15 

Grouping  o£  statistics 15 

CHAPTER  II. 

Summary  op  Statistics. 

Table  1. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations:  1907  and  1902 16 

Table  2. — Central  electric  stations  oi^erated  by  street-railway  companies:  1907  and  1902 17 

Ownership  of  central  electric  stations 17 

Table  3. — Commercial  central  electric  stations — Number,  by  character  of  ownership:  1907  and  1802 17 

Table  4. — Commercial  central  electric  stations,  by  character  of  ownership:  1907 18 

Table  5. — Purely  electric  and  composite  central  electric  stations,  by  character  of  ownership:  1907 19 

Table  6. — Purely  electric  and  composite  central  electric  stations — Commercial  and  municipal:  1907  and  1902 20 

Relationship  of  population  and  central  stations 20 

Table  7. — Central  electric  stations — Relation  of  leading  items  to  population,  by  .geographic  divisions:  1907  and  1E02 22 

Thirty-four  selected  cities  grouped  in  four  classes  according  to  their  estimated  population  in  1902 23 

Table  8. — Central  electric  stations  in  34  selected  cities,  by  groups,  according  to  population:  1907  and  1902 24 

Table  9. — Central  electric  stations  in  34  selected  cities — Income  from  "All  other  electric  service;  "  1907  and  1902 25 

Table  10. — Central  electric  stations  in  34  selected  cities— Generating  equipment:  1907  and  1902 25 

Large  and  small  stations 26 

Table  11. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Number,  by  dynamo  capacity  of  stations:  1907  and  ir,02 26 

Table  12. — Purely  electric  and  composite  central  electric  stations — Number,  by  dynamo  capacity  of  stations:  1£07  rr.d  1S02. .  27 

Table  13. — Central  electric  stations — Number,  by  dynamo  capacity  and  by  geographic  divisions:  1907  and  1S02 27 

Consolidation  of  electric  stations  with  other  enterprises 27 

Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Number  and  kind  of  associated  enterprises:  1907 27 

Table  14. — Comparative  summary — Central  electric  stations  and  gas  plants 28 

Municipal  plants 28-34 

Table  15. — Municipal  central  electric  stations — Number,  with  additions  since  1902,  by  geographic  divisions:  1S07 29 

Table  16. — Municipal  central  electric  stations — Number,  by  population  of  cities  in  which  located  and  by  geographic  divisions: 

1907  and  1902 29 

Table  17. — Municipal  central  electric  stations,  by  population  of  cities  in  which  located  and  by  geographic  divisions:  1907  and 

1902 30 

Table  18. — Municipal  central  electric  stations  which  supply  the  entire  electric  service  in  the  cities  where  located,  by  geographic 

divisions:  1907  and  1902 .-...• 32 

Table  19. — Municipal  central  electric  stations  which  do  not  supply  the  entire  electric  service  in  the  cities  where  located,  by 

geographic  divisions:  1907  and  1902 33 

Municipal  central  electric  stations  that  render  the  entire  electric  service  and  those  that  do  not — Per  cent  distribution  of  in- 
come, by  geographic  divisions:  1907 34 

CHAPTER  III. 

Power  Equipment. 

Primary-power  equipment  of  central  stations  and  electric  railways 35 

Table  20. — Central  electric  stations  and  electric  railways — Number  and  horsepower  of  the  primary-power  machines,  by  kind  of 

power:  1907  and  1902 35 

(3) 


228712 


•  -•' 


-  '  •    • 


.     ■«      «    •••  •        *      *  • 


CONTENTS, 


Page. 

Central  stations 35-50 

Engines  and  water  wheels S5 

Table  21. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Number  and  horsepower  of  the  primary-power  machines, 

by  kind  of  power:  1907  and  1902 36 

Table  22. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Percent  distribution,  by  kind  of  primary-power  machines: 

1907  and  1902 38 

Steam  engines  and  steam  turbines 38 

Table  23. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Steam  engines  and  steam  tiu-bines,  by  horsepower  capacity: 

1907  and  1902 38 

Table  24. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  distribution,  by  number  and  horsepower  capacity 

of  steam  engines  and  steam  turbines:  1907  and  1902 39 

Table  25. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Number  and  horsepower  of  steam  engines,  exclusive  of 

steam  turbines:  1907  and  1902 39 

Table  26. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  distribution,  by  number  and  horsepower  capacity 

of  steam  engines,  exclusive  of  steam  turbines:  1907  and  1902 41 

Steam  turbines 41 

Table  27. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Number  and  horsepower  of  steam  turbines,  by  horsepower 

capacity,  with  per  cent  distribution :  1907 41 

Table  28. — Central  electric  stations  in  selected  cities — Number  and  horsepower  of  steam  turbines:  1907 42 

Gas  engines 42 

Intenial-combustion  oil  engines 42 

Internal-combustion  oil  engines — -Number  and  horsepower,  by  states:  1907 42 

Water  power 42 

Table  29. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Number  and  horsepower  of  water  wheels,  by  horsepower 

capacity:  1907  and  1902 43 

Table  30. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  distribution,  by  number  and  horsepower  capacity 

of  water  wheels:  1907  and  1902 43 

Table  31. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  station.s — Average  horsepower,  per  station  and  per  machine,  of  pri- 
mary power :  1907  and  1902 43 

Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Distribution  by  number  of  stations,  and  kinds  of  primary  power:  1907 

and  1902 44 

Dynamos,  central  stations,  and  electric  railways ■. 44 

Table  32. — Central  electric  stations  and  electric  railways — Number  and  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos  in  generating  stations,  by 

kind  of  dynamo:  1907  and  1902 44 

Table  33. — Central  electric  stations  and  electric  railways — Per  cent  dintribution,  by  kind  and  by  number  and  capacity  of 

dynamos:  1907  and  1902 ■ 45 

Dynamos  in  central  stations 45 

Table  34. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Number  and  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos  in  generating 

stations,  by  kind  of  dynamo:  1907  and  1902 46 

Table  35. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  distribution,  by  kind  and  by  number  and  capacity 

of  dynamos:  1907  and  1902 46 

Table  36. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Average  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos,  by  kind,  per  station, 

and  per  machine:  1907  and  1902 46 

Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Number  of  stations,  by  kind  of  dynamo:  1907  and  1902 46 

Table  37. — Central  electric  stations — Kind  of  dynamos,  by  class,  number,  and  kilowatt  rapacity :  1907 47 

Table  38. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Dynamos,  by  number  and  kilowatt  capacity:  1907 47 

Table  39. — Central  electric  stations — Kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos  in  the  states  which  increased  their  capacity  over  20,000 

kilowatts :  1907  and  1902 49 

Table  40. — Commercial   and   municipal  central   electric  stations — Number  and   kilowatt   capacity  of   miscellaneous    main- 
station  equipment:  1907  and  1902 49 

Table  41. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Number  and  kilowatt  capacity  of  substation  equipment,  by 

kind:  1907  and  1902 49 

Output  of  stations 50,51 

Table  42. — Central  electric  stations  and  electric  railways — Output  of  generating  stations:  1907  and  1902 , 50 

Table  43. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Output  of  generating  stations:  1907  and  1902 50 

Table  44. — Central  electric  stations — Output  of  generating  stations,  by  states  and  territories,  with  per  cent  of  increase  and  per 

cent  distribution  of  total  increase:  1907  and  1902 51 

CHAPTER  IV. 

Line  Equipment. 

Central  stations  and  electric  railways 52 

Table  45. — Central  electric  stations  and  electric  railways — Lamps,  meters,  transformers  in  circuits,  and  stationary  motors:  1907 

and  1902 52 


CONTENTS.  5 

Page. 

Central  stations 52-60 

Lamps,  meters,  transformers,  and  stationary  motors 52 

Table  46.— Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Lamps,  meters,  transformers  in  circuits,  and  stationary 

motors:  1907  and  1902 53 

Arc  lamps 53 

Table  47. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Arc  lamps,  by  kinds:  1907  and  1902 53 

Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  distribution  of  arc  lamps,  by  kind :  1907  and  1902 54 

Table  48. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  .stations — Arc  lamp,s,  by  kind  of  current  used :  1907  and  1902 54 

Table  49. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  distribution  of  arc  lamps,  by  kind  of  current 

used:  1907  and  1902 54 

Incandescent  lamps 54 

Table  50. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Incandescent  lamps,  by  c^andlepower,  and  other  varieties 

of  lamps:  1907  and  1902 55 

Central  electric  stations — Number,  by  lamp  equipment:  1907 56 

Table  51. — Central  electric  stations — Arc  and  incandescent  lamps,  for  the  8  states  having  the  largest  numbers  of  incandescent 

lamps:  1907  and  1902 56 

Central  electric  stations — Lamps  other  than  regular  arc  and  incandescent,  by  kind :  1907 57 

Meters  on  consumption  circuits 57 

Table  52. — Central  electric  stations — Meters  on  consumption  circuits,  for  the  8  states  having  the  greatest  numbers  cf  meters: 

1907  and  1902 57 

Transformers  in  circuits  for  customers 58 

Table  53. — Central  electric  stations — Number  and  kilowatt  capacity  of  transformers  in  circuits  for  customers,  for  the  8  states 

having  the  greatest  kilowatt  capacity:  1907  and  1902 58 

Stationary  motors 58 

Table  54. — Central  electric  stations — Number  and  horsepower  capacity  of  stationary  motors,  for  the  8  states  having  the 

greatest  horsepower  capacity :  1907  and  1902 59 

Table  55. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Number  of  stations,  by  character  of  service:  1907  and  1902.  59 

Average  size  of  station 59 

Table  56. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Average  number  of  lamps,  meters,  transformers,  and  motors 

per  station  and  average  capacity  per  machine:  1907  and  1902 60 

Line  construction 60 

CHAPTER  V. 

Capitalization. 

Basi.s  of  statistics ■ 61 

Increase  since  1902 61 

Table  57. — Capital  stock,  funded  debt,  dividends,  and  interest  paid  on  funded  debt  of  commercial  companies,  and  funded  debt 

and  interest  of  municipal  stations  having  bonds  outstanding:  1907  and  1902 61 

Capitalization  of  commercial  companies 61 

Average  rate  of  return  on  capitalization  of  incorporated  companies:  1907  and  1902 62 

Capitalization  of  purely  electric  and  composite  companies 62 

Table  58. — Purely  electric  and  composite  companies — Capital  stock,  funded  debt,  dividends,  and  interest:  1907 63 

Table  59. — Di.stribution  of  capitalization,  dividends,  and  interest  between  the  electric  light  and  power  industry  and  allied 

industries:  1907 63 

Capitalization  and  cost  of  construction 64 

Analysis  of  dividends  and  interest - 64 

Table  60. — Analysis  of  dividends  and  interest:  1907 64 

Table  61. — Capitalization — Amount,  dividends,  and  interest  for  companies  paying  either  dividends  on  stock  or  interest   on 

funded  debt,  and  amount  for  companies  paying  neither  dividends  nor  interest:  1907 64 

Table  62. — Capital  stock — Amount  and  dividends  for  companies  paying  dividends  either  on  common  or  preferred  stock,  and 

amount  for  companies  not  paying  dividends'  1907 65 

Table  63. — Common  stock — Amount  and  dividends  for  companies  paying  dividends,  grouped  by  rate  of  dividends,  and  amount 

for  companies  not  paying  dividends:  1907 65 

Table  64. — Preferred  stock — Amount  and  dividends  for  companies  paying  dividends,  grouped  by  rate  of  dividends,  and  amount 

for  companies  not  paying  dividends:  1907 66 

Table  65. — Funded  debt — Amount  and  interest  for  companies  paying  interest  and  amount  for  companies  not  paying  interest: 

1907 66 

Table  66. — Companies  reporting  funded  debt,  grouped  by  rate  of  interest:  1907 67 

Capitalization  statistics  of  companies,  classified  according  to  dynamo  capacity 67 

Table  67. — Capitalization  statistics  of  commercial  companies,  clas.sified  according  to  dynamo  capacity  of  stations:  1907 67 

Table  68. — Per  cent  distribution,  by  dynamo  capacity,  of  number  of  companies,  capitalization,  and  dividends  ahd  interest,  and 

average  capitalization  per  company:  1907 68 

Average  capitalization  per  company  and  per  cent  distribution  of  capitalization  for  groups  of  companies,  classified  according  to 

dynamo  capacity:  1907 68 

Municipal  stations 69 

Table  69.— Municipal  stations— Funded  debt  and  interest:  1907  and  1902 69 

Table  70. — Municipal  stations — Funded  debt  and  interest  for  purely  electric  and  composite  stations:  1907 69 

Table  71. — Municipal  stations — Distribution  of  funded  debt  and  interest  between  the  electric  light  and  power  industry  and 

allied  industries;  1907 69 


6  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Cost  op  Construction  and  Equipment. 

Page. 
General  discussion 70 

Table  72. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Total  cost  of  plants  and  equipment;  average  cost  per 
kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos  and  per  horsepower  capacity  of  engines  and  water  wheels;  and  cost  of  construc- 
tion during  the  census  year:  1907  and  1902 70 

Table  73.— Total  cost  of  plants  and  equipment  for  states  each  of  which  in  1907  reported  a  total  of  more  than  $40,000,000:  1907 

and  1902 71 

Table  74. — Notable  increases  in  the  total  cost  of  construction  for.  20  selected  states  in  1907  over  the  amount  reported  in  1902 71 

Table  75. — Commercial   and  municipal   central  electric  stations — Total  cost  of  plants  and  equipment,  by  kind  of  primary 

power:  1907  and  1902 72 

Table  76. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  Rtations — Cost  of  plants  and  equipment,  by  kind  of  primary  power 

used  and  by  geographic  divisions:  1907  and  1902 72 

Table  77. — Total  cost  of  plants  and  equipment,  by  character  of  ownership:  1907 73 

Table  78. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Cost  of  construction  during  the  year,  by  kind  of  primary 

power  used  and  by  geographic  divisions:  1907 73 

Table  79. — Commercial  central  electric  stations — Cost  of  construction  during  the  year  for  selected  states,  by  geographic  divisions 

and  kind  of  primary  power:  1907 74 

Table  80. — Number  of  stations  under  construction,  December  31,  1907,  by  character  of  ownership  and  by  geographic  divisions. .        74 

Table  81. — Cost  of  construction  and  equipment  of  stations  under  construction,  December  31,  1907,  and  capitalization  of  the 

incorporated  companies,  by  character  of  ownership  and  by  geographic  divisions '. 74 

Table  82. — Cost  of  construction  and  equipment  of  stations  under  construction,  December  31,  1907,  and  capitalization  of  the 

incorporated  companies,  by  kind  of  power  used  and  by  geographic  divisions 75 

Stations  under  construction,  December  31,  1907 — Number  of  stations,  by  kind  of  power  and  by  character  of  ownership. 75 

CHAPTER  VII. 

Income  and  Expenses. 

Purpose  of  the  statistics 76 

General  statistics  of  income 76-89 

Table  83. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Gross  income:  1907  and  1902 76 

Table  84. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  distribution  of  gross  income:  1907  and  1902 78 

Table  85. — Purely  electric  and  composite  central  electric  stations — Gross  income:  1907  and  1902 78 

Table  86. — Purely  electric  and  composite  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  distribution  of  gross  income:  1907  and  1902 79 

Table  87. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Gross  income,  by  dynamo  capacity  of  stations:  1907  and  1902.  79 

Table  88. — Commercial  central  electric  stations — Gross  income,  by  dynamo  capacity  of  stations:  1907  and  1902 80 

Table  89. — Municipal  central  electric  stations — Gross  income,  by  dynamo  capacity  of  stations:  1907  and  1902 80 

Table  90. — Purely  electric  commercial  stations — Gross  income,  by  dynamo  capacity  of  stations :  1907  and  1902 80 

Table  91. — Composite  commercial  stations — Gross  income,  by  dynamo  capacity  of  stations:  1907  and  1902 81 

Table  92. — Purely  electric  municipal  stations — Gross  income,  by  dynamo  capacity  of  stations:  1907  and  1902 81 

Table  93. — Composite  municipal  stations — Gross  income,  by  dynamo  capacity  of  stations:  1907  and  1902 81 

Table  94. — Central  electric  stations — Gross  income  for  10  selected  states:  1907  and  1902... 82 

Table  95. — Central  electric  stations — Per  cent  distribution  and  per  cent  of  increase  for  gross  income  in  10  selected  states:  1907 

and  1902 82 

Table  96. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Gross  income,  by  kind  of  primary  power  used:   1907  and  1902.  83 
Table  97. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  of  increase  of  gross  income,  by  kind  of  primary  power 

used:  1907 83 

Table  98. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  distribution  of  gross  income  for  each  kind  of  power 

used,  by  source  of  income  :  1907  and  1902 84 

Table  99. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Gross  income  for  stations  with  and  without  meters  on  con- 
sumption circuits:  1907  and  1902 84 

Table  100. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Gross  income  from  commercial  and  public  lighting:  1907  and 

1902 85 

Table  101. — Central  electric  stations — Gross  income  from  commercial  and  public  lighting,  for  15  selected  states:   1907  and  ].902.  86 
Commercial  central  electric  stations — Average  income  from  lamps  as  reported  in  1902,  and  as  obtained  from  110  selected  reports 

in  1907 86 

Table  102. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Gross  income  from  stationary-motor  service,  for  14  selected 

states:  1907  and  1902 87 

Table  103. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Gross  income  from  "All  other  electric  service:"  1907  and  1902.  87 
Table  104. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Gross  income  from  current  sold  to  electric  railways  and  to 

other  electric  companies,  for  12  selected  states:  1907  and  1902 88 

Table  105. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Income  from  electric  service  other  than  that  for  lighting, 

motor  service,  and  current  sold  to  railways  and  to  other  electric  companies :  1907 88 


CONTENTS.  7 

Paga 

Expenses 89-95 

Table  106. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Expenses:  1907  and  1902 89 

Table  107. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  that  each  item  of  expense  is  of  total:  1907  and  1902.  90 

Table  108. — Purely  electric  and  composite  central  electric  stations — Expenses :  1907  and  1902 90 

Table  109. — Purely  electric  and  composite  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  that  each  item  of  expense  is  of  total:  1907  and  1902.  90 

Table  110. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Expenses,  by  kind  of  primary  power  used:   1907  and  1902. . .  91 
Table  111. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  increase  of  expenses,   by  kind  of  primary  power 

used:  1907 91 

Table  112. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  distribution  of  total  expenses  for  each  kind  of 

power  used,  by  items  of  expense:   1907  and  1902 1 91 

Salaries  and  wa§es 92 

Table  113. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Employees,  salaries,  and  wages:   1907  and  1902 92 

Supplies  and  materials 93 

Table  114. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Cost  of  supplies  and  materials:   1907  and  1902 93 

Fuel 94 

Table  115. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Cost  of  fuel:  1907  and  1902 94 

Power  purchased 94 

Miscellaneous  expenses 95 

Table  116. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Jliscellaneous  expenses:   1907  and  1902 95 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
Technical  Aspects  of  the  Period. 

By  Thomas  Commerford  Martin,  Expert  Special  Agent. 

General  conditions 96 

Steam  power 97 

Oil  engines 98 

Gas  engines 98 

Water  power 98 

Generators 100 

Transmission 102 

Distribution 103 

Transformers 104 

Storage  batteries 105 

Arc  lamps 106 

Incandescent  lamps 108 

Electric  power 113 

Electric  heating  and  cooking 115 

Electric  meters 117 

Regulation  and  rates 120 

GENERAL  TABLES. 

Table  117. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations— Comparative  summary,  by  states  and  territories:  1907  and  1902.  126 
Table  118. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  station.s — Primary  power  and  generating  equipment,  by  states  and  terri- 
tories: 1907 130 

Table  119. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Substation  equipment,  motors,  transformers,  meters,  customers, 

and  output  of  stations,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 136 

Table  120. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Analysis  of  service,  by  states  and  territories:   1907 138 

Table  121. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Analysis  of  supplies,  materials,  and  fuel,  by  states  and  territories: 

1907 140 

Table  122. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Analysis  of  income,  by  states  and  territories:   1907 142 

Table  123. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Number  of  salaried  employees  and  total  salaries,  by  states  and 

territories:  1907 143 

Table  124. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Average  number  of  wage-earners  and  total  wages,  by  states  and 

territories:  1907 144 

Table  125. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Analysis  of  miscellaneous  expenses,  by  states  and  territories:  1907.  145 

Table  126. — Commercial  central  electric  stations — Primary  power  and  generating  equipment,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 146 

Table  127. — Commercial  central  electric  stations — Substation  equipment,  motors,  transformers,  meters,  customers,  and  output  of 

stations,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 152 

Table  128. — Commercial  central  electric  stations — Analysis  of  service,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 154 

Table  129. — Commercial  central  electric  stations — Character  of  ownership,  service,  capitalization,  and  cost  of  construction  and 

equipment,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 156 

Table  130. — Commercial  central  electric  stations — Condensed  statement:  income  and  expenses,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 158 

Table  131. — Commercial  central  electric  stations — Analysis 'of  income,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 159 

Table  132. — Commercial  central  electric  stations — Analysis  of  supplies,  materials,  and  fuel,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 160 

Table  133. — Commercial  central  electric  stations — Number  of  salaried  employees  and  total  salaries,  by  states  and  territories:  1907.  162 

Table  134. — Commercial  central  electric  stations — Average  number  of  wage-earners  and  total  wages,  by  states  and  territories:  1907.  163 

Table  135. — Commercial  central  electric  stations — Analysis  of  miscellaneous  expenses,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 164  , 


8  CONTENTS. 

Page. 
Table  136. — Municipal  central  electric  stations — Substation  equipment,  motors,  transformers,  meters,  customers,  and  output  of 

stations,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 165 

Table  137. — Municipal  central  electric  stations — Primary  power  and  generating  equipment,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 166 

Table  138. — Municipal  central  electric  stations — Analysis  of  service,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 170 

Table  139. — Municipal  central  electric  stations — Character  of  service,  bonds,  and  cost  of  construction  and  equipment,  by  states  and 

territories:  1907 172 

Table  140. — Municipal  central  electric  stations — Condensed  statement:  income  and  expenses,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 173 

Table  141. — Municipal  central  electric  stations — Analysis  of  supplies,  materials,  and  fuel,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 174 

Table  142. — Municipal  central  electric  stations — Analysis  of  income,  by  states  and  territories:  1907 176 

Table  143. — Municipal  central  electric  stations — Number  of  salaried  employees  and  total  salaries,  by  states  and  territories:  1907. . .  177 

Table  144.— Municipal  central  electric  stations — Average  number  of  wage-earners  and  total  wages,  by  states  and  territories:  1907...  178 

Table  145. — Municipal  central  electric  stations — Analysis  of  miscellaneous  expenses,  by  stales  and  territories:  1907 179 

Table  146.— Central  electric  light  and  power  stations  operated  by  street-railway  companies — Analysis  of  arc-lighting  service,  by 

states:  1907  and  1902 " 180 

Table  147. — Central  electric  light  and  power  stations  operated  by  street-railway  companies — Analysis  of  incandescent  and  other 

varieties  of  lighting  service  as  well  as  motor  service  and  number  of  meters,  by  states:  1907  and  1902 181 

Table  148. — Central  electric  light  and  power  stations  operated  by  street-railway  companies — Income,  by  states:  1907  and  1902 182 

APPENDICES. 

Appendix  A. — Schedule 185-187 

Appendix  B. — Instructions  to  special  agents 189-192 

MAPS  AND  DIAGRAMS. 

MAPS. 

Map  1. — Geographic  divisions 21 

Map  2. — Central  electric  stations — Gross  income:  1907 77 

Map  3. — Central  electric  stations — Gross  income:  1902 77 

DIAGRAMS. 

Diagram  1. — Central  stations  and  electric  railways,  by  character  of  primary  power:  1907 36 

Diagram  2. — Central  stations,  by  character  of  primary  power:  1907  and  1902 36 

Diagram  3. — Central  electric  stations — Primary  power,  by  states,  arranged  in  order  of  their  relative  importance:  1907  and  1902 37 

Diagram  4. — Central  electric  stations — Steam  and  water  power,  by  states,  arranged  in  order  of  their  relative  importance:  1907 40 

Diagram  5. — Central  electric  stations — Capacity  of  dynamos:  1907  and  1902 46 

Diagram  6. — Central  electric  stations — Capacity  of  dynamos,  by  states,  arranged  in  the  order  of  their  relative  importance:  1907  and 

1902 48 

Diagram  7. — Central  electric  atations^-Output,  by  gec^raphic  divisions:  1907  and  1902 51 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Facing  page. 

Interior  view  of  Southern  Power  Company's  hydro-electric  plant 96 

Horizontal  low-pressure  steam  turbine  and  generator 96 

Switchboard  room,  Quarry  Street  Station,  Commonwealth  Edison  Co.,  Chicago 98 

Steam  turbine  generating  plant,  Fisk  Street  Station,  Commonwealth  Edison  Co.,  Chicago 98 

1,500-kilowatt  rotary  converter 100 

Generator  connected  to  large  gas  engine,  San  Francisco 100 

Conveying  a  10,000-kilowatt,  100,000-volt  transformer  without  case  across  the  Feather  River,  California 102 

Method  of  mounting  distribution  transformers  on  poles 102 

400-ampere,  1 16  to  120  volt  meter  uncased  to  show  mechanism 104 

High-voltage  transformer.  Southern  Power  Company 104 

Modern  type  of  distribution  transformer 104 

Tungsten  lighting.  Riverside  Drive,  New  York  City 106 

Inclosed  arc-light  lamp-posts.  Fifth  avenue.  New  York  City 106 

Arc  lighting  oa  Seventh  avenue.  New  York  City ". 108 

Types  of  modern  arc-light  poles 108 

Type  of  ordinary  tungsten  lamp 110 

1,000-candlepower  tungsten  lamp  compared  with  ordinary  16-candlepower  carbon  lamp 110 

Inclosed  arc  lamp  with  ornamental  casing  for  indoor  service 110 

Type  of  flaming-arc  lamp 110 

Room  in  New  York  Post-Office  lighted  with  vacuum  tubes 112 

Typical  electric  chafing  dish 116 

Electric  oil-tempering  bath 116 

Electric  coffee  percolator 116 

Electric  flatiron 116 

Electric  toaster  with  warming  shelf 110 

Section  of  switchboard,  New  York  Edison  System 12C 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE  AND  LABOR, 

Bureau  of  the  Census, 
Washington,  D.  C,  June  20,  1910. 
Sir: 

The  act  of  Congress  of  June  7,  1906,  amendatory  of  section  7  of  the  act  approved  March  6,  1902,  provides 
that  statistics  concerning  central  electric  light  and  power  stations  shall  be  collected  by  the  Bureau  of  the 
Census  at  quinquennial  periods. 

I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  the  first  report  preparetl  in  conformity  with  the  requirements  of 
this  law.  The  report  presents  statistics  concerning  the  physical  equipment,  service,  and  financial  operations 
of  the  central  electric  light  and  power  stations.  This  is  the  second  census  of  the  central  electric  stations  that 
has  been  taken  since  the  Bureau  of  the  Census  was  made  a  permanent  office.  The  first  census  covered  the 
3'ear  ending  December  31,  1902,  and  was  taken  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  section  7  of  the  act  of 
Congress  of  March  6,  1902. 

In  order  to  preserve  the  comparability  of  the  data,  the  same  form  of  schedule  was  used  to  collect  statistics 
at  both  censuses,  and,  as  nearly  as  possible,  the  same  form  of  presenting  the  data  has  been  followed  in 
both  reports.  The  statistics  were  collected  and  the  report  prepared  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  William 
M.  Steuart,  chief  statistician  for  manufactures.  Mr.  T.  Commerford  Martin,  of  New  York  City,  was  the 
consulting  expert  special  agent  of  the  ofiice  and  prepared  the  portion  of  the  report  dealing  with  the  technical 
features  of  the  industry.  Acknowledgment  should  also  be  made  of  the  services  of  Mr.  Frank  L.  Sanford, 
who  prepared  the  analytical  tables  and  verified  the  text. 
Very  respectfully, 


Oi^yW<<^Oj 


h 


Hon.  Charles  Nagel, 

Secretary  oj  C(ymmerce  and  Labor. 


Director  of  the  Census. 
(9) 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND 
POWER  STATIONS 


(11) 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


CHAPTER  I. 


SCOPE  AND  GROUPING  OF  THE  STATISTICS. 


Central  stations. — The  act  of  Congress  approved 
June  7,  1906,  amending  section  7  of  the  act  estabUsh- 
ing  a  permanent  Census  Oflice,  authorizes  the  Director 
of  the  Census  to  collect  every  five  years  statistics 
relating  to  street  railways,  electric  light  and  power, 
and  the  telephone  and  telegraph  business.  This 
report  relates  to  central  electric  stations  which  furnish 
electrical  energy  for  lighting  and  heating  and  power 
for  manufacturing  and  mining  purposes,  for  street 
railways  and  elevators,  for  charging  batteries,  etc. 
Central  stations  are  classed  as  "commercial"  and 
"municipal,"  the  former  being  those  operated  by  indi- 
viduals, companies,  and  corporations;  and  the  latter 
those  operated  by  municipalities.  The  census  takes  no 
cognizance  of  electric  stations  that  are  operated  by 
the  Federal  Government  or  of  those  operated  prima- 
rily for  the  service  of  state  institutions. 

Central  stations  are  further  classed  as  "purely  elec- 
tric" and  "composite."  The  central  stations  devoted 
soleh'  to  the  generation  and  sale  of  electrical  energy 
are  designated  as  "purely  electric."  The  majority  of 
the  central  stations  are  of  this  class.  Central  stations 
engaged  in  the  electric  business  and  also  in  other 
industries,  such  as  the  manufacture  of  gas  and  the 
operation  of  waterworks,  electric  railways,  ice  plants, 
mining  and  other  commercial  enterprises,  are  desig- 
nated as  "composite."  There  is  scarcely  a  limit  to 
the  variety  of  industries  that  are  conducted  under  the 
same  management  with  electric  plants,  such  associa- 
tion of  industries  being  the  result  of  a  belief  that  econ- 
omy of  administration  is  secured  thereby.  In  many 
instances  only  one  system  of  accounts  is  kept  for  all  of 
the  industries  conducted  under  the  same  ownership, 
and  this  makes  it  difficult  to  obtain  statistics  which 
relate  exclusively  to  the  central  electric  light  and 
power  stations.  When  it  was  impossible  to  secure 
from  book  accounts  exact  data  for  the  electric  plants 
as  distinct  from  other  business,  careful  estimates  as  to 
the  generation  and  sale  of  electric  current  were 
obtained. 

No  estimate  could  be  made,  however,  in  the  case  of 
the  income  and  expenses  that  should  be  credited  to  the 
various  phases  of  the  business  when  steam  was  fur- 
nished for  heating,  or  electric  fixtures  and  supplies 
were  sold  in  connection  with  the  operation  of  the  elec- 


tric plant,  and  consequently  the  income  and  expenses 
pertaining  to  these  transactions  are  included  in  those 
shown  as  incident  to  the  operation  of  the  station. 
Furthermore,  it  was  often  impracticable  to  apportion 
the  capital  among  the  various  industries  when  other 
business  was  conducted  in  connection  with  the  opera- 
tion of  the  electric  plant,  and  therefore  the  reported 
capital  does  not  represent  the  amount  actually  charge- 
able to  the  electrical  industry.  The  difficulty  attend- 
ing the  segregation  of  capital  is  more  fully  explained 
in  the  chapter  on  capitalization,  where  an  effort  is 
made  to  show  the  capital  properly  chargeable  to  the 
central  stations. 

Municipal  stations. — As  already  indicated,  electric 
light  and  power  plants  operated  under  the  ownership 
of  municipalities  and  other  local  governments  are  con- 
sidered as  "central  stations,"  and  statistics  for  them 
are  included  in  this  report.  These  plants,  generally 
established  primarily  to  furnish  current  for  lighting 
the  public  buildings,  streets,  and  parks,  frequently 
sell  large  quantities  of  electricity  for  commercial  uses. 
Their  field  of  operation  is  similar  to  that  of  the  com- 
mercial stations,  and  their  sources  of  revenue  are  much 
the  same. 

Although  as  a  rule  no  cash  income  is  derived  from 
the  furnishing  of  current  for  the  use  of  the  munici- 
pality, in  order  that  the  income  shown  in  this  report 
may  represent  the  total  consumption  of  electrical 
energy,  the  income  for  such  energy  furnished  for  mu- 
nicipal purposes  has  been  estimated  on  the  basis  of 
what  would  have  been  paid  for  similar  service  if  this 
service  had  been  supplied  by  a  commercial  company 
in  the  vicinity. 

The  methods  of  conducting  municipal  plants,  how- 
ever, differ  in  so  many  important  respects  from  those 
of  the  commercial  plants  that  the  statistics  for  the 
two  classes  of  plants  are  presented  separately. 

Electric-railway  plants  and  central  electric  stations. — 
The  tendency  to  sell  electricity  for  general  commercial 
use  is  constantly  increasing  among  electric-railway 
companies.  It  was  impossible,  however,  in  some 
instances,  to  obtain  statistics  concerning  the  capital, 
employees,  expenses,  etc.,  relating  to  the  sale  of  elec- 
tricity by  railway  companies  for  purposes  similar  to 
those  reported  by  the  central  stations.     As  a  rule  but 

(13) 


14 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


one  system  of  accounts  is  employed  when  the  gener- 
ating apparatus  is  used  for  the  railway  service  and 
also  for  commercial  light  or  power  service,  and  is 
located  in  the  same  building  and  operated  by  the 
same  primary  power;  in  such  cases  it  is  impracticable 
to  obtain  separate  financial  statistics  for  the  two 
branches  of  service.  In  all  cases  where  separate  data 
could  be  obtained,  the  statistics  were  included  in  the 
reports  for  the  central  stations  and  for  the  railways, 
respectively.  If,  however,  separate  returns  could  not 
be  prepared,  the  statistics  for  the  entire  plant  and 
equipment  were  included  in  the  report  on  Street 
and  Electric  Railways,  but  certain  features,  such  as 
the  income  from  the  sale  of  electrical  energ}',  the  num- 
ber of  lamps  wired  for  service,  the  number  of  station- 
ary motors,  and  the  number  of  meters  on  consumption 
circuits,  were  so  reported  in  the  schedule  as  to  enable 
their  separate  presentation,  which  will  be  found  in 
Tables  146  to  148. 

In  1902  there  were  251  railway  companies  which 
furnislied  electricity  for  light,  power,  and  other  pur- 
poses. These  companies  reported  an  aggregate  in- 
come of  87,703,574  from  tlie  sale  of  current.  In  1907 
there  were  3.30  railway  companies  in  this  class,  and  the  in- 
come from  the  sale  of  current  amounted  to  $20,093,302. 
In  1902  the  annual  output  of  all  electric  stations  and 
electric  railways  amounted  to  4,768,535,512  kilowatt 
hours.  In  1907  the  output  of  the  two  classes  of  sta- 
tions was  10,621,406,837  kilowatt  hours,  the  increase 
in  that  year  as  compared  with  1902  being  5,852,871,325 
kilowatt  hours,  or  122.7  per  cent.  In  1902  the  output 
by  electric  railways  formed  47.4  per  cent  of  the  total, 
but  by  1907  the  proportion  for  such  railways  had  de- 
creased to  44.9  per  cent.  Because  of  consolidations 
of  the  two  branches  of  the  industry  and  the  growing 
tendency  of  the  railway  companies  to  sell  electricity  for 
commercial  purposes,  the  reports  for  tlie  railway  compa- 
nies show  an  encroachment  upon  the  field  of  the  central 
stations,  and  the  separate  statistics  for  these  latter 
stations  are  becoming  less  representative  of  the  elec- 
trical energy  sold  for  general  commercial  purposes. 
Nevertheless,  the  figures  indicate  that  during  the  five 
years  ending  with  1907  the  central  stations  increased 
more  rapidly  than  the  electric  railways. 

Isolated  plants. — For  the  purpose  of  lighting  and 
furnishing  power  for  factories,  hotels,  or  other  enter- 
prises, a  large  quantity  of  electricity  is  generated  in 
plants  which  are  operated  for  the  exclusive  benefit  of 
their  owners.  Some  of  these  plants  sell  limited  amounts 
of  current,  but  they  were  established  as  adjuncts  to 
other  forms  of  business,  and  practically  no  statistics 
concerning  them  are  included  in  the  census  reports. 
Some  of  these  isolated  plants  are  extensive  and  have  a 
much  larger  capacity  than  many  of  the  central  stations. 
At  the  census  of  1902  it  was  estimated  that  there  were 
50,000  of  these  isolated  electric  plants  in  the  United  I 
States.     The  number  of  commercial  and  municipal 


plants  increased  from  3,620  in  1902  to  4,714  in  1907, 
the  increase  amounting  to  1,094,  or  30.2  per  cent. 
The  application  of  the  same  rate  of  increase  to  the 
estimated  number  of  isolated  plants  in  1902  gives  an 
estimate  of  65,000  for  1907.  To  what  extent  tlie  utili- 
zation of  surplus  power  in  the  operation  of  private 
electric  plants  to  furnish  light  and  power  for  large 
mills,  department  stores,  hotels,  and  other  industrial 
enterprises,  has  stimulated  tlie  increase  in  these  plants 
it  is  impossible  to  state,  and  the  above  estimate,  tliere- 
fore,  maj^  be  more  or  less  than  the  actual  number  of 
isolated  plants  in  existence. 

Power  or  generating  plants. — Census  reports  are  pre- 
pared as  far  as  possible  in  conformity  with  the  systems 
of  bookkeeping  in  use  in  the  different  establishments. 
Frequently  two  or  more  power  or  generating  plants 
operated  under  the  same  management  had  but  one 
system  of  accounts,  and  consequently  it  was  necessary 
to  include  the  statistics  for  all  classed  as  a  "central 
station"  on  the  same  census  schedule.  In  the  vast 
majority  of  cases  only  one  power  plant  is  operated 
under  the  same  ownership,  and  the  term  "central  sta- 
tion" of  the  census  classification,  therefore,  generally 
represents  one  plant,  but  it  is  evident  that  the  terms 
"central  station"  and  "power  or  generating  plant" 
are  not  synonymous.  Although  the  statistics  for  a 
central  station  may  represent  a  number  of  these  plants, 
every  effort  was  made  to  obtain  separate  census  re- 
ports for  the  plants  located  in  separate  states,  even  if 
they  were  conducted  under  the  same  ownership. 

The  number  of  primary-power  or  generating  plants 
was  not  called  for  in  the  schedule  used  for  reporting 
central  stations  in  1907,  but  some  idea  of  their  number 
may  be  had  from  the  fact  that  the  returns  sliowed 
4,731  plants  equipped  with  dynamos  for  the  generation 
of  electricity.  Of  the  4,714  stations  reported  in  1907, 
227  had  no  generating  equipment,  while  113  had  more 
than  one  power  plant.  This  latter  class  reported  357 
generating  stations. 

Period  covered. — This  census  relates  to  tlie  calendar 
year  ending  December  31,  1907.  The  only  other  com- 
plete enumeration  of  the  central  electric  stations 
covered  the  twelve  months  ending  June  30,  1902.  At 
both  censuses  reports  .of  the  establishments  were  ac- 
cepted for  the  business  year  which  most  nearly  con- 
formed to  the  census  year,  and  all  stations  that  were  in 
operation  during  any  portion  of  the  respective  census 
years  were  included.  Therefore,  although  most  of  the 
reports  were  prepared  for  the  census  year,  they  do  not 
necessarily  represent  the  same  period  of  twelve  months, 
or  even  an  entire  year.  In  1902  reports  covering  a 
period  of  less  than  a  year  were  furnished  by  141  com- 
mercial and  38  municipal  stations;  and  in  1907,  by 
202  commercial  and  49  municipal  stations.  The  ma- 
jority of  the  reports  covering  less  than  a  year  were  for 
stations  that  commenced  operations  during  the  census 
year.     Some  reports  of  this  kind,  however,  were  for 


SCOPE  AND  GROUPING  OF  THE  STATISTICS. 


15 


properties  that  changed  ownership  during  the  year, 
the  new  owners  being  unable  to  furnish  statistics  for 
the  operations  conducted  under  the  previous  owner- 
ship. These  variations  in  the  period  covered  by  the 
reports  necessarily  have  some  influence  on  certain  sta- 
tistics, such  as  the  output  of  stations.  As  a  rule,  how- 
ever, the  reports  covering  less  than  a  year  are  for  com- 
paratively small  plants,  and  the  statistics  for  such 
plants  have  but  little  effect  upon  the  various  totals. 
The  census  takes  no  cognizance  of  stations  that  had 
not  begun  operations  prior  to  the  close  of  the  census 
year,  except  that  limited  statistics  are  presented  in 
Chapter  VI,  pages  74  and  75,  for  such  stations  as  were 
under  construction  during  the  year. 

Basis  of  canvass. — In  the  endeavor  to  secure  statis- 
tics from  all  central  stations  lists  of  the  names  and 
addresses  of  such  concerns  were  prepared  from  informa- 
tion obtained  from  the  postmasters  in  the  different 
cities  and  towns  and  from  directories  and  other 
sources  of  information.  These  lists  formed  the  basis 
of  the  canvass.  The  United  States  was  divided  into 
districts  and  each  district  given  to  one  or  more  agents, 
who  were  instructed  not  only  to  secure  reports  from 
all  stations  named  on  the  lists,  but  to  make  careful 
inquir\'  for  other  stations.  It  is  believed  that  in  this 
way  a  thorough  canvass  was  made  of  the  entire  country 
and  reports  were  secured  from  all  plants  that  should 
be  cla.ssed  as  "central  stations." 

Grouping  of  statistics. — Tables  118  to  145  contain  all 
of  the  detailed  statistics  that  were  collected  for  1907 
for  the  central  stations  in  each  state  and  territory. 
In  other  tables  and  text  statements  the  statistics 
have  been  grouped  under  appropriate  headings,  and 
comparisons  made,  when  possible,  with  the  data  for 
1902.  The  most  important  classifications  of  the  sta- 
tistics are  the  following: 

1.  Commercial  central  stations,  or  those  that  were 
operated  under  private  ownership,  whether  by  indi- 
viduals, companies,  or  corporations. 

2.  Municipal  central  stations,  or  those  that  were 
operated  by  state,  city,  or  other  local  governments, 
except  those  operated  specially  for  institutions. 

3.  Purely  electric  central  stations,  or  those  that  do 
a  strictly  electrical  business. 

25142—10 2 


4.  Composite  central  stations,  or  those  operated  in 
connection  with  some  other  industry. 

5.  Central  stations  according  to  d3'namo  capacity. 

6.  Central  stations  operated  by  water  power  ex- 
clusively. 

7.  Central  stations  operated  by  steam  power  ex- 
clusively. 

8.  Central  stations  operated  by  both  steam  and 
water  power. 

9.  Central  stations  in  selected  cities  where  all  or 
practically  all  of  the  current  is  produced  and  consumed 
within  the  incorporated  limits  of  the  cities. 

This  grouping  of  the  statistics  closely  follows  the 
arrangement  established  at  the  census  of  1902,  in 
order  that  comparisons  may  be  made  to  show  the  de- 
velopment of  the  industry. 

The  report  of  1902  shows  the  number  of  central  sta- 
tions that  commenced  operations  each  year  from  1881 
to  1902,  but  this  feature  was  abandoned  at  the  census 
of  1907  because  changes  in  ownership  are  so  frequent 
that  in  many  instances  it  is  impossible  to  obtain  the 
date  on  which  operations  were  commenced. 

The  ease  and  practicability  of  long-transmission 
lines  has  caused  a  great  extension  of  the  area  which 
may  be  covered  by  lines  from  a  central  station,  and 
therefore  it  often  happens  that  the  generating  station 
is  located  at  a  place  which  from  the  standpoint  of 
population  is  comparatively  insignificant,  whereas  the 
places  at  which  the  electrical  energy  is  delivered  for 
use  may  be  of  considerable  size.  On  the  other  hand, 
many  stations  located  in  large  cities  are  extending 
their  service  into  the  surrounding  territory.  For 
these  reasons,  a  classification  of  central  (generating) 
stations  by  the  population  of  the  places  in  which 
these  stations  are  located  would  not  convey  a  correct 
idea  of  the  population  served,  or  available  for  service, 
and  consequently  this  presentation  also,  which  was 
shown  in  1902,  has  been  abandoned. 

The  meager  statistics  concerning  electric  stations 
collected  at  the  census  of  1890  are  not  presented  in 
this  report  because  they  are  so  fragmentary  that  they 
are  not  fairly  comparable  with  those  for  subsequent 
censuses. 


CHAPTER  II. 

SUMMARY  OF  STATISTICS. 

The  magnitude  of  the  central  electric  station  industry  in  the  census  years  1902  and  1907,  and  the  growth 
during  the  five-year  period,  are  shown  in  Table  1. 

Table  1  .—COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS:  1907  AND  1902. 


1007 


Number  of  stations 

Cost  of  construction  and  equipment 

Gross  income 

Eleetric  service 

Lighting 

Stationary  motors 

All  other 

All  other  sources 

Total  expenses i 

Cost  of  supplies  and  materials,  including 

power  purchased 

Cost  of  fuel 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Salaries  and  wages 

Salaried  ollicials,  clerks,  etc.— 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners— 

Average  numljer 

Wages 

Primary  power: « 

Number  of  macliines 

Horsepower  capacity 

Steam  engines  and  steam  turbines- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  engines- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Generating  equipment: 
Dynamos- 
Number 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Direct-current,  constant-voltage— 

Numijer 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Direct -current,    constant -amper- 
age- 
Number 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Alternating  single-phase  and  poly- 
phase current— 

Numt>er 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Output  of  stations,  kilowatt  hours 

Lamps  wired  for  service:  * 

A  re 

Incandescent  5 

other  varieties— Nernst,  vacuum,  vapor, 
etc 


4.714 

$1.0!W.913,622 

SI  75, 642, 338 

$109,614,691 

J125, 755, 114 

J28,511,550 

815,348,027 

$6,027,647 

$106, 205, 149 

$21,400,823 
$23,057,745 
$26,326,257 
$35,420,324 

12, 990 
$11,733,787 

34,542 
$23,686,537 

10,150 
4,032,365 

7,206 
2,627,450 

463 
55,828 

2,481 
1,349,087 


12,173 
2,709,225 

3,680 
406,460 


1,685 
80,992 


6,808 

2.221,773 

5,862,276,737 

555, 713 
41,445,997 

162.338 


3,620 

$504,740,332 

$85,700,605 

$84,186,605 

$70, 138, 147 

$9,910,217 

$4,138,241 

$1,514,000 

$55,457,830 

$11,280,423 
$11,635,509 
$ll,895,20fi 
$20,646,692 

6,996 
$5,663,580 

23,330 
$14,983,112 

7,485 
1,830,594 

5,930 
1,379,941 

165 
12,181 

1,390 

438,472 


12.484 
1,212,235 


3.823 
330.065 


3.539 
145,866 


5,122 

736,304 

2,507,051,115 

385,698 
18,194,044 


COMMERCHL. 


MCSICIPA  L. 


1907 


3,462 

$1,054,034,175 

$161,630,339 

$156. 000. 257 

$112,714,851 

$27,995,177 

$15,290,229 

$5,630,082 

$97,037,961 

$19,665,919 
$19,824,962 
$25,611,771 
$31,935,309 

11,375 
$10,738,955 

30,091 
$21,196,354 

8,205 
3,712,518 

5,492 
2,344,032 

385 
49, 746 

2.328 
1,318,740 


9,778 
2,500,209 

3,169 
379, 706 


1.240 
01,753 


5,303 

2,058,750 

.  5,572,813,949 

472, 773 
37,  .393, 549 


m 


153,408 


190-2 


2,805 

$482,719,879 

$78, 735, 500 

$77,349,749 

$(3,389,284 

$9,839,677 

$4, 120, 788 

$1,385,761 

$50,710,648 

$10,303,950 
$10,189,685 
$11,456,037 
$18,766,970 

6,040 
$5,206,199 

20.8(3 
$13,560,771 

6,325 
1,671,401 

4,870 
1,232,923 

147 
11,224 

1,308 
427,254 


10,662 
1,098,855 

3,405 
312,509 


2,957 
117,695 


4,300 

668,651 

2,311,140,070 

334,903 
16, 616, 593 


(«) 


1,252 

$42,879,447 

'$14,011,999 

'$13,614,434 

$13,040,263 

$516,373 

$57, 798 

$397. 565 

$9,167,188 

$1,734,904 

$3,232,783 

$714,486 

$3,485,015 

1,015 
$994,832 

3,951 
$2,490,183 

1,945 
319,847 

1.714 
283,418 

78 
6,082 

153 
30,347 


2,395 
209,016 


511 
26,754 


439 
19,239 


1.445 

163,023 

289,462,788 

82.940 
4,052,448 


815 

$22,020,473 

'$0,965,105 

'$6,830,850 

$0,748,863 

$70,540 

$17,453 

$128, 249 

$4,741,182 

$976,407 
$1,445,824 

$439, 1(>9 
$1,879,722 

950 
$457,381 

2,467 
$1,422,341 

I.IOO 
159, 193 

1,060 
147,018 

18 
957 

82 
11,218 


1,822 
113,380 

418 
17,556 


582 
28,171 


822 

67,653 

195,904,439 

50,795 
1,577,451 


m 


FEB  CENT  or  INCREASE. 


Total. 


30.2 

117.3 
104.9 
101.5 

79.3 
187.7 
270.9 
298.1 

91.5 

89.7 

98.2 

121.3 

71.6 

85.7 
107.2 

48.5 
58.1 

35.6 
120.3 

21.5 
90.4 

180.6 
358.3 

78.5 
207.7 


a  2.5 
123.5 


»3.7 
23.1 


'52.4 
»44.5 


32.9 
201.7 
133.8 

44.1 
127.8 


Com-     I  Municl- 
mercial.       pal. 


23.4 

118.4 
105.3 
101.7 

77.8 
184.5 
271.1 
300.3 

91.3 

90.9 

94.0 

123.6 

70.2 

88.1 
106.3 

47.1 
56.3 

29.7 
122.1 

12.8 
90.1 

101.9 
343.2 

78.0 
208.7 


>8.3 
127.5 


■0.9 
21.5 


•57.9 
»47.5 


24.7 
207.9 
141.1 

41.2 
125.0 


53.6 

94.7 
101.2 

99.1 

93.2 
632.0 
231.2 
210.0 

93.4 

77.6 
123.6 
62.7 
85.4 

70.0 
117.6 

60.2 
75.1 

67.7 
100.9 

61.7 
92.8 

333.3 
635.5 

86.6 
170.5 


31.4 

84.3 


22.2 
52.4 


»24.6 
»31.7 


75.8 
141.0 
47.8 

63.3 
156.9 


<  Includes  the  estimated  income  tor  current  consumed  in  municipal  buildings  and  In  lighting  streets,  parks,  etc. 

2  Exclusive  of  auxiliary  engines  with  a  total  capacity  of  05,823  horsepower  in  1907  and  14,454  horsepower  In  1902. 
.>  Decrease. 

<  Exclusive  of  275.079  lamps  used  by  the  central  stations  to  light  their  own  electric  properties  in  1907.    These  lamps  were  not  reported  separately  in  1902. 

»  The  number  of  incandescent  lamps  was  largely,  an  estimate  and,  although  mostly  reported  on  a  10-candlepower  basis,  embraces   a  considerable  number  ranging 
from  2  to  50  candleponer. 
*  Not  reported  separately. 


As  previously  explained,  the  figures  for  the  central 
stations  do  not  represent  the  entire  production  of  elec- 
trical energy.  To  arrive  at  the  aggregate  it  would  be 
necessary  to  consider  also  the  electric  railways,  tele- 
phone and  telegraph  lines,  electric  police-patrol  and 
fire-alarm  systems,  and  the  isolated  electric  plants. 

In  1907,  exclusive  of  the  isolated  electric  plants, 
there  were  upward  of  30,000  individuals,  companies, 
corporations,  and  municipalities  which  reported  the 

(16) 


generation  or  utilization  of  eiectric  current  in  what 
may  be  termed  "  commercial  enterprises."  These 
industries  represent  an  outstanding  capitalization  of 
$6,209,746,753,  of  which  $1,367,338,836  is  credited  to 
central  electric  stations,  $3,774,772,096  to  electric  rail- 
ways, $814,616,004  to  commercial  or  mutual  telephone 
companies,  and  $253,019,817  to  telegraph  companies, 
the  latter  item  including  $32,726,242,  the  capital  stock 
of  wireless-telegraph  companies.     The  capitalization  of 


SUMMARY  OF  STATISTICS. 


17 


the  17,702  independent  farmer  or  rural  telephone  lines 
and  of  the  1,157  electric  police-patrol  and  fire-alarm 
systems  could  not  be  ascertained.  In  addition,  there 
were  a  number  of  companies  ori^anized  for  the  purpose 
of  acquiring  the  capital  stock  or  bonds  of  electric  com- 
panies, street  railwaj's,  gas  and  water  systems,  and 
similar  properties,  holding  the  same  for  investment  and 
to  some  extent  supervising  the  operation  of  the  under- 
lying companies.  To  show  the  ca])italization  of  these 
holding  companies  would  be  misleading  as  applied  to 
central  electric  stations,  since  it  would  be  impossible  to 
determine  the  extent  of  its  application  to  the  electrical 
industry  as  distinguished  from  others.  In  view  of  this 
condition  and  because  of  the  difficulty  of  securing  the 
information,  it  was  deemed  advisable  to  omit  the  data 
as  relating  to  central  stations. 

In  view  of  the  very  large  increases  shown  for  the  de- 
tails of  the  industry  as  a  whole,  it  seems  necessary  to 
state  that  the  loss  shown  in  the  number  and  the  capacity 
of  the  direct-current  machines  was  due  to  the  fact  that 
this  type  of  dynamo  iias  been  superseded  by  the  alter- 
nating single-phase  and  polyphase  current  machine. 

Although  central-station  statistics  of  the  compara- 
tively few  street  railways  that  sold  current  and  that 
were  able  to  prepare  complete  separate  reports  have 
been  included  with  those  for  central  electric  stations, 
in  order  that  that  branch  of  the  electrical  industry 
might  be  shown  as  fully  as  possible,  the  full  measure  of 
growth  of  central-station  work  does  not  appear  in  Table 
1  because  of  the  fact  that  this  service  is  also  largely  car- 
ried on  by  numerous  street-railway  companies  which 
combine  the  central-station  business  so  closely  with 
other  activities  as  not  to  permit  of  complete  separate 
reports.  Detailed  statistics  for  the  electric-railway 
companies  which  were  unable  to  make  separate  reports 
will  be  found  in  Tables  146,  147,  and  148,  and  a  brief 
summary  of  the  same  is  presented  in  Table  2. 

Table  2. — Central  electric  stations  operated  by  street-railway  com- 
panies: 1907  and  1902. 

[Complete  separate  reports  for  these  stations  eould  not  be  secured,  hence  the  full  sta- 
tistics for  them  have  been  included  with  those  for  electric  railways.  This  table 
does  not  include  central  stations  operated  by  street-railway  companies  which  fur- 
nished complete  separate  reports.] 


Number  of  stations 

Gross  income 

Electric  service 

Lighting 

Stationary  motors 

Another 

All  other  sources 

Lamps  wired  for  service: 

Arc 

Incandescent  > 

other  varieties — Nemst,  vacuum,  va- 
por, etc 

stationary  motors: 

Number 

Horsepower 

Meters  on  consumption  circuits,  number.. 


1S07 


177 
$17,291,824 
$16,570,553 
$13,273,295 
$2,685,013 
$018, 247 
$715,269 

80,102 
4,545,839 


20,468 
158.923 
213.886 


1902 


118 

$0,469,726 
$6,271,815 
$5,492,609 

$768,040 
$11,106 

$197,911 

33,863 
1,442,685 

m 

10,049 
35.688 
56,601 


Per  cent 

of 
Increase. 


50.0 
167.3 
104.3 
141.7 
249.6 
5,466.8 
261.4 

136.5 
215.1 


103.7 
345.3 
277.9 


Table  2  shows  that  while  the  number  of  stations 
which  were  unable  to  make  separate  reports  is  grow- 
ing, there  is  still  greater  increase  in  their  impor- 
tance. The  increase  in  the  income  for  electric  service, 
$10,S22,098,  does  not  fully  represent  this  feature 
of  the  electric  service,  since,  as  shown  in  the  report 
on  street  railways,  3.30  companies  reported  the  sale 
of  electric  current  during  1907,  and  the  income 
from  this  source  amounted  to  $20,093,302.  Some  of 
the  current  was  sokl  to  other  electric  railways,  but  a 
large  portion  was  used  for  light  and  power  in  enter- 
prises not  connected  with  the  railways.  However, 
statistics  of  income  and  equipment  can  be  shown 
separately  for  only  177  companies.  The  increases  in 
number  of  lamps,  number  and  horsepower  of  station- 
ary motors,  and  number  of  meters  on  consumption 
circuits,  not  only  show  the  rapid  growth  of  central- 
station  work  in  connection  with  the  operation  of 
street  railways,  but  demonstrate  the  wonderful  facility 
with  which  electrical  energy  may  be  utilized  wherever^ 
there  is  a  demand  for  light  or  power. 

Ownership  of  central  electric  stations. — Table  3  shows 
the  number  of  commercial  central  stations  conducted 
under  the  different  forms  of  ownership. 

Table   3. — Commercial   central  electric  stations — Number,  by  char- 
acter of  ownership :  1907  and  1902. 


CnARACTER  OF  OWNERSHIP. 

1907 

1902 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 

PER  CENT 
DISTRIBUTION. 

1907 

1902 

Total 

3.462 

2,805 

23.4 

100.0            lOO.O 

609 

298 

12,555 

528 

228 

2.049 

15.3 

30.7 
24.7 

17.0  1            18.8 

Finn. 

R.6                 8  1 

Incorporated  company 

73.8 

73.1 

1  The  number  of  incandescent  lamps  was  largely  an  estimate  and ,  although  mostly 
reported  on  a  10-candlepower  basis,  embraces  a  considerable  number  rangmg  from  2 
to  50  candlepower. 

2  Not  reported  separately. 


'  Includes  2  stations  classed  as  "Other  forms  of  ownership,"  In  order  that  the 
operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 

Although  the  number  of  stations  operated  by  the 
several  forms  of  ownership  can  not  properly  be  used 
to  determine  their  relative  importance,  it  shows  the 
character  of  ownership  which  predominates  and  which 
seems  to  be  one  of  the  distinctive  features  of  the 
industry.  Nearly  three-fourths  of  the  stations  re- 
ported at  each  census  were  operated  by  incorporated 
companies.  Individual  ownership  was  next  in  im- 
portance as  to  number  of  stations,  with  less  than 
one-fifth  of  the  total  at  each  census.  The  percentage 
which  stations  under  individual  ownership  represent 
of  the  total  number  for  all  classes  decreased  from  18.8 
in  1902  to  17.6  in  1907,  a  loss  of  1.2.  Firms  showed 
but  little  proportionate  change,  having  less  than  9 
per  cent  of  the  total  number  at  each  census.  Detailed 
statistics  for  1907  for  the  different  forms  of  owner- 
ship are  presented  in  Table  4.  These  statistics  are 
confined  to  1907  because  in  1902  data  as  to  character 
of  ownership  were  limited  to  the  number  of  estab- 
lishments. 


18  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Taule  4.— commercial  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS,  BY  CHARACTER  OF  pWNERSHIP:  1907. 


Niimbor  of  stations '. 

Cost  of  TOnslruellon  and  equipment 

Gross  income ; 

Electric  service 

Lighting 

Stationary  motors 

All  other 

All  other  sources 

Total  expenses 

lost  of  supplies  and  materials 

''osl  of  fuel 

I'owcr  i)urchased 

M  iscellaneous  expenses 

Salaries  and  wages 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.— 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Primary  power: 

Number  of  machines 

Ilorsepower  capacity 

Steam  engines — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Steam  turbines — 

Number 

Ilorsepower 

Gas  engines — 

Nimiber 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Auxiliary  engines — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Generating  equipment: 
Dynamos- 
Number  

Kilowatt  capacity 

Direct-current,  constant-voltage — 

Number 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Direct-current,  constant-amperage — 

Number 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Alternating  single-phase  and  polyphase  current- 
Number 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Output  of  stations,  kilowatt  hours 

Lamps  wired  for  service;  2 

Arc 

Incandescent  3 

Other  varieties — Nemst,  vacuum,  vapor,  etc 


CHABACTEB  OF  OWKEKSBIT. 


Total. 


$1,054, 

$itn. 

JIM, 

$112, 

127, 
tl5, 

»5, 
$97, 
$12, 
$19, 

$6. 
$25, 
$31, 


$10, 
$21, 


2, 
,318, 


402 
175 

3:i<J 
.257 
Sol 
177 
229 

as2 

9fil 
731 
9«2 
188 
771 
309 

375 
955 

691 
354 

;,98l 
i,S37 

i,144 
i,007 

348 
;.025 

385 
1,746 

328 
740 

776 
1,319 


2,500, 


3, 

379, 


2, 
5,572, 


058, 
813, 

472, 
,393, 
153, 


Individual. 


397 

27,936 

43, 103,  493 

5,758 

7.36, 594 

625 


2,573 
357,360 

1,190 
60,332 

4,764 

2,009,691 

5,488,352,710 

463,994 

36,250.839 

152,488 


>  Includes  2  stations  classed  as  "  Other  forms  of  ownership  "  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 
2  Exclusive  of  275,079  lamps  used  by  the  central  stations  to  light  their  own  electric  properties. 

'  The  number  of  incandescent  lamps  was  largely  an  estimate  and,  although  mostly  reported  on  a  10-candlepower  basis,  embraces  a  considerable  number  ranging  from 
2  to  50  candlepower. 


The  statistics  in  Table  4  show  the  great  preponder- 
ance of  corporate  ownership.  The  proportions  con- 
tributed by  the  corporations  to  several  of  the  chief 
totals  of  the  table  were  as  follows:  Cost  of  construc- 
tion and  equipment,  99  per  cent;  income  from  sale  of 
current,  97.6  per  cent;  primary  horsepower,  96.8  per 
cent;  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos,  97.1  per  cent; 
output  of  stations,  98.5  per  cent;  number  of  arc 
lamps,  98.1  per  cent;  and  number  of  incandescent 
lamps,  96.9  per  cent.  If  the  municipal  stations  were 
included,  the  proportions  for  incorporated  companies 
would  be  less,  but  they  would  still  represent  about  90 
per  cent  of  the  several  totals,  while  of  the  remaining 
10  per  cent,  roughly  speaking,  about  2  per  cent  may 
be  assigned  to  individuals  and  firms,  with  individual 
ownership  having  somewhat  the  larger  share,  and  8 
per  cent  to  municipalities. 

As  already  stated,  central  stations  may  be  divided 
into  the  purely  electric,  those  which  were  operated 
solely   as   electrical   enterj^rises ;  and    the   composite, 


those  which  were  operated  in  connection  with  some 
other  industry  or  service,  such  as  waterworks,  gas 
plants,  etc.  Table  5  gives  detailed  statistics  of  these 
two  classes  of  stations  subdivided  by  character  of 
ownership. 

A  comparison  of  the  totals  for  the  two  groups  of 
-stations  shows  that  about  three-fifths  of  the  income 
and  cost  of  construction  and  equipment  was  connected 
with  the  purely  electric  and  two-fifths  with  the  com- 
posite stations.  Nearly  two-thirds  of  the  commercial 
central  stations  were  reported  as  purely  electric,  and 
sometliing  more  than  one-third  as  composite.  This 
division  of  commercial  stations  may  also  be  accepted 
as  roughly  representing  the  respective  importance  of 
the  purely  electric  and  the  composite  stations.  While 
the  proportions  for  the  chief  items  for  the  commercial 
stations  are  thus  decidedly  greater  in  the  purely  elec- 
tric than  in  the  composite  class,  this  does  not  hold 
triie  for  the  municipal  stations,  where  such  important 
totals  as  income,  expenses,  horsepower  of  primary- 


SUMMARY  OF  STATISTICS. 


19 


power  plant,  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos,  and  num- 
ber of  incandescent  lamps  are  greater  for  the  composite 
stations.  The  fact  that  such  public  utilities  as  water 
and  gas  are  so  often  operated  by  municipalities  which 
also  operate  electric  stations  explains  this  condition. 
Nearly  four-fifths  of  the  purely  electric  central  stations 


and  more  than  three-fifths  of  those  in  the  composite 
group  were  commercial  stations.  Exclusive  of  the 
item  of  arc  lampj,  about  6  per  cent  of  the  income  and 
equipment  of  the  purely  electric  group  was  reported 
by  the  municipal  stations,  as  compared  with  about  10 
per  cent  for  these  stations  in  the  composite  group. 


Table  5.— PURELY  ELECTRIC  AND  COMPOSITE  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS,  BY  CHARACTER  OF 

OWNERSHIP:  1907. 


PURELY  ELECTRIC  STATIONS. 


Commercial. 


Individual. 


Firm. 


Incorporated 
company.! 


Municipal. 


COMPOSITE   STATIONS. 


Commercial. 


.Individual. 


Firm. 


Incorporated 
company. 


Municipal. 


Number  of  stations 

Cost  of  construction  and  equipment 

Gross  income 

I'^lectric  service 

Ligliting 

Stationary  motors 

Another 

.\11  other  sources 

Total  expenses 

Cost  of  supplies  and  materials 

Cost  of  fuel 

Power  purchased 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Salaries  and  wages 

Salaried  officials,  clerics,  etc.— 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Primary  power: 

Number  of  machines 

Horsepower  capacity 

Steam  engines — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Steam  turbines- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  engines  — 

Numt)er 

Horsei)ower 

Water  wheels — 

Niunber 

Horsepower 

Auxiliary  engines— 

.Mumper 

Horsepower 

Generating  equipment: 
Dynamos — 

Number 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Direct-current,  constant-volt- 
age— 

Number 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Direct-current,     constant-am- 
perage— 

Number 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Alternating,  single-phase  and 
polyphase  current— 

Nnml>er 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Output  of  stations,  kilowatt  hours 

Lamps  wired  for  service:  2 

.\rc 

Incandescent  * 

Otlier  v  a  r  i  e  t  i  e  s — Nemst   vacuum, 
vapor,  etc 


4,714 

51,096,913,622 

8175,642,338 

8169,614,691 

S125,7.'>.5, 114 

$28,511,550 

$15,348,027 

S6, 027, 647 

$106,205,149 

814,326,351 

82:1,057,745 

$7,074,472 

$26,326,257 

$35,420,324 

12,990 
$11,733,787 

34,642 
$23,686,537 

10,998 
4,098,188 

6,829 
1,810,040 

377 
817,410 

463 
55,828 

2,481 
1,349,087 

848 
65,823 


12, 173 
2,709,225 


397 

84,427,517 

81,606,500 

81,538,157 

81,442,855 

$63,834 

831,4(i8 

$68,343 

81,078,567 

8155,112 

8374, 037 

S56, 278 

$137,143 

8355,997 

100 
$65, 261 

555 
$290,736 

532 
48,370 

339 
34,082 


175 

$2,291,942 

8863, 938 

8813, 222 

$751,275 

$35, 121 

$26,826 

$50, 716 

$580, 033 

896,035 

$185,345 

827,237 

865,721 

$205,695 


$50,325 


272 
$155,370 


242 
25, 440 


160 
16,820 


3,680 
406,460 


1,685 
80,992 


6,808 

2,221,773 

5,862,276,737 

555,713 
41,445,997 


162,338 


66 
2,867 


104 
10,635 


556 
29,620 


257 
10,357 


34 
919 


265 

18,344 

27,704,477 

4,055 
522.444 

447 


30 
1,049 

44 
7,326 

8 
245 


251 
16,477 


121 
4,370 


12 
304 


118 

11,803 

15, 193, 414 

1,924 
245,456 


1,555 
$6,32,717,815 
$98,751,829 
$95,705,459 
$67, 189,  245 
$17,852,985 
$10,663,229 

$3,046,370 
$57,456,650 

$7,360,405 
810,592,454 

$4,  .598, 100 
$16,314,907 
818,690,784 

6,469 
$6,438,363 

17,494 
$12, 152, 421 

4,446 
2,250,483 

2,343 

786,663 

181 
696,712 

166 
18,736 

1,343 

824,211 

413 
25, 161 


4,878 
1,528,189 


1,409 
196,380 


262 


732 
38,040 


2, 737 

1,293,769 

3,692,080,449 

280, 101 
21,852,666 

112,069 


521 

$23,489,640 

$6,752,654 

$6, 572,  736 

$6, 294, 677 

$261,061 

816,998 

$179,918 

$4,374,925 

$678,961 

81,324,732 

$277, 904 

$331,600 

$1,761,728 

615 

$406,875 

1,941 
$1,354,853 

819 
149,018 

657 
113,729 

11 
10,160 

33 

2,796 

84 
21,813 

34 
530 


1,064 
96,528 


228 
11,360 


670 

72,927 

146,109,547 

48,206 
1,710,664 

5,575 


212 

$2,147,403 

$764, 967 

$723, 945 

8687, 967 

816,694 

819, 284 

$41,022 

8536,859 

$76, 359 

$186, 416 

81,879 

$69,3C7 

$202,838 

71 

847,404 

308 
$155,434 

315 
26,298 

181 
16,680 

1 
30 

17 
710 

105 
8,216 

11 

762 


283 
14,695 


146 
5,008 


123 

$1,727,871 

8614,196 

8594, 917 

8.522, 518 

861,680 

$10,719 

819,279 

$441,755 

879, 421 

$132,601 

813,353 

$.53,841 

$162, 539 

61 
$39, 289 

223 
8123,250 

194 
21,585 

125 
13,214 


7 
350 

69 
7,631 

3 

390 


161 
12,034 


72 
2,611 


132 

9,592 

15,399,016 

1,703 
214, 150 

178 


5 
103 


84 

9,320 

26,164,332 

1,097 
160,660 


1,000 
$410,721,627 
$59,028,909 
$56,624,657 
$42,120,991 
$9,964,863 
$4,538,703 
$2,404,352 
836,944,097 
$5,202,399 
$8,354,109 
$1,999,341 
$8,970,792 
$12,417,450 

4,696 
$4,098,313 

11,839 
$8,319,143 

3,252 
1,404,661 

1,996 
679,648 

166 
201,283 

99 
26,034 

673 
460,821 

318 
36,875 


3,649 
899, 194 


1,164 
160,980 


4.58 
22,292 


2,027 

715,922 

1,796,272,261 

183,803 
14,398,183 


40,419 


731 

$19,389,807 
87,269,345 
$7,041,698 
$6,745,686 

$255,312 
340,800 

$217,647 
$4,792,263 

$677,659 
$1,908,051 

8100,380 

$382,888 
$1,723,287 

1,000 
$587,957 

2,010 
$1,135,330 

1,198 
172,333 

1,028 
150,304 

18 
9,235 

45 
3,286 


69 
8,534 


38 

974 


1,331 
112,488 


283 
15,394 


173 
6,998 


875 

90,096 

144,353,241 

34,734 
2,341,884 


3,295 


*  Includes  2  stations  classed  as  "  Other  forms  of  ownership,"  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 
2  l\xclusive  of  275,079  lamps  used  by  the  central  stations  to  light  their  own  electric  properties. 

'  The  number  of  incandescent  lamps  was  largely  an  estimate  and,  although  mostly  reported  on  a  16-candIepower  basis,  embraces  a  considerable  number  ranging  from 
2  to  50  candlepower. 


Table  6  presents  a  comparative  summary  of  the 
purely  electric  and  the  composite  plants  for  1907  and 
1902. 

The  percentages  of  increase  for  the  composite  sta- 
tions are  much  greater  than  for  the  purely  elestric, 
but  the  absolute  increases  show  no  such  excess.  On 
the    contrary,    the    purely    electric    stations   show    a 


greater  absolute  increase  for  all  the  leading  items.  It 
is  noteworthy  that  both  the  commercial  and  the  mu- 
nicipal stations  share  in  the  uniformly  larger  percent- 
ages of  increase  for  the  composite  stations,  which  ap- 
pears to  indicate  that  the  distinctive  characteristics 
of  the  two  classes  of  stations  are  much  less  marked 
than  formerly. 


20 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  6,— PURELY  ELECTRIC  AND  COMPOSITE  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL: 

1907  AND  1902. 


Number  of  stations 

Per  cent  ol  Increase 

Cost  of  construction  and  equipment. 

I'er  cent  of  increase 

G  ross  Income 

Per  cent  of  increase 

Electric  service 

I'cr  cent  of  increase 

All  ottier  sources 

l*er  cent  of  increase 

Total  expenses 

I'er  cent  of  increase 


Primary  power:  i 

Number  of  machines . 


Per  cent  of  increase . 

Horsepower  capacity 

Per  cent  of  increase . 

Generating  equipment: 
Dynamos- 
Number 


Per  cent  of  increase 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Per  cent  of  increase 

Output  of  stations,  kilowatt  hours. 
I'cr  cent  of  increase 


Lamps  wired  for  service: ' 
Arc 


Per  cent  of  Increase 

Incandescent' 

Per  cent  of  increase 

Other  varieties— Nernst,vacuum, vapor,  etc' 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Aggregate. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


4,714 

3,620 

30.2 

SI, 096, 913, 622 

$504,740,352 

117.3 

»175,642,338 

$85,700,605 

104.9 

$169,614,691 

$84, 1S6. 605 

101.5 

$6,027,047 

$1,514,000 

298.1 

$106, 205, 149 

$55,457,830 

91.5 


10, 150 

7,485 
,33.6 

4,032,365 

1,830,594 

120.3 


12, 173 

12,484 

22.5 

2,709,225 

1,212,235 

123.5 

5.862,276,737 

2,507,051,115 

133.8 


555, 713 

385,698 

44.1 

41,445.997 

18,194,044 

127.8 


tvhely  electric  stations. 


Total. 


162,338 


2,648 

2,139 

23.8 

$662,926,914 

$334,151,724 

98.4 

$107,974,921 

$58,603,406 

84.2 

$104,629,574 

$57,470,597 

82.1 

$3,345,347 

$1,132,809 

195.3 

$63,490,175 

$37,272,578 

70.3 


5,561 

4,615 

20.6 

2,446,489 

1,242,362 

96.9 


6,749 
7,752 
"12.9 

1,670,814 

818,805 

104.1 

3,880,087,887 

1,836,748,836 

111.2 


334,286 

252,407 

32.4 

24,331,120 
12.248,918 


Commercial.       Municipal. 


118,353 


2,127 
1,759 
20.9 

$639,437,274 

$320,580,333 

99.5 

$101,222,267 

$54, 455, 737 

85.9 

$98,056,838 

$53,394,158 

83.0 

$3,165,429 

$1,061,579 

198. 2 

$59,115,250 

$34,525,512 

71.2 


4,776 

4,032 

18.5 

2,298,001 

1,151,520 

99.6 


5,685 
6,783 
216.2 

1,574,280 

753,021 

109.1 

3,734.978,340 

1.716.909.602 

117.5 


219,409 
30.4 

22,620.556 

11,463.050 

97.3 


112,778 


521 

380 

37.1 

$23,489,640 

$13,571,391 

73.1 

$6,752,654 

$4,147,669 

62.8 

$6,572,736 

$4,076,439 

61.2 

$179,918 

$71,230 

152.6 

$4, 374, 925 

$2,747,086 

59.3 


785 
583 
34.7 

148, 488 

90,842 

03.5 


1,064 
969 
9.8 

96,528 

65,784 

46.7 

145,109.547 

119,839,234 

21.1 


48,206 

32,998 

46.1 

1,710,504 

785.868 

117.7 


COMPOSITE   STATIONS. 


Total. 


Commercial.        Municipal. 


2,066 
1,481 
39.5 

$433,986,708 

$170,588,628 

154.4 

$07,667,417 

$27,097,199 

149.7 

$64,985,117 

$26,716,008 

143.2 

$2,682,300 

$381,191 

603.7 

$42,714,974 

$18,185,252 

134.9 


4.389 
2,870 
59.9 

1.585.870 

588, 232 

169.6 


5,424 

4,732 

14.6 

1,038,411 

393, 430 

163.9 

1,982,188,850 

670, 302. 279 

195.7 


221,427 

133, 291 

66.1 

17,114,877 

5,945.126 

187.9 

43,985 


1,335 
1,046 
27.6 

$414,596,901 

$162,139,540 

155.7 

$60,408,072 

$24,279,763 

107.6 

$57,943,419 

$23,955,591 

141.9 

$2,464,653 

$324. 172 

660.3 

$37,922,711 

$16,191,136 

134.2 


3,429 
2,293 
49.3 

1,414,317 

519,881 

172.1 


4,093 

3,879 

5.5 

925.923 

345.834 

167.7 

1,837,833,009 

594,237.074 

209.3 


186,693 

115, 494 

61.6 

14,772,993 

5,153.543 

186.7 


40,690 


731 
435 
68.0 

$19,389,807 

$8,449,082 

129.5 

$7. 239. 345 

$2,817,436 

157.7 

$7,041,698 

$2,760,417 

155.1 

$217,647 

$57,019 

281.7 

$4,792,263 

$1,994,116 

140.3 


1,160 

577 

101.0 

171,339 

68,351 

150.7 


1,331 

853 

56.0 

112,488 

47,596 

136.3 

144,353,241 

76,065,205 

89.8 


34,734 

17,797 

95.2 

2,341.884 

791.583 

195.8 

3.295 


1  E.\chisive  of  auxiliary  engines  with  a  total  capacity  of  65,823  horsepower  in  1907  and  14,454  horsepower  in  1902. 

2  Decrease. 

3  E.xclusive  of  275,079  lamps  used  by  the  central  stations  to  light  their  own  electric  properties  in  1907.    These  lamps  were  not  reported  separately  ia  1902. 

*  The  number  of  incandescent  lamps  was  largely  an  estimate  and,  although  mostly  reported  on  a  16-candlepower  basis,  embraces  a  considerable  number  ranging  from  • 
2  to  50  candlepower. 

'  Not  reported  separately  in  1902. 


Relationship  of  population  and  central  stations. — As 
a  rule,  the  central  electric  stations  are  concentrated  in 
the  most  populous  states  and  at  points  within  these 
states  from  which  the  largest  percentage  of  the  popu- 
lation can  be  served  economically.  From  Table  119  it 
appears  that  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  and 
Ohio,  the  4  states  having  the  largest  jropulation,  con- 
taining together  29.6  per  cent  of  the  total  for  the 
United  States,  reported  1,296  electric  stations,  or  27.5 
per  cent  of  the  total  number  in  operation  during  1907, 
and  the  annual  output  of  these  stations  amounted  to 
2,553,745,890  kilowatt  hours,  or  43.6  per  cent  of  the 
output  of  all  stations  in  the  United  States.     While 


the  proportionate  number  of  central  stations  and  the 
proportionate  population  of  this  group  of  states  were 
very  nearly  the  same,  or  less  than  one-third  of  the 
total,  their  proportion  of  the  kilowatt-hour  output 
formed  nearly  one-half  of  the  total.  In  1902  the  exact 
percentages  for  these  items  were  as  follows:  Popula- 
tion, 29.7  per  cent;  number  of  establishments,  30.8  per 
cent;  and  kilowatt-hour  output,  49.1  per  cent. 

A  number  of  the  tables  contained  in  this  report 
present  the  statistics  by  the  officially  adopted  geo- 
graphic divisions.  An  outline  and  a  list  follow, 
showing  the  states  and  territories  contained  in  each 
division: 


SUMMARY  OF  STATISTICS. 

Map  1,— geographic   DIVISIONS. 


21 


2?orth  Atlantic;  division: 

Maine. 

New  Hampshire. 

Vermont. 

Massat^husetts. 

Rhode  Island. 

Connecticut. 

New  York. 

New  Jersey. 

Pennsylvania. 
South  Atlantic  division; 

Delaware. 

Maryland . 

District  of  Columbia. 

Virginia. 

West  V'ii^inia. 

North  Carolina. 

South  Carolina. 

Georjjia. 

Florida. 
North  Central  division: 

Ohio. 

Indiana. 

Illinoi.i. 

Michigan. 

Wisconsin. 

Minnesota. 

Iowa. 


Xorlh    Central     division  —  Con- 
tinued. 

Missouri. 

North  Dakota. 

South  Dakota. 

Nebraska. 

Kansas. 
South  Central  division: 

Kentucky. 

Tennessee. 

Alabama. 

Mi.ssissi|)|ii. 

Louisiana. 

Arkansas. 

Oklahoma. 

Texas. 
Western  division: 

Montana. 

Idaho. 

Wyoming. 

Colorado. 

New  Mexico. 

Arizona. 

Utah. 

Nevada. 

Washington. 

Oregon. 

California. 


The  largest  proportion  of  the  total  population  of  the 
country,  33.9  per  cent  in  1907  and  34.5  per  cent  in 
1902,  was  in  the  North  Central  states.  These  states 
also  contained  nearly  the  same  percentage  of  electric 
lamps  wired  for  service,  but  for  the  horsepower  of 
primary-power  plants,  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos, 
anil  output  of  stations,  the  percentages  were  consider- 
ably less.  The  North  Atlantic  states  were  next  in 
the  proportion  of  population,  with  27.8  per  cent  in 
1907  and  27.7  per  cent  in  1902,  but  their  proportions 
for  the  various  items  of  the  central-station  industry 
for  both  1907  and  1902  were  much  larger,  as  follows: 
Horsepower  of  primary-power  plant,  37.4  and  44.2 
per  cent,  respectively;  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos, 


38.9  ami  42.7  per  cent;  output  of  stations,  42.4  and 
50.6  per  cent;  number  of  arc  lamps,  43.6  and  44  per 
cent;  and  number  of  incandescent  lamps,  41.5  and 
47.1  per  cent. 

The  South  Atlantic  and  South  Central  divisions, 
treated  as  a  single  group,  embraced  32.7  per  cent  of 
the  population  in  1907  antl  32.4  per  cent  in  1902. 
Although  their  proportions  of  the  various  items  of  the 
central-station  industry  were  larger  in  1907  than  in 
1902,  they  were  the  smallest  shown  for  any  section  of 
the  country.  The  exact  percentages  for  each  of 
these  two  divisions  for  1907  and  1902  were  as  follows: 
South  Atlantic,  population,  13.5  and  13.7  per  cent, 
res])ectively;  horsepower  of  primary-power  plant,  7.2 
and  5  per  cent;  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos,  7.2 
and  5.1  per  cent;  output  of  stations,  4.5  and  4.1  per 
cent;  number  of  arc  lamps,  4.9  and  4.5  per  cent;  and 
number  of  incandescent  lamps,  4.6  and  3.4  per  cent. 
The  South  Central,  population,  19.1  and  18.6  per  cent; 
horsepower  of  primary-power  plant,  6  and  6.4  per 
cent;  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos,  6.1  and  6.8  per 
cent;  output  of  stations,  4.4  and  6.1  per  cent;  number 
of  arc  lamps,  7.2  and  6  per  cent;  and  number  of  incan- 
descent lamps,  6.5  and  5.6  per  cent.  The  Western 
division  was  the  smallest  in  population,  with  5.6  per 
cent  of  the  total  in  1907  and  5.5  per  cent  in  1902.  Its 
percentages  of  the  various  items  for  the  central- 
station  industry  for  1907  and  1902,  respectively, 
were  as  follows:  Horsepower  of  primary-power  plant, 
19.6  and  15.2  per  cent;  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos, 
18  and  14.4  per  cent;  output  of  stations,  23.8  and  13.4 
per  cent;  number  of  arc  lamps,  7.6  and  7.8  per  cent; 
and  number  of  incandescent  lamps,  13  and  10  per 
cent. 


22 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  7.— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— RELATION   OF  LEADING   ITEMS  TO   POPULATION,   BY  GEOGRAPHIC 

DIVISIONS:  1907  AND  1902. 


United  States. 


Per  cent  of  In- 
ciease 


North  .Vtlantlc 

Per  cent  ot  increase. 
South  Atlantic 

Per  cent  of  increase . 
North  Central 

Per  cent  of  increase . 
South  Central 

Per  cent  of  Increase . 
Western 

Per  cent  of  Increase . 


Cen- 
sus. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Popula- 
tion.! 


85,532,761 
78,576)436 

8.9 


23,779,013 

21,778,196 

9.2 

11,574,988 

10,770,414 

7.5 

29,026,645 

27,087,206 

7.2 

16,368,558 

14,651,535 

11.7 

4,783,657 

4,289,085 

11.6 


NUMBER  OF  STATIONS. 


Total. 


4,714 
3,620 


30.2 


1,070 
913 
17.2 

390 
251 
55.4 

2,095 
1,706 
22.8 

679 

404 

68.1 


346 
38.7 


Com- 
mer- 
cial. 


3,462 
2,805 


23.4 


920 
810 
13.6 

232 

176 

31.8 

1,368 

1,178 

16.1 

613 
323 
58.8 

429 

318 

34.9 


Munic- 
ipal. 


1,252 
815 


53.6 


150 

103 

45.6 

158 

75 

110.7 

727 
528 
37.7 

166 

81 

104.9 

51 

28 

82.1 


HOKSEPOWEB  OF 

ENGINES  AND 
WATEE  WHEELS.' 


Amount. 


4,098,188 
1,846,048 

122.1 


1,534,586 

814, 728 

88.4 

295,265 

92,641 

218.7 

1,219,916 

539,669 

126.0 

244,422 

117,192 

108.6 

803,999 

280,818 

186.3 


Per 
1,000 
popu- 
lation. 


47.91 
23.48 


64.54 
37.41 


25.51 
8.60 


42.03 
19.92 


14.93 
8.00 


168.08 
65.47 


KILOWATT 

CAPACITY  OF 

DYNAMOS. 


Amount. 


2,709,225 
1,212,236 

123.6 


1,054,528 

517,549 

103.8 

195,309 

62,301 

213.5 


Per 
1,000 

gopu- 
itlon. 


31.  fi7 
15.43 


OUTPUT  OF  STATIONS, 
KILOWATT   HOUES. 


LAUPS.> 


Arc. 


Incandescent.* 


I       Per 
A-ount.         1,.^^. 
lation. 


5,862,276,737  ,  68,538.38 
2,507,051,115  ■  31,905.89 

133.8    


44.35  2,483,106,227  101,424.28 
23.76  1,269,331,001  58,284.49 
95.6 


16.87 
5.78 


805,012     27.73 

375,614  j  13.86 

114.4  ! 


165,969 

82,259 

101.8 


488,407   102.10 

174,612     40.71 

179.7    


10.14 
56.14 


266,437,175 

102,990,576 

168.7 

1,462,114,001 

646,062,113 

126.7 

267,387,610 

153,905,350 

67.2 

1,393,231,724 

335,762,076 

315.0 


Num- 
ber. 


556,713 
385,698 


23,018.35 
9,562.36 


50,371.44 
23,814.27 


16,724.61 
10,504.38 


291,254.34 
1,282.91 


242,320 

169,554 

42.9 

27,103 

17,183 

67.7 

204,248 

145,629 

40.3 

39,794 

23,320 

70.6 

42,248 

30,112 

40.3 


Per 
1,000 
popu- 
lation. 


6.50 
4.91 


10.19 
7.79 


2.34 
1.60 


Numt)er. 


41,445,997 
18,194,044 

127.8 


17,187,474 

8,561,206 

100.8 

1,915,725 

611,001 

213.6 


7.04  14,269,544 
6.37  I  6,176,919 
131.0 


2.43 
1.59 


8.83 
7.02 


2,697,115 

1,022,298 

163.8 

6,376,139 

1,822,621 

195.0 


Per 
1,000 
popu- 
lation. 


484.56 
231.56 


722.80 
393. 11 


166.51 
56.73 


491.60 
22S.04 


164. 77 
69.77 


1,123.88 
424.94 


1  Based  upon  Bureau  of  the  Census  estimates. 

2  Includes  capacity  of  auxiliary  enj^ines,  amounting  to  65,823  horsepower  in  1907  and  14,454  horsepower  in  1902. 

3  In  liX)7,  exclusive  of  162,338  lamps  of  "Other  varieties— Nernst,  vacuum,  vapor,  etc,"— the  revenue  for  which  is  included  with  the  income  for  lighting,  and  275,079 
lamps  used  by  the  central  stations  to  light  their  own  electric  properties.    These  lamps  were  not  reported  separately  in  1902. 

'  Thenumlier  of  incandescent  lamps  was  largely  an  estimate  and,  although  mostly  reported  on  a  16-candlepower  basis,  embraces  a  considerable  number  ranging  from 
2  to  50  candlepower. 


The  comparison  of  the  population  of  these  geographic 
divisions  with  the  several  items  of  Table  7  representing 
the  equipment  and  output  of  the  stations  may  be 
roughly  summarized  as  follows:  The  North  Central, 
one- third  of  all  items;  the  North  Atlantic,  one-fourth 
of  the  population  and  two-fifths  of  the  other  items; 
the  South  Atlantic  and  South  Central  combined, 
one-third  of  the  population  and  one-eighth  of  the 
other  items;  and  the  Western,  one-twentieth  of  the 
population  and  one-sixth  of  the  other  items.  Com- 
paring the  proportion  of  population  with  that  for 
the  number  of  stations,  the  proportion  of  stations  was 
larger  than  that  for  population  for  the  North  Central 
and  Western  divisions,  and  smaller  for  the  North 
Atlantic,  South  Atlantic,  and  South  Central  divisions. 

One  of  the  most  pronounced  features  of  the  central- 
station  industry  is  the  large  per  capita  showing  for 
the  Western  division,  the  output  of  stations  and  all 
the  items  of  ec{uipment,  except  arc  lamps,  being  the 
largest  of  any  group.  The  Western  division,  having, 
in  1907,  less  than  5,000,000  population,  as  compared 
with  a  population  of  upward  of  11,000,000  and 
16,000,000  for  the  South  Atlantic  and  South  Central 
divisions,  respectively,  reported  a  greater  primary 
horsepower,  a  larger  dynamo  capacity,  and  more 
incandescent  lamps  wired  for  service  than  the  two 
latter  divisions  combined.  In  per  capita  showing, 
the  North  Atlantic  division  was  second  in  rank,  the 
North  Central  third,  the  South  Atlantic  fourth,  and 
the  South  Central  fifth. 

Mention  has  already  been  made  of  the  fact  that 
numerous  tables  in  the  report  for  1902  contained 
statistics  for  the  central  stations,  grouped  according 


to  the  population  of  the  places  in  which  the  stations 
were  located.  Such  a  presentation  of  the  statistics 
is  interesting,  but  the  following  points  should  be  con- 
sidered in  connection  with  the  results: 

1.  The  reports  for' the  central  stations  are  assigned 
to  the  places  in  which  the  plants  are  located. 

2.  The  development  of  the  alternating  current  by 
means  of  the  single-phase  or  polyphase  dynamo, 
referred  to  in  the  report  of  1902,  has  continued  since 
that  census,  until  at  the  census  of  1907  the  kilowatt 
capacity  of  this  class  of  machines  represented  82  per 
cent  of  the  total  dynamo  capacity  of  all  central  stations. 
In  many  instances  large  plants  arc  now  located  at  places 
where  water  power  is  available  for  the  generation  of 
the  current,  but  at  great  distances  from  the  places 
where  the  current  is  used.  It  is  evident  that  any 
attempt  to  arrive  at  the  true  per  capita  consumption 
of  current,  and  other  features  based  on  population 
by  localities,  should  include  the  statistics  for  these 
generating  plants,  but  this  is  impossible,  since  they 
frequently  furnish  current  to  two  or  more  widely 
separated  cities,  mills,  or  factories.  The  following  are 
among  the  most  notable  examples  of  this  phase  of  the 
development  and  use  of  electrical  energy:  In  Califor- 
nia two  companies  have  plants  located  in  several 
small  places  where  water  power  is  available  for  the 
generation  of  electricity,  which  is  not  only  transmitted 
to  the  largest  cities  in  the  state  but  is  used  in 
numerous  smaller  place-  in  the  course  of  its  transit. 
In  New  York  the  electrical  energy  generated  at 
Niagara  Falls  is  distributed  to  various  cities  and  towns 
in  the  state.  In  South  Carolina  there  is  one  large 
company  with  generating  plants  at  places  where  there 


SUMMARY  OF  STATISTICS. 


23 


is  water  power,  from  which  places  the  electrical 
energry  is  transmitted  to  various  sections  of  that  state. 
If  necessary,  many  other  instances  of  tliis  character 
of  electric  service  might  be  given,  but  these  are  deemed 
sufficient  for  the  purpose. 

3.  Some  electric  companies,  though  owning  two  or 
more  central  stations  situated  in  widely  separated 
places,  made  but  one  report  covering  all  of  their 
properties.  As  a  rule,  such  reports  are  assigned  to 
the  place  in  which  the  principal  plant  is  located.  In 
some  instances  these  plants  are  in  two  or  more  of  the 
groups  of  cities  for  which  separate  statistics  were 
shown  in  1902,  and  the  assignment  of  all  of  them  to 
a  certahi  city  or  group  of  cities  would  detract  from 
the  value  of  conclusions  based  upon  population. 

A  majority  of  the  central  stations,  however,  are 
located  in  the  cities  to  which  they  are  assigned  and 
where  all  of  their  output,  or  the  major  portion,  is 
consumed.  WTiile,  therefore,  this  grouping  of  the 
stations  in  1902  by  population  may  have  been  instruct- 
ive to  some  extent,  tlie  defects  are  too  great,  so  far 
as  relates  to  the  commercial  stations,  to  warrant  such 
an  analysis  at  the  census  of  1907.  Statistics  are  pre- 
sented, however,  for  the  following  34  selected  cities, 
grouped  in  four  classes  according  to  size: 


Thirty-four  selected  cities  grouped  in  four  classes  according  to  their 
estimated  population  in.  1902. 


500,000  and  over. 

100,000  but  under 
500,000. 

25,000  but  under 
100,000. 

5,000  but  under 
25,000. 

Chicago,  III.      ■ 

Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Dayton,  Ohio. 

Anderson,  Ind. 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

Cumberland,  Md. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Denver,  Colo. 

Duluth,  Minn. 

Flint.  Mich. 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Eric.  Pa. 

Hannibal,  Mo. 

Louisville,  Kv. 

Evansvilie,  Ind. 

Lewiston,  Me. 

Minneapolis.  Minn. 

Ilolyoke,  Mass. 

Northampton, 

New  Orleans,  La. 

Mobile,  Ala. 

Mass. 

St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Reading,  Pa. 

Oklahoma    City, 

Washington.  D.C. 

.San  .Vntonio,  Tex. 

Okla. 

Worcester,  Mass. 

Wilmington,  Del. 

Paducah,  Kv. 
Richmond,  tnd. 
Shrcveport,  La. 

In  the  selection  of  these  34  cities,  the  rule  followed 
was  to  limit  them  to  those  in  which  all  the  electrical 
energy  used  was  practically  generaterl  within  their 
respective  limits  and  but  little,  if  any,  sold  for  outside 
consumption.  Although  the  selection  was  to  some 
extent  an  arbitrary  one,  the  cities  are  fairly  repre- 
sentative of  the  various  sections  of  the  country. 
These  34  cities  contained  75  stations  in  1907  and  70 
stations  in  1902,  the  character  of  ownership  of  which 
in  1907  was  as  follows:  Corporate,  61;  and  municipal, 
14.  In  1902,  58  were  corporate;  11,  municipal;  and 
1,  individual. 


24 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  8.— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC   STATIONS    IN  34  SELECTED   CITIES,  BY   GROUPS,  ACCORDING   TO   POPULATION: 

1907  AND  1902. 


I'l'lie  cities  are  grouped  according  to  their  estimated  population  in  1902,  In  order  tliat  the  groups  for  the  two  census  years  may  be  identical.] 


Population' 

N umber  of  stations . 
Stock  outstanding... 
Dividends. 


Bonds  outstanding 

Cost  of  construction  and  equipment.. 
Gross  income 

Electric  service 

Lighting 

Stationary  motors 

All  otlier 

.\11  other  sources 

Total  e.xpenses 

Cost  of  supplies  and  materials 

Cost  of  fuel 

Power  purchased , . 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Salaries  and  wages 

Salaried  olflcials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Numlier , 

Salaries 

Wage-earners: 

Average  number 


THIRTY-FOUR  CITIES. 


I  FOUR    CITIES,    EACH    HAVING    A    POPULA- 
TION or  500,000  AND  OVER. 


1907 


12,088,994 
75 
634 
001 
988 
083 
154 


tl88,133, 

17,017, 

$181,078, 

(338,870, 

153,242, 

$52,039, 

$39,583, 

$9,397, 

$3,058, 

$1,202, 

$29,753, 

$3, 784, 

$5, 527, 

$1,121, 

$10, 130, 

$9,189, 

2, 
$2,851, 


1902 


Percent 

of 
increase. 


359 
205 
934 
656 
204 
641 
510 
079 
039 
936 

568 

745  I 


10,546, 

$136,  US, 

$1,857, 

$108,571, 

$133,825, 

$25, 126, 

$24,968. 

$20, 833, 

$3, 919, 

$215, 

$157, 

$15, 282, 

$2,952, 

$2, 493, 

$213, 

$4,184, 

$5,438, 


I 


858 
70 
960 
305 
502 
427 
735 
991 
8S2 
455 
654 
744  I 
933  I 
346 
049 
929  ! 
971  ■ 
638  ' 


Wages. 


9,000 
$6,338,190 


Primary  power: ' 

Number  of  machines 685 

Horsepower  capacity I  908, 776 

Generating  e(i  uipment: 

Number  of  dynamos 979 

Kilowatt  capacity ' :  639, 195 

Output  of  stations,  kilowatt  liours 1  1, 337, 608, 288 

Lamps  wired  for  service:  *  i 

Arc I  183,731 

Incandescent » '  11 ,  522, 603 

Other  varieties — Nemst,  vacuum,  vapor,  etc '  56, 391 


1,219 
$1,291,172 

5,727 
$4,147,466 

485 
338,461 

1,584 

218,688 
479,132,378 

111,437 
5, 484, 938 


14.6 
7.1 

36.7 
277.8 

66.8 
153.2 
111.9 
108.4 

90.0 

139.8 

1,318.4 

662.4 

94.7 

28.2 
121.7 
424.0 
142.1 

69.0 

110.7 
120.9 

57.2 
52.8 

20.6 
168.5 

'38.2 
192.3 
179.2 

64.9 
110.1 


1907 


8,461,375 

24 

$132,860,984 

$5,232,927 

$135, 130, 386 

$240,009,024 

$38,868,287 

$37,922,680 

$28, 409, 863 

86,894,775 

$3, 618, 042 

$945, 607 

$20,485,942 

$2,337,290 

$3,647,844 

$068,281 

$7,246,844 

$6,585,683 

1,895 
$2,104,888 

0,092 
$4,480,796 

276 
S78, 120 

460 

415,979 

989,516,589 

120, 169 

7,833,061 

40,779 


1908 


7,381, 

$105,086, 
$1,033, 
$93,030, 
$91,212, 
$18,087, 
$18,073, 
$15,  ail, 
$2,958, 
$63, 
$13, 
$10,755, 
$2, 181, 
$1,656, 
$15, 
$2,916, 
$3,985, 


Per  cent 

ol 
increase. 


849 
$924, 128 

4,071 
$3,061,709 

234 
212,990 

925 

133,247 

303,435,153 

70,376 
4,009,473 


14.6 
9.1 

20.4 
406.3 

45.3 
163.1 
114.9 
109.8 

88.8 

133.0 

4,010.8 

«,«oa7 

90.5 

7.2 

120.2 

4, 156. 6 

Has 

66.2 

123.2 

127.8 

49.6 
46.3 

17.9 
171.4 

250.3 
212.2 
226.1 

70.8 
92.5 


Population  1 

Number  of  stations 

Stock  outstanding 

Dividends 

Bonds  outstanding 

Cost  of  construction  and  equipment 

Gross  income 

Electric  service 

Lighting 

Stationary  motors 

All  other 

All  other  sources 

Total  expenses 

Cost  of  supplies  and  materials 

Cost  of  fuel 

Power  purchased 

Mi,scellaneous  expenses 

Salaries  and  wages 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc. : 

Number 

Salaries , 

Wage-earners: 

Average  number 

Wages 

Primary  power:  a 

Number  of  machines 

Horsepower  capacity 

Generating  equipment: 

Number  of  dynamos 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Output  of  stations,  kilowatt  hours 

Lamps  wired  for  service:  < 

.Arc 

Incandescent* 

Other  varieties— Nemst.  vacuum,  vapor 
etc 


TEN  CITIES,    EACH  HAVING   A   POPULA- 
TION OF  100,000  BUT  UNDER  500,000. 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


2,693,310 

23 

$37,739,390 

$1,471,099 

$27,490,900 

$69, 756, 748 

$10,676,631 

$10,620,50(1 

$8, 360,  722 

$1,964,718 

$195,0(i6 

$156, 125 

$0, 830, 562 

$1,101,472 

$1,237,747 

$229,526 

$2,346,609 

$1,921,208 

433 

$523,893 

2,163 
$1,397,315 

174 
218, 178 

292 

147,439 

219,286,502 

47,308 
2,769,920 


2,354, 

$26, 490, 

$709, 

$12,058, 

$34,512, 

$5,2.16, 

$5, 155, 

$4,2.36, 

$783, 

$135, 

$80, 

S3,3ob, 

$654, 

$627, 

$106, 

$995, 

81,070, 


704 
24  I 
600 
775  : 
600 
803 
059 
061 
620 
567 
574 
398 
436 
705 
804 
990 
084 
862 


265 
$252,702 

1,255 
$818,150 

153 
91,916 

432 

64,147 

119,633,836 

30,792 
1,112,946 

(•) 


14.4 
24.2 
42.5 
107.3 
128,0 
102.1 
103.9 
104.1 
97.3 
150.7 
43.9 
94.2 
103.7 
98.6 
97.2 
114.5 
136.8 
79.4 

69.8 
107.3 

72.4 
70.8 

13.7 
126.5 

!32.4 
129.8 
108.5 

53.6 
148.9 


TEN   aTIES,    EACH    HAVING    A   POPULA- 
TION OF  25,000  BUT  UNDER  100,000. 


1907 


I 


719,613 

15 

$13, 105, 760 

$253,200 

$1.5,208,712 

$24,296,933 

$2,739,816 

$2,678,781 

$2,078,740 

$417, 766 

$182,275 

$61,036 

$1,820,361 

$284,886 

S447, 154 

$219,626 

$378,083 

$490, 703 

171 
$160,116 

544 
$330,587 

»4 
93,982 

160 

62,603 

73,547,640 

11,958 
703,211 

10,211 


1902 


632,582 

12 

$3,855,000 

$106,300 

$2,884,000 

$7,007,488 

$1,436,751 

$1,376,328 

$1,214,683 

$151,013 

$10, 632 

$60,423 

$935, 969 

$180,875 

$141,820 

$91,239 

$236,083 

$286,952 

76 
$84,407 

292 
$202,546 

62 
24,660 

150 

16,210 

35,166,664 

7,431 
231,114 

(•) 


Per  cent 

of 
Increase. 


13.8 

25.0 

240.0 

138.2 

427.3 

246.7 

90.7 

94.6 

7L1 

176.6 

1,614.4 

1.0 

94.5 

57.6 

215.3 

140.6 

60.8 

7L0 

126.0 
89.7 

86.3 
63.2 

51.6 
281.3 

6.7 
286.2 
109.2 

60.9 
204.3 


TEN  CITIES,    EACH  HAVING  A   POPULA- 
TION OF  5,000  BUT  UNDER  25,000. 


1907 


1902 


214,696 

13 

$2,427,400 

$59, 775 

$3,249,000 

$4,807,378 

$967, 420 

$917, 631 

$734,034 

$119,946 

$63,551 

$39,889 

$610,349 

$60,993 

$194,765 

$3,747 

$158,603 

$192,341 

69 

$62,848 

201 
$129, 493 

41 
18,496 

67 

13, 174 

25,257,557 

4,290 
215, 811 


177,992 

12 

$683, 700 

$7,696 

$598,500 

$1,092,783 

$366, 679 

$363,369 

$331,327 

$26,271 

$6,761 

$3,220 

$235, 795 

$35,037 

$66,633 


$38,528 
$94, 997 


$29,936 

109 

$06,062 

36 
8,906 

77 

6,084 

21,006,735 

2,838 
71,405 


m 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


20.6 

8.3 

255.0 

676.7 

442.9 

339.9 

161.2 

152.5 

121.5 

356.6 

1,000.3 

1,138.8 

158.8 

7L2 

192.3 


3U.4 
102.6 

76.9 
109.9 

84.4 
99.0 

13.9 
107.7 

!13.0 
159.1 
20.2 

51.4 
202.2 


■Based  upon  Bureaa  of  the  Census  estimates. 

'  Decrease. 

«  Exclusive  of  au.viliary  engines  with  a  total  capacity  of  10,6.59  horsepower  in  1907  and  3,662  horsepower  in  1902. 

*  Exclusive  of  62,020  lamps  u.sed  by  the  central  stations  to  light  tlieir  own  electric  proi>erties  in  1907.    These  lamps  were  not  reported  separately  In  1902.' 

^  The  number  of  incandescent  laihps  was  largely  an  estimate  and,  although  mostly  reported  on  a  16-candlepower  basis,  embraces  a  considerable  number  ranging  from 
2  to  50  candlepower. 

•  Not  reported  separately. 


SUMMARY  OF  STATISTICS. 


25 


While  the  principal  income  of  central  stations  is  de- 
rived from  lighting  and  stationary-motor  service,  elec- 
tricity is  being  used  for  a  constantly  increasing  va- 
I'iety  of  purposes.  The  income  as  reported  from  these 
miscellaneous  uses  is  shown  in  Table  8  as  "All  other" 
under  "Electric  service."  The  several  items  compos- 
ing this  total  are  showii  in  Table  9. 

Table  9. — Central  electric  stations  in  34  selected  cities — Income  from 
"All  other  electric  service:"  1907  and  1902. 


1907 

1902 

I'er  cent 

of 
increase. 

Tola!                                                           .  * 

$3,058,934     $215,054 

1,318.4 

1,9(10,551  1     1.38.275 

1,317.9 

779,728 
117,560 

Heating,  cooking,  welding,  etc 

2!-  451 

401.3 

135,121  I      24;775 
05,974  1      29.153 

445.  4 

Miscellaneous  electric  service 

120.3 

More  than  nine-tenths  of  the  gain  in  "Other  elec- 
tric service"  was  from  the  sale  of  current  to  electric- 
railway  companies  and  to  other  companies  engaged  in 
the  sale  and  distribution  of  current.  The  percentages 
of  increase  for  the  remaining  items  are  large,  but  the 
actual  amounts  of  income  involved  are  comparatively 
small.  The  greater  part  of  the  income  from  "Miscel- 
laneous electric  service"  was  derived  from  the  use  of 
current  to  operate  electric  fans. 

Althougii  not  shown  in  Table  8,  certain  facts  con- 
nected with  the  generating  plants  in  the  34  cities  are 
briefly  summarized,  as  follows:  In  1907  nearly  one- 
fourth  of  the  primary  power  for  the  4,714  central  sta- 
tions in  the  United  States  was  connected  with  the  75 
stations  in  these  selected  cities.  The  proportion  of 
steam  power  in  the  total  primary  power  in  these  cities 
was  92.5  per  cent  in  1907  and  98.7  per  cent  in  1902, 
as  compared  with  65.2  per  cent  and  75.4  per  cent, 
respectively,  for  the  United  States.  As  illustrative  of 
the  extensive  use  of  the  steam  turbine  in  the  more 
thickly  settled  communities,  55.6  per  cent  of  the  total 
horsepower  reported  for  steam  turbines  in  the  central 
stations  in  the  United  States  was  reported  by  the  sta- 
tions in  these  34  selected  cities.  Chicago  claims  the 
distinction  of  having  the.  largest  prime  mover  in  the 
world,  a  steam  turbine  of  22,000  horsepower,  several 
more  of  which  are  about  to  be  installed  in  the  same 
station.  The  gas  engine  was  very  little  used  in  these 
cities,  only  4  engines  with  a  total  of  60  horsepower 
being  reported  in  1907,  all  in  the  group  of  cities  of 
over  500,000  population.  In  1902  the  group  of  cities 
"5,000  but  under  25,000"  was  the  only  one  not  report- 
ing gas  engines,  although  but  300  horsepower  of  this 
character  was  reported  for  the  34  cities,  which  formed 
only  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent  of  the  total  for  all  kinds 
of  primary  power.  A  considerable  increase  in  water 
power  is  shown,  from  1.2  per  cent  in  1902  to  7.6  per 
cent  in  1907.  No  water  power  was  reported  in  the  4 
cities  of  over  500,000  population,  but  it  is  shown  for 
each  of  the  remaining  groups.     The  increase  in  water 


power  was  not  due  to  the  general  adoption  of  this  form 
of  primary  power,  as  nearly  nine-tenths  of  the  total 
increase  was  confined  to  two  companies,  one  in  the 
group  of  cities  of  100,000  but  under  500,000  population, 
where  the  water  power  increased  from  2,400  horse- 
power in  1902  to  19,600  horsepower  in  1907,  and  the 
other  in  the  group  of  cities  of  25,000  but  under  100,000 
population,  in  which  there  has  been  installed  since 
1902  a  plant  reporting  water  wheels  of  39,700  horse- 
power. Although  this  latter  plant  was  reported  in 
1907,  it  had  been  in  operation  but  a  few  months  and 
at  only  a  fraction  of  the  capacity  reported. 

Exclusive  of  the  horsepower  of  the  gas  engines,  which 
was  comparatively  insignificant,  the  horsepower  ca- 
pacity reported  by  all  central  stations  in  the  United 
States  in  1907  was  about  two-thirds  steam  and  one- 
third  water.  In  1902  the  proportions  were  about 
three-fourths  steam  and  one-fourth  water.  For  the 
34  cities  in  1907  more  than  nine-tenths  was  steam  and 
less  than  one-tenth  Water,  while  in  1902  practically  all 
the  primary  power  was  steam. 

The  generating  equipment  for  the  34  selected  cities, 
which  is  reported  in  bulk  in  Table  8,  is  shown  in  detail 
in  Table  10. 

Table  10. — Central  electric  stations  in  34  selected  cities — Generating 
equipment:  1907  and  190: . 


Four 
cities, 
eacii 

Ten 

Ten 

Ten 

cities, 

cities, 

cities. 

eacli 

eacli 

each 

Thirty- 

liaving 

liaving 

having 

KIND  OF  DYNAMO. 

Census. 

four 
cities. 

a  popu- 
lation of 
500,000 
and 

lation  of  iation  of  lation  of 

100,000     23,000  1    5,000 

but         but    1     but 

under 

under 

under 

500.000. 

100,000. 

25,000. 

1907 
1902 

75 
70 

24 

22 

23 
24 

15 
12 

13 

12 

Dynamo!;: 

1907 
1902 

979 

1,584 

460 
925 

292 
432 

160 

150 

67 

77 

Kilowatt  capacity 

1907 

639, 195 

415,979 

147,439 

02,003 

13,174 

1902 

218,088 

,133,247 

64,147 

10,210 

5,084 

Direct-current,    con- 

stant-voltage: 

Number 

1907 
1902 

312 
432 

125 
192 

90 
150 

70 
64 

21 

26 

Kilowatt  capacity. 

1907 

95,956 

38,984 

40.275 

13,798 

2,899 

1902 

94,552 

50,927 

34,943 

7,207 

1,475 

Direct-current,    con- 

stant-amperage: 

1907 
1902 

385 
702 

218 
401 

109 
210 

41 
00 

17 

31 

Kilowatt  capacity. 

1907 

23,748 

15.505 

5,579 

2,069 

595 

1902 

37,222 

22,287 

11,214 

2,703 

1,018 

Alternatlngsingle-piiase 

and   polypiiase  cur- 

rent: 

1907 

282 

117 

87 

49 

29 

1902 

450 

332 

72 

20 

20 

ICilowatt  capacity. 

1907 

519,491 

361,490 

101,685 

46,730 

9,080 

1902 

80,914 

60,033 

17,990 

0,300 

2,581 

The  kilowatt  capacity  of  the  dynamos  in  the  34 
selected  cities  formed  about  the  same  proportion  of 
the  total  for  the  United  States,  shghtly  less  than  one- 
fourth,  as  did  the  primary  power.  The  percentage 
of  increase,  however,  was  considerably  larger  for  the 
34  cities  than  for  the  United  States.     The  kilowatt 


26 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


capacity  of  the  direct-current,  constant-voltage  dy- 
namos, which  increased  23.1  per  cent  in  the  United 
States,  practically  remained  stationary  in  the  total 
for  the  3-4  cities,  the  increase  being  less  than  2  per 
cent.  An  actual  loss  is  shown  for  the  4  cities  of 
largest  population,  which,  however,  is  slightly  over- 
come by  gains  in  each  of  the  other  three  groups. 
The  capacity  of  the  direct-current,  constant-amperage 
dynamo  decreased  in  each  of  the  several  groups  of 
cities,  in  harmony  with  the  decrease  shown  for  this 
class  of  dynamo  in  the  total  for  the  United  States. 
The  capacity  of  the  alternating  single-phase  and 
polyphase  current  dynamo  increased  in  each  group, 
and  the  percentage  of  gain  for  the  34  cities  together 
was  much  greater  than  that  for  the  country  as  a  whole. 
Notwithstanding  the  gain  in  kilowatt  capacity  of 
the  dynamos  there  was  a  general  decrease  in  their 
number,  which  fact  harmonizes  with  the  conclusions 
in  the  chapter  treating  of  the  generating  ecjuipment 
of  all  central  stations,  where  the  average  capacity  of 


the  dynamos  in  1907  is  shown  to  be  much  larger  than 
was  reported  in  1902. 

Large  and  small  stations. — As  previously  explained, 
the  classification  of  "central  station"  is  based  on  the 
character  of  the  service  and  not  on  the  size  of  the 
plarit.  No  limit  was  placed  on  the  size  of  the  plants 
to  be  enumerated,  and  although  there  are  some  very 
large  stations,  the  vast  majority  are  comparatively 
small.  The  commercial  stations  range  from  the  one 
located  at  Stanton,  Iowa,  with  gas  as  the  primary 
power  and  a  dynamo  of  3-kilowatt  capacity,  to  one 
in  New  York  City  having  steam  as  the  primary  power 
and  a  total  dynamo  capacity  of  149,300  kilowatts. 
The  municipal  stations  range  from  the  one  located 
at  Bath,  111.,  also  with  gas  as  the  primary  power  and 
a  dynamo  capacity  of  6  kilowatts,  to  that  located 
at  Chicago,  with  steam  as  the  primary  power 
and  a  total  dynamo  capacity  of  5,473  kilowatts. 
Table  11  classifies  the  stations  according  to  dynamo 
capacity. 


Table  11.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— NUMBER,  BY  DYNAMO  CAPACITY  OF 

STATIONS:  1907  AND  1902. 


TOTAL. 

COMMEECIAL. 

MUNICIPAL. 

PEE 

CENT  DISTRIBUTION. 

DYN.tJIO  CAPACITY  OF  STATION. 

Total. 

Commercial. 

Municipal. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total 

4,714 

3,620 

3,462 

2,805 

1,252 

815 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

lOO.O 

lOO.O 

100.0 

3,038 
821 
269 
169 
115 
75 
227 

2,587 
586 
172 
98 
66 
33 
78 

2,116 
584 
225 
159 
111 
74 
193 

1,890 
497 
160 
92 
64 
32 
70 

922 

237 

44 

10 

4 

1 

34 

697 
89 
12 
6 
2 
1 
8 

64.4 
17.4 
5.7 
3.6 
2.4 
1.6 
4.8 

71.5 
16.2 
4.8 
2.7 
1.8 
0.9 
2.2 

61.1 
16.9 
6.0 
4.6 
3.2 
2.1 
5.6 

67.4 
17.7 
5.7 
3.3 
2.3 
1.1 
2.5 

73.6 
18.9 
3.5 
0.8 
0.3 
0.1 
2.7 

85.5 

200  but  under  500  kilowatts 

10.9 

500  but  under  1,000  kilowatts 

1.5 

1,(XKI  but  under  2,000  kilowatts 

0.7 

2,000  but  under  5,000  kilowatts 

0.2 

0.  I 

Stations  having  no  generating  equipment ... 

1.0 

The  extent  of  the  predominance  of  the  small  station 
is  evident  from  the  fact  that  81.8  per  cent  of  all  sta- 
tions in  1907  and  87.7  per  cent  in  1902  were  under 
500-kilowatt  capacity,  wliile  considerably  more  than 
one-half  of  all,  64.4  per  cent  in  1907  and  71.5  per 
cent  in  1902,  were  under  200-kilowatt  capacity.  As 
would  be  expected,  the  number  of  stations  in  the 
various  classes  grows  proportionately  less  as  the 
classes  increase  in  dynamo  capacity. 

Of  the  commercial  stations,  16.4  per  cent  in  1907 
and  12.4  per  cent  in  1902  were  embraced  in  the  classes 
which  had  a  kilowatt  capacity  of  500  horsepower  or 
over,  while  of  the  municipal  stations,  only  4.7  per 
cent  in  1907  and  2.5  per  cent  in  1902  reported  tliis 
capacity.  Although  the  percentages  of  increase  are 
almost  uniformly  larger  for  the  municij)al  stations,  in 
but  one  class,  that  of  "200  but  under  500  kilowatts," 
was  the  actual  increase  the  greater.  The  commercial 
stations  made  the  only  increase  in  the  class  of  largest 
dynamo   capacity,    there    being   but    one   municipal 


station  of  this  class  both  in  1907  and  1902,  wliich  was 
located  in  Chicago.  Except  for  a  small  amount  of 
current  sold  to  other  electric  companies,  this  plant 
was  engaged  exclusively  in  arc  fighting. 

The  distribution,  by  dynamo  capacity,  of  the  purely 
electric  and  of  the  composite  stations  is  shown  in 
Table  12. 

For  all  the  stations  supplied  with  dynamos  the  per- 
centages of  increase  were  uniformly  greater  for  the 
composite  stations.  In  this  group  the  proportion  of 
small  stations,  or  those  under  500-kilowatt  capacity, 
was  83.8  per  cent  in  1907  and  89.8  per  cent  in  1902  as 
compared  with  80.4  and  86.2  per  cent,  respectively, 
for  the  purely  electric.  Among  the  purely  electric  sta- 
tions the  larger  plants  are  a  little  more  numerous,  rel- 
atively, than  among  the  composite  stations.  It  ap- 
pears, however,  that  the  manufacture  of  electric  current 
on  a  large  scale  is  combined  with  other  lines  of  work 
almost  as  much  as  the  manufacture  of  current  on  a 
small  scale. 


SUMMARY  OF  STATISTICS. 


2Y 


Table  12.— PURELY  ELECTRIC  AND  COMPOSITE  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— NUMBER,  BY  DYNAMO  CAPACITY 

OF  STATIONS:  1907  AND  1902. 


TOTAL. 

PURELY 

^ 

PER 

CENT  DISTRIBUTION. 

DYNAMO  CAP.ICITY    OF  .STATION. 

ELECTRIC. 

Total. 

1 

Purely  electric. 

Composite. 

1907 

190S 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total 

4.714 

3,620 

2,648 

2.139 

2,066       1,481 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Under  200  kilowatts 

3.038 
821 
2(i9 
1G9 
115 
75 
227 

2,587 
586 
172 
98 
66 
33 
78 

1,692        1.477 

1,346 
385 
129 
89 
45 
27 
45 

1,110 
220 
76 
29 
18 
10 
18 

64.4 
17.4 
6.7 
3.6 
2.4 
1.6 
4.8 

71.6 
16.2 
4.8 
2.7 
1.8 
0.9 
2.2 

63.9 
16.6 
6.3 
3.0 
2.6 
1.8 
6.9 

69.1 
17.1 
4.6 
3.2 
2.2 
1.1 
2.8 

65.2 
18.6 
6.2 
4.3 
2.2 
1.3 
2.2 

74.9 

200  but  under  500  kilowatts                                .        .           

436 
140 
80 
70 
48 
182 

360 
96 
69 
48 
23 
00 

14.9 

5.1 

1,000  but  under  2,001)  kilowatts                              

2.0 

1.2 

5,000  kilowatts  and  over  ■                             

0.7 

1.2 

The  distribution  of  the  stations  by  dynamo  capacity 
is  shown  liy  geographic  divisions  in  Table  13. 

The  Western  division,  altliough  having  in  1907  less 
than  one-half  the  population  of  any  of  the  other  divi- 
sions, had  more  stations  of  l,000-kilo\vatt  capacity 
and  over  than  either  the  South  Atlantic  or  the  South 
Central  divisions,  and  in  the  largest  class  of  5,000  and 
over,  nearly  double  the  number  for  these  two  divisions 
combineil.  Another  noticeable  feature  connected  with 
the  Western  division  is  the  relatively  large  number  of 
stations  not  equipped  with  dynamos,  being  exceeded 
in  this  respect  onl}-  by  the  Xorth  Atlantic  division. 
In  1907,  although  not  shown  in  Table  13,  there  were 


4  states  each  of  which  had  more  than  ten  stations  not 
possessing  electric  generators,  as  follows:  California, 
40;  New  York,  30;  Pennsylvania,  30;  and  Massachu- 
setts, 18.  In  1902  such  stations  were  reported  by 
these  states  as  follows:  California,  25;  New  York,  4; 
Pennsjdvania,  11;  and  Massachusetts,  5.  These  fig- 
ui'es  show  that  California  had  considerably  the  largest 
number  of  stations  dependent  upon  other  plants  for 
their  electrical  energy,  anil  this  showing  may  be  ex- 
plained by  the  fact  that  in  this  state  exceptionally 
long  transmission  lines  are  used,  the  electricity  in  one 
instance  being  generated  upward  of  200  miles  from  the 
places  where  it  is  chiefly  used. 


TAiiLE  13.— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS- 


NUMBER,   BY  DYNAMO  CAPACITY  AND  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS: 
1907  AND  1902. 


DmSION. 

TOTAL. 

UNDER  200 
KILOWATTS. 

200 
BUT   UNDER 

500 
Kn.OWATTS. 

500 

BUT  UNDER 

1,000 

KILOWATTS. 

1,000 
BUT  UNDER 

2,000 
KaOWATTS. 

2,000 
BUT  UNDER 

5,000 
KILOWATTS. 

5,000 

KILOWATTS. 
AND  OVER. 

STATIONS 
HAVING  NO 
GENERATING 
EQUIPMENT. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total 

4,714 

3,620 

3,038 

2,687 

821 

586 

269 

172 

169 

98 

115 

66 

75 

33 

227 

78 

North  -\tlantic.  -. 

1,070 
390 

2,095 
679 
480 

913 
251 
1,706 
404 
346 

481 
250 
1,527 
630 
250 

499 
201 
1.347 
328 
212 

224 
90 

346 
98 
63 

216 
35 

241 
48 
46 

113 
11 
95 
20 
30 

86 
4 
00 
11 
11 

76 
10 
47 
11 
25 

42 
2 
25 
10 
19 

60 
8 
27 
12 
18 

26 
6 

19 
4 

11 

27 
7 

20 
3 

18 

15 
1 
6 
1 

10 

99 
14 
33 
5 
76 

29 

2 

Nortli  Central 

8 

Bouth  Central 

2 

Western .                               

37 

Consolidation  of  electric  stations  with  other  enter- 
prises.— In  1907  an  effort  was  made  to  ascertain  the 
extent  of  the  association  of  other  industries  with  central 
electric  stations,  and  the  results  are  presented  in  the 
following  statement : 

Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Number  and 
hind  of  associated  enterprises:  1907. 


United  States. 


Purely  electric 2, 648 

Composite 2, 066 

Total  associated  enterprises 2, 306 


Total. 


Waterworks 1,036 

Oas  plants  ^ 

Lumber  and  grist  mills 

Ice  manufacture ,. 

Steam  heating 

Cotton  gins 

Electric  railways 

Miscellaneous 


329 
310 
212 
118 
35 
32 
234 


'  Manufactured  gas. 


Commer- 
cial. 

Munici- 
pal. 

3,462 

1,252 

2,127 
1,335 

1,568 

621 

731 

738 

320 
317 
307 
212 
114 
35 
32 
231 

710 

12 
3 

4 

3 

Of  the  4,714  central  electric  stations,  the  composite 
central  stations,  or  those  which  were  operated  in 
connection  with  other  industries,  numbered  2,066. 
These  stations  were  associated  with  2,306  industries 
of  various  kinds,  the  excess  of  industries  being  due  to 
the  fact  that  a  single  central  station  may  be  asso- 
ciated with  several  other  industries.  The  associa- 
tion of  central  stations  with  waterworks  and  gas  plants 
is  the  most  common,  and  for  the  municipal  plants 
there  was  practically  no  other.  For  the  commercial 
stations  there  were  995  operated  in  connection  with 
such  public  sei'vice  as  waterworks,  gas  works,  street 
railways,  steam  heating,  and  the  manufacture  of  ice, 
and  573  stations  operated  in  connection  with  some 
other  business.  The  central  stations  associated  with 
such  industries  as  sawmills,  gristmills,  manufactured 
ice,  and  cotton  gins,  are  likely  to  be  of  secondary 
importance,  and  owe  their  existence  to  the  facility 
with  which  sui-plus   primary  power,   by  use   of  the 


28 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


dynamo,  may  be  converted  into  electrical  energy  and 
transmitted  for  service  as  light  or  power  to  neai^by  or 
remote  points. 

Of   the   various   industries   mentioned,    the   manu- 


facture of  illuminating  gas  comes  into  the  most  direct 
competition  with  the  generation  of  electrical  energy, 
and  a  comparative  summary  of  the  two  industries  is 
shown  in  Table  14. 


Table  14.— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS  AND  GAS  PLANTS. 


CENTRAL  ELECTEIC  STATIONS. 

GAS  PLANTS. 

PER  CENT  or 
INCREASE. 

1907 

1902 

1906 

1900 

Central 
Blectric 
stations. 

Gas 
plants. 

4,714 

$1,096,913,622 

$175,642,338 

$169,614,691 

$6,027,647 

$44,458,568 

12,990 
$11,733,787 

34,642 
$23,686,537 

3,620  ' 

$504,740,352 

$85,700,605  ■ 

$84, If 6, 605 

$1,514,000 

$22,915,932 

6,996 
$5,663,580 

23,330 
$14,983,112 

1,019 

1  $725, 035, 204 

$125,144,945 

$112,662,568 

$12,482,377 

$37,180,066 

0,406 
$8,463,699 

30,566 
$17,057,917 

877 
1  $567, 000, 506 
$75,716,693 
$69,432,682 
$6,284,111 
$20,605,356 

5,904 
$5,273,500 

22,459 
$12,436,296 

30.2 
117.3 
104.9 
101.5 
298.1 
I          94.0 

85.7 
107.2 

48.5 

1         58.1 

16.2 

Cost  of  construction  aud  equipment                            

27.9 

'     65.3 

From  sale  of  electric  current  or  gas                              

82.3 

98.6 

Cost  of  supplies,  materials,  power  purchased ,  and  fuel 

SO.  4 

Salaried  olficials,  etc.: 

59.3 

Salaries      ,          

60.5 

Wage-earners: 

36.1 

37.2 

'  Capital  invested— owned  and  borrowed. 


Although  the  statistics  for  the  two  industries  in 
Table  14  do  not  cover  the  same  years,  they  represent 
the  results  of  two  censuses  taken  at  five-year  intervals, 
the  respective  census  years  being  sufficiently  near 
together  for  purposes  of  general  comparison.  The 
respective  costs  of  construction  for  the  two  indus- 
tries are  based  upon  too  widely  different  constituents 
to  warrant  their  use  except  as  they  show  the  compara- 
tive growth  of  each  industiy.  This  item  for  electric 
stations  represents  the  total  cost  of  plants  and  equip- 
ment, and  that  for  the  gas  plants  embraces  the  capital 
invested — owned  and  borrowed.  The  percentages  of 
increase  for  the  central  stations  are  uniformly  greater 
than  for  the  gas  plants,  although  those  for  the  latter 
industiy  are  surprisingly  large  considering  the  com- 
petition of  the  newer  industry. 

The  item  most  comparable  is  that  which  represents 
the  income  from  the  sale  of  electrical  energy  in  one 
industry  and  from  the  sale  of  gas  in  the  other.  The 
income  represented  by  this  item  not  only  constitutes 
in  each  industry  more  than  90  per  cent  of  the  total 
from  all  sources,  but  the  chief  uses  of  the  electricity 
and  manufactured  gas  are  for  identical  purposes.  A 
comparison  of  this  source  of  income  shows  an  increase 
of  101.5  per  cent  for  the  central  stations  and  62.3  per 
cent  for  the  gas  plants.  It  is  to  be  remembered  that 
the  census  figures  for  central  stations  in  Table  14  do 
not  embrace  all  that  properly  belongs  to  the  central- 
station  industrj^,  since  electric-railway  companies  sell 
electric  current,  amounting  in  1907  to  upward  of 
$20,000,000  worth,  and  thousands  of  isolated  private 
stations  exist  which  were  not  included  in  the  census. 
There  are  likewise  many  isolated  private  gas  plants, 
but  the  number  is  believed  to  be  insignificant  com- 
pared with  the  isolated  electric  plants. 

In  1907,  329  stations  reported  that  they  also  oper- 
ated gas  plants,  but  this  by  no  means  represents  the 


extent  to  which  the  consolidation  of  the  interests  of 
the  two  industries  has  been  carried,  since  it  does  not 
cover  instances  wherein  the  whole,  or  a  controlling 
portion,  of  the  stock  of  one  industry  has  been  acquired 
by  the  other,  and  the  companies  are  operated  under 
separate  management  regardless  of  stock  owmership. 
There  is  a  growing  tendency  to  merge  the  two  indus- 
tries partly  to  avoid  the  sharp  competition  whenever 
they  are  common  bidders  for  the  same  class  of  business. 

MUNICIPAL    PLANTS. 

A  comparison  of  the  number  of  reports  received  from 
municipal  stations  in  1907  with  the  number  received 
in  1902  shows  an  increase  of  53.6  per  cent  as  compared 
with  23.4  per  cent  for  the  commercial  companies. 
The  municipal  stations  are  practically  exempt  from  the 
consolidations  that  so  frequently  occur  among  com- 
mercial companies,  and  this  fact  no  doubt  accounts 
in  large  part  for  the  proportionately  greater  increase  in 
the  former  class  of  stations.  Not  only  was  there  a 
large  increase  in  the  number  of  municipal  stations, 
but  an  analysis  of  the  reports  shows  that  although  33 
municipal  stations  which  reported  in  1902  had  become 
commercial  stations  in  1907,  113  stations  which  were 
reported  as  commercial  in  1902  had  become  municipal 
in  1907.  The  claim  has  been  made,  and  sustained 
by  what  appears  to  be  reasonable  argument,  that  the 
drift  of  these  public  utilities  is  from  municipal  to 
commercial,  but  the  results  of  the  census  do  not  furnish 
cbrroborative  evidence  of  this.  On  the  contrary  there 
appears  to  be  a  distinct  field  for  municipal  electric 
stations,  not  only  because  of  a  feeling  which  may  exist 
in  many  localities  that  these  public  utilities  should  be 
owned  by  the  cities,  but  because  many  of  the  places  in 
which  municipal  plants  are  located  do  not  present 
suflicient  inducement  for  the  investment  of  commercial 
capital. 


SUMMARY  OF  STATISTICS. 


29 


Table  15, — Municipal  central  electric  stations — Number,  with  addi- 
tions since  1902,  by  geographic  divisions:  1907. 


1    Total 

DIVISION.                  I  reported 
i  in  1907. 

Reported 

in  1902 
and  1907. 

Con- 
structed 
since 
1902. 

Commer- 
cial in 
1902  and 
munici- 
pal in 
1907. 

In  opera- 
tion in 
1902  but 
not  re- 
ported 
at  that 
census. 

Total 

1,252 

774 

348. 

113 

17 

150 
158 

727 

itie 

51 

100 
72 

502 
77 
23 

39 
CO 
100 
63 
20 

9 

17 

57 

24 

6 

2 

Soutli  .\tluntic 

3 

8 

South  Central 

2 

Western 

2 

Census. 

Total. 

NUMBER   OF  .STATIONS  IN  CITIES  HAVING 
A  POPULATION   OF— 

DIVISIO.N. 

Under 
5,000. 

6,000 

but 

under 

25,000. 

25,000 

but 

under 

100,000. 

100,000 

but 
under 
500,000. 

500,000 
and 
over. 

Total  . 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1,252 
815 

1,081 
671 

142 

121 

17 
13 

6 
6 

6 

4 

North  .\tiantic 

South  Atlantic 

150 
103 

158 
75 

727 
528 

166 
81 

51 
28 

107 
68 

142 

62 

636 
449 

152 
68 

44 

24 

38 
31 

13 
11 

76 
07 

10 
9 

5 
3 

3 
2 

2 

2 

6 
4 

4 
4 

2 

1 

1 
2 

1 
1 

5 
4 

4 

4 

The  stability  of  these  ])hints  is  exemphlied  by  the 
fact  that  774  of  the  815  municipal  plants  reported  in 
1902  also  reported  in  1907.  Of  the  41  which  failed  to 
report  in  1907,  33  had  become  commercial  stations, 
as  previously  noted;  4  had  discontinuetl  operations  or 
were  idle;  2  were  connected  with  public  institutions, 
the  plants  of  which  were  excluded  from  the  census 
of  1907;  1  was  mer<xed  with  another  municipal  plant 
because  of  the  consolidation  of  two  cities  since  1902; 
and  1  was  destroyed  by  fire  and  had  not  been  rebuilt 
at  the  time  of  taking  the  census  of  1907. 

Reasons  have  idready  been  given  for  the  omission 
of  the  statistics  of  central  stations,  classified  by  the 
population  of  the  places  in  which  the  plants  were 
located.  The  objections,  which  are  pronounced  for 
the  commercial  stations,  are  not,  however,  deemed 
suflicient  to  warrant  the  omission  of  general  statistics 
for  the  municipal  stations  showing  distribution  by 
population  grouping.  The  number  of  these  stations 
in  each  geographic  division  by  population  groupings 
is  presented  in  Table  16. 

Table  IS.— Municipal  central  electric  stations — Number,  by  popu- 
lation of  cities  in  which  located  and  by  geographic  divisions:  1907 
and  190  J. 

[The  cities  have  been  grouped  according  to  their  population  in  1900.] 


Table  16  shows  that  most  of  the  municipal  stations 
are  in  places  of  small  population,  nearly  seven-eighths 
of  the  total  number  being  located  in  places  of  less  than 
5,000  population  and  less  than  3  per  cent  in  places 
having  a  population  of  25,000  and  over.  In  tlie 
3  divisions — the  South  Atlantic,  the  South  Central, 
and  the  Western — together,  only  1  station  was 
reported  in  1907  for  cities  of  over  100,000  population, 
but  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  in  these  3  divisions 
together  there  were  only  8  cities  of  this  class  according 
to  the  census  of  1900.  In  the  North  Atlantic  division 
there  were  1 6  cities  of  this  class,  with  only  2  municipal 
plants  in  1907;  and  in  the  North  Central,  14  cities, 
with  9  municipal  plants.  The  1  station  reported 
for  the  South  Atlantic  division  was  in  Baltimore, 
while  the  4  stations  in  the  "500,000  and  over"  class 
in  1907  and  1902  in  the  North  Central  division  were 
all  located  in  Chicago. 

Table  17  gives  detailed  statistics  of  municipal  sta- 
tions, classified  according  to  population  of  places  in 
which  located. 

Although,  as  already  noticed,  the  group  of  smallest 
population  embraced  seven-eighths  of  the  total  num- 
ber of  municipal  stations,  their  proportion  of  other 
leading  items  in  the  table  was  smaller,  varying  from 
about  one-half  to  two-thirds,  except  for  the  number 
of  arc  lamps,  for  which  the  proportion  was  only  about 
three-eighths.  Nearly  one-eighth  of  the  total  number 
of  stations  were  found  in  the  next  higher  group,  "5,000 
but  under  25,000,"  and  these  stations  reported  about 
one-fourth  of  the  totals  for  the  several  chief  items. 
For  the  remaining  three  groups,  the  various  items  of 
finance,  equipment,  and  output  were  naturally  much 
out  of  proportion  to  the  number  of  stations.  For  the 
group  "25,000  but  under  100,000,"  the  leading  items 
averaged  roughly  9  per  cent  of  their  several  totals,  and 
for  each  of  the  two  groups  embracing  the  citjes  of 
largest  population,  5  or  6  per  cent.  In  the  stations 
of  the  cities  of  largest  population  the  high  propor- 
tion of  arc  lamps  as  compared  with  incandescent 
lamps  is  noteworthy,  and  clearly  indicates  the 
character  of  the  service  of  the  few  stations  in  the 
large  cities. 

The  North  Central  division  reported  considerably 
more  than  one-half  of  the  total  number  of  municipal 
stations  and  the  same  proportion  of  all  the  other  chief 
items  in  Table  17.  The  North  Atlantic  division  stood 
second.  The  figures  for  the  stations  in  the  South 
Central  and  South  Atlantic  divisions  are  about  equal 
as  a  whole,  and  those  for  the  Western  division  the 
smallest  in  every  respect,  except  for  incandescent  and 
for  "Other  varieties"  of  lamps. 


30 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  17.— MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS,  BY  POPULATION  OF  CITIES 

[The  cities  have  been  grouped 


10 


25 


31 


33 


DIVISION  AND  POPULATION  GROUP. 


Total 

Under  5,000 

5,000  but  under  25,000. . . 

25,000  but  under  100,000. 

100,000  but  under  500,000 

500,000  and  over 

North  Atlantic 

Under  5,000 

6,000  but  under  25,000 

25,000  but  under  100,000 ' 

South  Atlantic 

Under  5,000 

5,000  but  under  25,000 ' 

25,000  but  under  100,000  < 

North  Central 

Under  5,000 

5,000  but  under  25,000 

25,000  but  under  100,000 

100,000  but  under  500,000 

600,000  and  over 

S  juth  Central 

Under  5,000 

5,000  but  under  25,000 

25,000  but  under  100,000 

Western 

Under  5,000 

5,000  but  under  25,000  = 


Census. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1997 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Number  of 
stations. 


Cost  o(  con- 
struction and 
equipment. 


1,252 
815  1 


1,081 
671 

142 
121 

17 
13 

0 
6 


150 
103 


107 

68 


158 
75 


142 

62 


727 
528 


636 
449 


166 
81 


152 
63 


$42, 879. 447 
22, 020, 473 


21.476,667 
11,074,008 

9,726.310 
5,605,178 

4,823,033 
1,553,931 

2,760.732 
1,607,803 

4,092,705 
2,179,553 


7,838.995 
3,942.139 


3,088.388 
1,697.447 

3.025.195 
1,510,923 

1,725,412 
733, 769 

4.076.042 
1,561,938 


2,973,002 
920,726 

476,510 
641,212 

626,530 

22,955,162 
13,872,245 


11.306,559 
7,151,667 

4,828,705 
3,145,901 

665,888 
302,811  ; 

2,177,490  1 
1,092,313 

3,976,520 
2,179,553 

4,259,121 
1,582.388 


3,046,244 
929,481 

705,552 
364,730 

507,325 

288,175 

3,750,127 
1,0(>1,765 


1.062,474 
374, 687 

2,687,653 
687,078 


Total. 


$14,011,999 
6,965,105 


7,631,842 
3,621,023 

3,466,142 
1,765,000 

1,414,810 
455.204 

736.276 
441,235 

762.929 
682,643 


2,308,082 
1,089.531 


872. 150 
392.586 

897. 546 
424,886 

538.386 
272,059 

1.621.309 
5S3, 162 


1.072,023 
333.335 


230. 343 
249,827 


318,943 


7,403,015 
4,397.509 


4.178,706 
2,393,828 

1,829,198 
1,009,166 

200. 438 
87,817 

472.801 
221.055 

721.872 
682.643 

1.640,608 
566. 146 


1,133.925 
364,251 

321,549 
142,742 

185,134 
59,153 

1,038,985 
328,757 


375, 038 
134,023 


663,947 
194,734 


Electric 
service. 


$13,614,434 
6,836,856 


7,337,260 
3,538,468 

3.389,192 
1,732,897 

1,408,521 
455, 149 

716,532 
427,699 

762.929 
682,643 


2.266,506 
1,075.283 


845,774 
384,109 

882.346 
419,115 

538.386 
272.059 

1,574.043 

577. 479 


1,027.220 
328, 776 


227,880 
248,703 


7.142,752 
4,308,879 


3. 992, 505 
2,338,038 

1,775,195 
992,917 

200,123 
87, 762 

453,057 
207,519 

721,872 
682,643 

1,609,032 
554,208 


1,104,549 
354,350 

319,349 
140,705 

185, 134 
59,153 

1,022,101 
321.007 


367,212 
133, 195 


654,889 
187,812 


All  other 
sources. 


$397,586 
128, 249 


294,582 
82,555 

76.950 
32, 103 

6,289 
55 

19.744 
13,536 


41,576 
14,248 


26,378 
8,477 


15,200 
5,771 


47.266 
5.683 


44.803 
4.559 


2,463 
1,124 


260.263 
88,630 


186,201 
58,790 


54,003 
16,249 


315 
55 


19,744 
13,536 


31,576 
11.938 


29,376 
9,901 

2,200 
2,037 


18,884 
7,750 


7,826 
828 


9,058 
6,922 


^  Not  reported  separately  in  1902. 

'Includes  1  station  of  the  "lOn.lWObut  under  500,000"  group  and  1  station  of  the  "  500,000  and  over  "  group  In  1907,  and  2  stations  of  the  former  group  In  1902,  In  ordei 
that  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


SUMMARY  OF  STATISTICS. 


31 


IN  WHICH  LOCATED  AND  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS:   1907  AND  ]902. 
according  to  their  population  in  1900.] 


Total 
expenses. 


$9, 167, 188 
4,741,182 


5,298,119 
2,620,167 

2,128,859 
1,212,636 

778,358 
315, 139 

373, 750 
255,606 

588,102 
337,634 


1,40(1,815 
768,353 


567,090 
294, 739 

571,386 
318,692 

268,339 
154,922 

1,051,602 
385,412 


726, 425 
240,438 

137,415 
144,974 


5,072,384 
2,938,805 


2,999,451 
1,736,342 

1,127,782 
658,289 

136,986 
61,575 

260, 168 
144,965 

547,997 
337,634 

1,070,069 
403,246 


788, 196 
261,938 

182,060 
103,569 

99,813 
37,749 

566,318 
245,366 


216,957 
86, 710 

349,361 

158,  a.w 


Primary-power 
plant,  total 
fiorsepower. 


321,351 
160,028 


194,172 
96,282 

75,975 
40,123 

25,763 
7,713 

12,616 
6,085 

12,825 
9,825 


56,580 
26,657 


24,240 
13,967 

21,049 
9,615 

11,291 
3,075 

36,542 
12,410 


25, 119 
8,070 

4,950 
4,340 

6,473 

176,221 
102,895 


110,320 
62,994 

40, 166 
24,123 

3,875 
1,778 

9,720 
4,175 

12,140 
9,825 

36, 440 
14, 548 


5,625 
3,320 

3,305 
2,320 

15,568 
3,518 


6,98:S 
2,343 

8,585 
1,175 


KILOWATT  CAPACITY  OF  DYNAMOS. 


Total. 


209,016 
113,380 


130, 174 
64,650 

48, 107 
28,966 

14,812 
5,394 

8,250 
4,263 

7,673 
10, 107 


35, 325 
17,885 


16, 103 
8,528 

12,892 
6,917 

6,330 
2,440 

22, 759 
8, 4(i9 


17,349 
5,215 

3,183 
3,254 

2,227 

115,990 
73, 169 


73,973 
42, 472 

26,042 
16,843 

2,735 


6,037 
2,758 

7,2a3 
10, 107 

25, 133 
10,393 


18,415 
5,862 

3,315 
2,783 

2,903 
1,748 


4,334 
2,573 

5,475 
891 


Direct  current. 


Constant 
voltage. 


26, 754 
17,556 


22, 179 
13,450 

2,813 
2,867 

942 
927 

350 
107 

470 
205 


2,133 
1,334 


771 
660 


950 
551 


412 
123 


2,138 
1,171 


1,543 

798 


373 

595 

19,240 
12, 578 


16,885 
9,740 

1,705 
2,005 

300 

583 

350 

45 


2,997 
1,402 


2,734 
1,186 

158 
82 

105 

134 

246 
1,071 


246 
l,0t>6 


Constant 
amperage. 


19, 239 
28,171 


5,176 
7,229 

4,895 
7,625 

2,465 
1,892 

1,890 
2,762 

4,813 
8,663 


3,370 
4,225 


905 
954 

1,247 
1,566 

1,218 
1,705 

1,482 
1,072 


232 
574 


568 


13, 477 
20,704 


3,979 
5,294 

2,678 
4,976 

1,080 
182 

927 

1,588 

4,813 
8,664 

843 
1,362 


38 
299 


357 
612 


448 
451 


67 
208 


22 
108 


45 
100 


Alternating 

single-pliase 

and  polyphase 

current. 


163,023 
67,653 


102,819 
43, 971 

40,399 
18,474 

11,405 
2,675 

6,010 
1,394 

2,390 
1,239 


29,822 
12,326 


14, 427 
6,914 

10,695 
4,800 

4,700 
612 

19,139 
5,626 


15,574 
3,843 

2,615 
1,783 


83,273 
39,887 


Output  of  sta- 
tions, kilowatt 
hours. 


53,109 
27,438 

21,659  , 
9,862 

1,355 
224 

4,760 
1,125 

2,390 
1,238 

21,293 
7,629 


15,643 
4,377 

3,300 
2,089 

2,350 
1,163 

9,  496 
2,185 


4,066 
1,398 

5,430 
786 


289,462,788 
195,904,439 


146,906,359 
105,618,293 

78,788,119 
56,286,059 

29,815,562 
8,929,900 

17,819,478 
9,543,807 

16,133,270 
15,626,380 


48,861,638 
28,469,646 


17, 742, 732 
12,624,636 

19,182,675 
10,983,988 

11,936,231 
4,861,022 

30,300,397 
17,072,971 


18,283,131 
10,349,782 

4,563,870 
6,  723, 189 

7,453,396 

159,005,189 
127,865,521 


81,262,275 
68,683,634 

43,628,086 
35, 277, 472 

5,521,786 
2,545,510 

1.3,487,582 
6,732,525 

15, 105, 460 
15,626,380 

34,365,978 
17, 484, 135 


23,272,368 
10,617,220 

6,861,650 
6,233,720 

4,231,960 
1,  733, 195 

16,929,586 
5,012,166 


6, 345, 853 
3, 343, 021 

10,583,733 
1, 669, 145 


LAHP3  WIKED  FOR  SEBVICE. 


Arc. 


Incandescent. 


82,940 
50,795 


4,052,448 
1,577,451 


30,888 
19,611 

23,033 
15,701 

9,549 
4,800 

8,393 
4,544 

11,077 
6,139 


12,320 
7,846 


3,546 
2,387 

5,345 
3,464 

3,429 
1,995 

7,529 
4,230 


4,650 
2,010 

1,715 
2,220 

1,164 

52,327 
33,595 


18,351 
13,314 

13,544 
9,699 

2,755 
1,349 

6,801 
3,094 

10,876 
6,139 

7,188 
3,640 


3,678 
1,552 

1,680 
1,064 

1,930 
1,034 

3,576 
1,484 


763 
348 


2,813 
1,136 


2,719,249 
1,094,946 

952,967 
391,645 

325,548 
66,840 

42,754 
21,620 

11,930 
2,400 


703,634 
272, 212 


397,819 
151,985 

264,749 
104,902 

51,066 
15,325 

402,953 
107, 764 


294,643 
68,843 

43,880 
38,921 

64,430 

2,204,135 
1,014,120 


1,625,908 
770,668 

521,401 
226,772 

16,565 
1,100 

32,661 
13,190 

7,600 
2,400 

353,646 
108,521 


286, 134 
78,623 

63,388 
27,365 

4,124 
2,533 

388,080 
74,834 


114,745 
24,837 

273,335 
49,997 


Other  varie- 
ties—Nernst, 

vacuum, 
vapor,  etc.  ^ 


8,870 


3,270 
1,566 


3,738 
282 


16 


1,149 


446 
590 


113 
63 
40 
23 


3,609 


2,360 
945 


7 
282 


15 

187 
187 


3,862 


237 
3,625 


17 
IS 


21 


23 
24 


28 
29 


30 
31 


32 
33 


34 
35 


38 
37 


38 
39 


42 
43 


44 
45 


46 
47 


48 
49 


SO 
61 


62 
63 


25142—10- 


=  Includes  2  stations  of  the  "25,000  but  under  100,000  "  group  in  1902. 

'  Includes  1  station  of  the  "  .500,000  and  over  "  group  in  1907. 

5  Includes  2  stations  of  the  "25,000  but  under  100,000"  group  in  1907,  and  1  station  of  this  group  in  1902. 

-.3 


82 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Nearly  nine-tenths  of  the  municipal  stations  are 
located  in  places  for  which  they  supply  the  entire 
electric   current    used,   and    the   statistics   for    these 


stations,    by  geographic  divisions,   are  presented   in 
Table  18. 


Table  18.— MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS  WHICH  SUPPLY  THE  ENTIRE  ELECTRIC  SERVICE  IX  THE 
CITIES  WHERE  LOCATED,  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS:   1907  AND  1902. 


Number  of  stations 

Cost  of  construction  and  equipment . 

Gross  income 

Electric  service 

Ligliting 

Commercial 

Public 

Stationary  motors 

All  other 

All  other  sources 

Total  expenses 

Cost  of  supplies  and  materials  ■ . . 
Miscellaneous  expenses 


Salaries  and  wages. 


Primary-power  plant: 

Total  horsepower  capacity  2. 


Generating  plant: 

Kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos.. 


Output  of  stations,  kilowatt  hours.. 

Lamps  wired  for  service: 

Arc 


Incandescent  3 

other  varieties— Nemst,  vacuum,  vapor,  etc.<.. 


Census. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Total. 


1,114 
732 

S27,310,126 
$15,369,3S2 

$9,762,111 
$4,923,196 

$9,419,223 
$4,814,568 

$9,026,172 
$4,741,735 

$6,204,396 

$2,925,788 

$2,821,776 
$1,815,947 

$342, 865 
$63,880 

$50,186 
$8,953 

$342,888 
$108,628 

$6,573,242 
$3,567,352 

$3,649,243 
$1,884,539 

$558,630 
$327,980 

$2,365,369 
$1,354,833 

241.028 
124,362 

159,265 
85,122 

196,435,621 
148,913,431 

40,965 
28,631 

3,363,195 

1,465,582 

3,753 


North  Atlantic.  South  Atlantic.  North  Central.    South  Central.        Western. 


123 
93 

$5,259,164 
$3,121,983 

$1,452,700 
$770,903 

$1,416,548 
$756,655 

$1,331,363 
$741,502 

$805,934 
$389,206 

$525,429 
$352,296 

$79, 634 
$12,638 

$5,551 
$2,515 

$36, 152 
$14,248 

$930,274 
$595,586 

$479,940 
$281, 178 

$105,895 
$79,340 

$344,439 
$235,068 

37,914 
22,317 

25,087 
15,155 

27, 540, 654 
21,820,641 

6,001 
5,126 

580,424 
259,577 


143 
65 

$3,602,972 
$1,043,002 

$1,396,523 
$372,983 

$1,354,603 
$367,300 

$1,305,739 
$366,639 

$906,681 
$199,029 

$399,058 
$167,610 

$45,128 
$661 

$3,736 


$41,920 
$5,683 

$890,831 
$267,091 

$509,973 
$150, 187 

$50,764 
$16,559 

$330,094 
$100, 345 

32,037 
8,825 

20.157 
5,747 

25.600,947 
11,717,107 

5,588 
2,334 

369,264 
78,779 

42 


658 
476 

$14,117,689 
$8,963,636 

$5,273,998 
$2,985,836 

.  $5,047,744 
$2,916,827 

$4,876,268 
$2,889,183 

$3,371,141 
$1,827,478 

$1,505,127 
$1,061,705 

$151,706 
$24, 098 

$19, 770 
$3,546 

$226,254 
$69,009 

$3,674,883 
$2,120,088 

$2,062,699 
$1,136,979 

$309,320 
$179,925 

$1,302,804 
$803,184 

134,554 
78, 124 

89,558 
52,526 

110, 478, 858 
95,812,332 

24,370 
17,570 

1,987,470 
947.946 

2,570 


152 
72 

$3,485,495 
$1,203,393 

$1,369,437 
$473,597 

$1,338,200 
$461,659 

$1, 274, 062 
$450, 177 

$929, 799 
$304,860 

$344,263 
$145,317 

$45, 481 
$11,082 

$18,657 
$400 

$31,237 
$11,938 

$909,922 
$342,275 

$510,027 
$186,321 

$78, 296 
$25,053 

$321,599 
$130, 901 

31,270 
11,653 

21,069 
8,264 

28,335,699 
14,611,775 

4,568 
2,201 

336, 496 
104,446 


$844,806 
$1,037,368 

$269,453 
$319,877 

$262,128 
$312, 127 

$238,740 
$294,234 

$190,841 
$205, 215 

$47,899 
$89,019 

$20,916 
$15,401 

$2, 472 
$2,492 

$7,325 
$7,750 

$167,332 
$242,312 

$86,604 
$129,874 

$14,355 
$27, 103 

$(M),373 
$85,335 

5,253 
3,443 

3,394 
3,430 

4,479.463 
4,951,576 

438 
1,400 

89.541 
74,834 

204 


1  Includes  cost  of  fuel  amoimting  to  $2,517,986  in  1907  and  $1,124,403  in  1902. 

2  Includes  capacity  of  auxiliary  engines  amounting  to  1,134  horsepower  in  1907  and  525  horsepower  in  1902. 

'  The  number  of  incandescent  lamps  was  largely  an  estimate  and,  although  mostly  reported  on  a  IC-eandlepower  basis,  embraces  a  considerable  number  ranging  from 
2  to  50  candlepower. 

1'  Not  reported  separately  In  1902. 


Large  increases  are  shown  for  all  but  the  Western 
division.  In  this  division  decreases  are  found  for 
nearly  every  item,  but  these  decreases  are  only  appar- 
ent and  not  real.  A  number  of  municipal  stations 
which  were  included  in  this  class  in  1902  could  not 
properly  be  included  in  1907  because  in  the  latter  year 
they  did  not  supply  the  sole  electric  service  to  the 
places  in  which  they  were  located.  This  was  particu- 
larly the  case  in  the  states  of  California  and  Wash- 
ington. If  all  the  stations  in  these  2  states  which  were 
included  in  1902  had  also  been  included  in  1907,  uni- 
form gains  would  have  been  shown  for  the  Western 
division  also. 

It  is  noteworthy  that  proportionately  larger  gains 


were  reported  for  commercial  lighting  than  for  public 
lighting,  and  for  incandescent  lamps  than  for  arc 
lamps.  This  was  true  for  all  geographic  divisions. 
Compared  with  the  increases  for  most  of  the  items 
the  output  of  stations  in  kilowatt  hours  shows  small 
percentages  of  gain.  This  is  in  large  part  due  to  the 
difference  in  the  stations  included  at  the  respective 
censuses,  previously  referred  to,  and  to  the  fact  that 
a  somewhat  larger  amount  was  expended  in  1907  than 
in  1902  for  power  purchased,  the  difference  amounting 
to  upward  of  $70,000. 

The  statistics  for  municipal  stations  located  in 
places  where  they  furnished  only  a  part  of  the  electric 
service  are  shown,  by  geographic  divisions,  in  Table  19. 


SUMMARY  OF  STATISTICS. 


33 


Table  19.— MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS  WHICH  DO  NOT  SUPPLY  THE  ENTIRE  ELECTRIC  SERVICE 
IN  THE  CITIES  WHERE  LOCATED,  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS;   1907  AND  1902. 


Census. 


Number  of  stations 

Cost  of  eonslruction  and  equipment. 

Gross  income 

Electric  senice 

Lighting 

Commercial 

Public 

Stationary  motors 

All  other 

All  other  sources 

Total  expenses , 

Cost  of  supplies  and  materials  ^ . . . 
M  isoel  laneous  expenses 


Salaries  and  wages. 


Primary-power  plant: 

Total  horsepower  capacity  2. 


Generating  plant: 

Kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos. 


Output  of  stations,  kilowatt  hours. 

Lamps  wired  for  ser\'ice: 

Arc 


Incandescent  ^ , 

Other  varieties — Nemst,  vacuum,  vapor,  etc.  * I    1907 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Total. 


1907 
1902 


138 
83 

J15,569,321 
16,651,091 

S4. 249. 888 
12,041,909 

$4,195,211 
J2. 022. 288 

J4. 014. 091 
S2, 007, 128 

$1,190,591 
$182,674 

$2,823,500 
$1,824,454 

$173. 508 
$6,660 

$7,612 
$8,500 

$54,677 
$19,621 

$2,593,946 
$1,173,830 

$1,318,444 
$537,752 

$155,856 
$111,189 

$1,119,646 
$524,889 

80, 323 
3.i.666 

49. 751 
28.258 

93.027.167 
46,991,008 

41.975 
22.164 

689,253 
111,869 

5,117 


North 
Atlantic. 


27 
10 

$2,579,831 
$820,156 

$855,382 
$318, 628 

$849,958 
$318, 628 

$777,665 
$309,618 

$230,  .530 
$12,250 

$547. 135 
$297,368 

$70. 152 
$510 

$2,141 
$8,500 

$5,424 


$476. 541 
$172,767 


$225,8.57 
$72,814 


$42,217 
$23,356 


$208,407 
$76, 597 


18.666 
4.340 


10,238 
2,730 


2I.,'J20,984 
0,649,005 


6,319 
2,720 


123,210 
12,635 


379 


South 
Atlantic. 


North 
Central. 


15 
10 

$473,070 
$518,936 

$224,786 
$210, 179 

$219,  440 
$210, 179 

$214,132 
$204, 733 

$78,815 
$88,901 

$135,317  ' 
$115,832  ! 

$5,284 
$5,446 

$24 


$5,346 


$160,771 
$118,321 

$95,899 
$59,811 

$7,265 
$9,366 

$57,607 
$49, 144 

4,505 
3,585 

2,602 
2,722 

4, 699. 450 
5,355,864 

1,941 
1,896 

33,689 
28,985 


$8,837,473 
$4,908,609 

$2,129,017 
$1,411,673 

$2,095,008 
$1,392,052 

$2,071,438 
$1,391,348 

$323,702 
$76, 130 

$1,747,736 
$1,315,218 

$20,022 
$704 

$3,548 


$34,009 
$19,621 

$1,397,501 
$818,717 

$725, 162 
$374,097 

$70,935 
$73,902 

$601,404 
$370, 718 

41.667 
24,771 

26,432 
20,643 

48,526,331 
32,053,189 

27,957 
16,025 

216,665 
66,174 

1,039 


South 
Central. 


.  $773, 626 
$378,993 


$271,171 
$92,549 


$270,832 
$92, 549 


$255, 757 
$92, 549 


$38,758 
$5,393 


$216,999 
$87,156 


$15,075 


Western. 


$339 


$160,147 
$60,971 


$78,919 
$29,969 


$16, 526 
$4,412 


$64,702 
$26,590 


5,170 
2,895 


4,064 
2,129 


6,030,279 
2,872,360 


2,620 
1,439 


17,150 
4,075 


13 

2 

$2,905,321 
$24,397 

$769,532 
$8,880 

8759,973 
$8,880 

$095,099 
$8,880 

$518,786 


$176,313 
$8,880 

$62,975 


$1,899 


$9,559 


$398,986 
$3,054 

$192,607 
$1,061 

$18,913 
$153 

$187,466 
$1,840 

10,315 
75 

6,415 
34 

12, 450, 123 
60,590 

3.138 
84 

298,539 


3,668 


'  Includes  cost  of  fuel  amounting  to  $714,797  in  1907  and  $321,421  in  1902. 

2  Includes  capacity  of  auxiliary  engines  amounting  to  370  horsepower  in  1907  and  310  horsepower  in  1902. 

"The  number  of  incandescent  lamps  was  largely  an  estimate  and,  although  mostly  reported  on  a  16<?andlepower  basis,  embraces  a  considerable  number  ranging  from 
2  to  50  candlepower. 

'  Not  reported  separately  in  1902. 


The  number  of  stations  shown  in  Table  19  is  only 
about  10  per  cent  of  the  total  for  municipal  stations  for 
both  1907  and  1902,  but  the  proportions  of  the  totals 
for  several  other  leading  items  were  much  greater. 
For  1907  these  were  as  follows:  Gross  income,  30.3 
per  cent;  sale  of  current,  30.8  per  cent;  expenses,  28.3 
per  cent;  primary  horsepower,  25  per  cent;  kilowatt 
capacity  of  dynamos,  23.8  per  cent;  output  of  stations, 
kilowatt  hours,  32.1  per  cent;  number  of  arc  lamps, 
50.6  per  cent;  and  number  of  incandescent  lamps,  17 
per  cent.  The  corresponding  proportions  for  1902 
were:  Gross  income,  29.3  per  cent;  sale  of  current,  29.6 
per  cent;  expenses,  24.8  per  cent;  primary  horsepower, 
22.3  per  cent;  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos,  24.9  per 
cent;  output  of  stations,  kilowatt  hours,  24  per  cent; 
number  of  arc  lamps,  43.6  per  cent;  and  number  of  in- 
candescent lamps,    7.1    per   cent.     A   comparison   of 


Tables  18  and  19  shows  that  public  lighting  occupied 
a  far  larger  proportionate  place  in  the  business  of  the 
municipal  stations  included  in  the  latter  table  than  in 
that  of  th^se  included  in  Table  18.  In  Table  19  the 
income  from  public  lighting  in  1907  constituted  66.4 
per  cent  of  the  total  income  and  in  Table  18  only  28.9 
per  cent.  This  difference  between  the  two  classes  of 
municipal  stations  is  also  reflected  in  their  varying 
proportions  of  arc  lamps,  which  find  their  chief  use  in 
public  lighting  of  streets  and  parks.  In  Table  19  the 
arc  lamps  constituted  5.7  per  cent  of  all  lamps  and  in 
Table  18  only  1.2  per  cent.  As  the  primary  object  of 
municipal  stations  in  places  where  they  do  not  supply 
the  sole  electric  service  is  probably  in  most  cases  the 
lighting  of  streets  and  parks,  incandescent  lighting  for 
municipal  stations  would  chiefly  be  confined  to  places 
where  there  were  no  commercial  stations. 


84 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


In  the  following  tabular  statement  the  relative  im- 
portance of  the  two  classes  of  municipal  stations  in  the 
various  geographic  divisions  is  shown  on  the  basis  of 
income  reported : 

Municipal  central  electric  stations  that  render  the  entire  electric 
service  and  those  that  do  not — Per  cent  distribution  of  income,  by 
geographic  divisions:  1907. 


• ■ : 

DIVISION. 

Municipal 

stations 

which 

render  the 

entire 

service. 

Municipal 

stations 

which 

render  only 

part  of  the 

service. 

Total 

100.0 

100.0 

North  Atlantic 

14.9 
14.3 
54.0 
14.0 
2.8 

20.1 

South  Atlantic  .                     .             

5.3 

50.1 

South  Central                                     

6.4 

18.1 

As  indicated  by  the  income,  the  North  Central  divi- 
sion reported  slightly  more  than  half  of  the  municipal 
central-station  industry  for  both  classes  of  stations. 
The  municipal  stations  which  render  the  entire  elec- 
trical service  were,  however,  proportionately  stronger 
here.  In  the  other  geographic  divisions  wide  differ- 
ences appear  in  the  relative  importance  of  the  two 
classes  of  municipal  stations.  In  the  South  Atlantic 
and  the  South  Central,  as  in  the  North  Central,  the  mu- 
nicipal stations  which  render  the  entire  service  were  pro- 
portionately stronger — considerably  more  than  twice 
as  strong.  In  the  North  Atlantic  and  the  Western  divi- 
sions, on  the  other  hand,  the  municipal  stations  which 
render  only  part  of  the  service  were  proportionately 
stronger,  and  in  the  case  of  the  Western  division  more 
than  six  times  as  strong. 


CHAPTER  III. 


POWER  EQUIPMENT. 


Primanj-'power  equipment  of  central  stations  and  elec- 
tric railways. — The  equipment  of  the  primary-power 
plants  as  reported  to  tlie  Bureau  of  the  Census  consists 
of  the  number  and  horsepower  of  the  steam  engines, 
steam  turbines,  gas  engines,  water  wheels,  and  aux- 
iliar}'  engmes.  With  the  exception  of  the  auxiliary 
engines,  which  represent  the  power  used  within  the 
station  to  operate  pumps,  etc.,  these  machines  are 
necessarily  closeh'  allied  to  the  equipment  of  the  gen- 


erating plant.  In  a  few  instances  the  primary-power 
plant  and  the  electric  generators  are  conducted  under 
independent  ownership,  but  the  two  classes  of  equip- 
ment are  so  generally  interdependent  that  the  statis- 
tics for  them  are  associated  in  various  tables  through- 
out the  report.  The  totals  for  the  primary  machines 
in  central  stations  and  electric-railway  plants  are 
given  in  Table  20. 


Table   20.— CENTRAL 


ELECTRIC   STATIONS   AND   ELECTRIC   RAILWAYS— NUMBER  AND   HORSEPOWER   OF  THE 
PRIMARY-POWER  MACHINES,  BY  KIND  OF  POWER:  1907  AND  1902. 


KIND   OF  POWER. 


Total: 

Number 

Horsepower. . 

Steam  engines: 

Number 

Horsepower 

Steam  turbines: 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  engines: 

Number , 

Horsepower 

Water  wtieels: 

Numljer 

Horsepower 

Auxiliary  engines: 

Number 

Horsepower 


1907 


14,635 
6,618,011 


3,642,819 

629 
1,352,814 

504 
72,163 

2,709 
1,441,048 

1,705 
109, 167 


1902 


10,661 
3,204,333 


8,286 
2,678,074 

(=) 

180 
14,106 

1.549 
487,625 


24,528 


CENTRAL  STATIONS. 


1907 


10,998 
4,098,188 


6,829 
1,810,040 

377 
817,410 

463 
55,828 

2,481 
1,349,087 

848 
65,823 


1902 


7,850 
1,845,048 


5.930 
1,379,941 

(») 
(') 

165 
12, 181 

1,390 
438, 472 

3«5 
14,454 


ELECTRIC  RAILWAYS. 


1907 


3,637 
2,619,823 


2,259 
1,832,779 

252 

635, 404 

41 
16,335 

228 
91,961 

857 
43,344 


1902 


2,811 
1,359,285 


2,336 
1,298,133 

(') 

15 
1,925 

159 
49,153 

301 
10,074 


PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


Total,    i 


37.3 
106.5 


180.0 
411.6 


74.9 
196.5 


156.0 
345.1 


Central 
stations. 


40.1 
122.1 


16.2 
31.2 


180.6 
358.3 


78.5 
207.7 


132.3 
355.4 


Electric 
railways. 


29.4 
85.4 


'3.3 
41.2 


173.3 
748.3 


43.4 
87.1 


185.4 
330.3 


•  In  1902  steam  turbines  wer«  included  with  steam  engines. 


The  combined  horsepower  of  the  engines  and  water 
wheels  used  to  operate  the  electric  machines  in  the 
central  stations  and  railway  plants  more  than  doubled 
during  the  five  years  ending  with  1907.  The  power 
plants  of  the  central  stations  show  the  greater  gain, 
representing  57.6  per  cent  of  the  total  horsepower  in 
1902  and  61.9  per  cent  in  1907. 

While  steam  is  the  most  important  primary  power 
in  both  branches  of  the  industry,  its  lead  is  greatest  in 
the  railway  plants,  where  at  both  censuses  it  formed 
about  95  per  cent  of  all  the  primary  power  repoi-ted. 
It  was  in  this  kind  of  primary  power  that  the  electric 
railways  showed  their  largest  proportion  of  the  total, 
namely,  47.4  and  48.5  per  cent,  respectively,  in  1907 
and  1902.  In  respect  to  steam  engines  alone  the  elec- 
tric railways  showed  a  marked  relative  gain  over  1902, 
but  having  81,808  less  horsepower  than  the  central  sta- 
tions in  that  year  as  compared  with  an  excess  of 
22,739  horsepower  in  1907.  The  true  measure  of 
the  comparative  importance  of  steam  power  in  the  two 
branches  of  the  electrical  industry,  however,  is  fur- 
nished by  a  comparison  of  the  totals  for  both  steam 


engines  and  steam  turbines,  and  this  shows  that,  as 
compared  with  electric  railways,  the  central  stations 
reported  an  excess  of  259,267  steam  horsepower  in  1907 
and  81,808  in  1902. 

The  horsepower  of  gas  engines,  although  forming  but 
a  small  proportion  of  the  total  primary  power,  showed 
a  decided  increase  in  both  branches  of  the  electrical 
industry,  but  the  proportion  was  greatest  for  the  elec- 
tric railways,  this  particular  kind  of  power  having 
increased  from  13.6  per  cent  in  1902  to  22.6  per 
cent  in  1907.  Water  power  has  developed  more  rap- 
idly as  connected  with  the  central  stations  than  with 
the  electric  railways,  the  proportion  of  the  total  re- 
ported by  the  former  having  increased  from  89.9  per 
cent  in  1902  to  93.6  per  cent  in  1907. 

CENTRAL    STATIONS. 

Engines  and  water  wheels. — Table  21  gives  statistics 
of  the  primary-power  equipment  of  commercial  and 
municipal  central  stations  for  1907  and  1902  and 
shows  the  percentages  of  increase. 

(35) 


36 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  21.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— NUMBER  AND  HORSEPOWER  OF  THE 

PRIMARY-POWER  MACHINES,  BY  KIND  OF  POWER:  1907  AND  1902. 


TOTAL. 

COMMERCIAL. 

MUNICIPAL. 

PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

KIND  OF   POWER. 

i9o; 

1903 

1907 

1902 

190i 

1902 

Total. 

Commer- 
cial. 

Munici- 
pal. 

Total: 

Number              

10,998 
4,098,188 

7,850 
1.845,048 

8,981 
3,776,837 

6,654 
1,685,020 

2,017 
321,351 

1,196 
160,028 

40.1 
122.1 

35.0 
124.1 

68.6 

100.8 

steam  engines: 

Number                            

6,829 
1,810,040 

377 
817.410 

463 
55,828 

2,481 
1,349,087 

848 
65,823 

5,930 
1,379,941 

0) 

165 
12, 181 

1,390 

438,472 

365 
14,454 

5,144 
1,546,007 

348 
j        798,025 

385 
49, 740 

2,328 
1,318,740 

776 
64, 319 

4,870 
1,232,923 

(') 
(') 

147 
11,224 

1,308 
427,254 

329 
13,619 

1,685 
264,033 

29 
19,385 

78 
0.082 

1.53 
30,347 

72 
1,504 

1,060 
147,018 

(') 
(') 

18 
957 

82 
11,218 

36 
835 

15.2 
31.2 

5.6 
25.4 

59.0 

79.6 

Steam  turmnes: 

1 

Gas  engines: 

180.6 
358.3 

78.5 
207.7 

132.3 
355.4 

161.9 
343.2 

78.0 
208.7 

135.9 
372.3 

333.3 

Horsepower                

535.  S 

Water  wheels; 

Number                                 

86.6 

170.5 

Auxiliary  engines: 

100.0 

Horsepower ^ 

83.7 

1  In  1902  steam  turbines  were  Included  with  steam  engines. 


Diagram  1. 


-Central  stations  and  electrk  railways,  by  character  of 
primary  power:  1907. 


GAS                              ssssftsss^^sss^^sa 

AUXILIARY      B88S88S88SS  8SS88S888S8S 

g^ga 

WATER 

STE/ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

^B 

1 

w 

^^^§ 

^ 

1 

§ 

H 

m 

1 

^ 

w 

1 

^ 

1 

^^H 

i 

H 

1 

gi 

1 

m 

i 

m 

s  ? 

^^s 

1 

1 

1 

^^^ 

p 

^^§  i 

g 

1 

1 

« I 

§ 

1 

1 

^ 

1 

1 

•wSSs 

fS?  ^^  ^ 

; 

CENTRAL    STATIONS 


ELECTRIC    RAILWAYS 


In  1907  the  primary  machines  of  the  central  sta- 
tions averaged  869  horsepower  per  station  as  com- 
pared with  510  horsepower  in  1902,  an  increase  of  359 
horsepower,  or  70.4  per  cent.  The  commercial  stations 
averaged  1,091  horsepower  in  1907  and  601  horse- 
power in  1902,  showing  an  increase  of  490  horsepower, 
or  81.5  per  cent;  while  the  municipal  stations  averaged 
257  horsepower  in  1907  and  196  horsepower  in  1902, 
showing  an  increase  of  61  horsepower,  or  31.1  per  cent. 

Steam  has  contributed  more  than  any  other  kind  of 
power  to  the  great  increase,  1,247,509  horsepower,  in 
the  primary  power  of  central  stations,  and  the  steam 
turbine,  which  was  first  i-eported  separately  in  this 
industry  at  the  census  of  1907,  has  become  a  very  im- 


portant factor  in  the  electrical  generating  equipment. 
Water  is  used  as  the  primary  power  in  a  constantly 
increasing  number  of  stations,  and  the  power  of  the 
wheels  increased  by  910,615  horsepower  during  the 
five  years  ending  with  1907.  Although  the  greatest 
absolute  increase  was  shown  for  steam  power,  in  per- 
centage of  increase,  it  was  surpassed  by  both  gas  and 
water  power.  The  percentages  are:  Steam  power, 
90.4  per  cent;  water  power,  207.7  per  cent;  and  gas 
power,  358. 3  per  cent. 

Diagram  2. — Central  stations,  by  character  rf  primary  potver:  1907 
and  1902. 


AUXILIARY 


Of  the  two  classes  of  stations  the  commercial  shows 
by  far  the  greater  amount  of  power  and  the  larger 
increase  since  1902.  In  1907  their  equipment  repre- 
sented 92.2  per  cent  of  the  total  primary  power,  the 
proportion  having  increased  from  91.3  per  cent  in 
1902.  Thus,  while  the  municipal  electric  stations,  as 
compared  with  many  industries,  have  a  large  motive- 
power  equipment,  it  forms  but  a  small  proportion  (7.8 
per  cent)  of  the  primary  power  used  for  the  generation 
of  electricitv  in  central  stations. 


Diagram  3.-CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— PRIMARY  POWER,  BY  STATES.  ARRANGED  IN  ORDER  OF  THEIR 

RELATIVE  IMPORTANCE:  1007  AND  1902. 


1907 


HUNDREDS  OF  THOUSANDS 


1002 


(37) 


38 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  22  shows  the  per  cent  distribution,  l)y  kind 
of  power,  of  the  primary-power  equipment  of  commer- 
cial and  municipal  stations  for  1907  and  1902. 

Table  22. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Per  cent  distribution,  by  kind  of  primary-pou'er  machines:  1907 
and  1902. 


KIND  OF  POWER. 


Total: 

Number 

Horsepower.. 

Steam  engines: 

Number 

Horsepower 

Steam  turoines: 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  engines: 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  wiieels: 

Number 

Horsepower 

Auxiliary  engines: 

Numljer , 

Horsepower 


1907        1902 


100.0 
100.0 


62.1 
44.2 


3.4 
19.9 


4.2 

1.4 


22.6 
32.9 


7.7 
1.6 


100.0 
100.0 


75.5 
74.8 

0) 
(') 

2.1 
0.7 

17.7 
23.8 

4.6 
0.8 


COMMEKCIAL. 


1907        1902 


100.0 
100.0 


57.3 
40.9 


3.9 
21.1 


4.3 
1.3 


25.9 
34.9 


8.6 
1.7 


100.0 
100.0 


73.2 
73.2 

(') 

0) 

2.2 
0.7 

19.7 
25.4 

4.9 
0.8 


1907        1902 


100.0 
100.0 


83.5 
82.2 


1.4 
6.0 


3.9 
1.9 


7.0 
9.4 


3.6 
0.5 


100.0 
100.0 


88.6 
91.9 

(■) 
0) 

1.5 

0.6 

6.9 
7.0 

3.0 
0.5 


1  In  1902  steam  turbines  were  included  witli  steam  engines. 

Steam  engines  furnished  the  largest  proportion  of 


horsepower  for  both  the  commercial  and  the  munici- 
pal stations,  but  for  each  of  the  two  classes  of  stations 
their  relative  importance  has  decreased  considerably 
since  1902,  while  that  of  the  water  wheels  and  gas  en- 
gines has  increased.  If  a  division  of  the  primary 
power,  including  auxiliary  power,  be  made  into  the 
three  classes — steam,  gas,  and  water — it  is  found  that 
of  the  total  power  in  central  stations  in  1907,  65.7  per 
cent  was  steam;  1.4  per  cent,  gas;  and  32.9  per  cent, 
water.  The  corresponding  proportions  for  1902  were: 
Steam,  75.6  per  cent;  gas,  seven-tenths  of  1  per  cent; 
and  water,  23.8  per  cent.  Of  the  proportion  for  steam 
in  1907,  the  commercial  stations  reported  58.8  per  cent 
of  the  total  primary  power  and  the  municipal  stations 
6.9  per  cent.  The  corresponding  proportions  in  1902 
were  67.6  per  cent  and  8  per  cent,  respectively. 

Steam  engines  and  steam  turbines. — Inasmuch  as 
steam  turbines  were  not  reported  separately  in  1902, 
they  are,  for  comparative  purposes,  combined  with 
steam  engines  for  1907  in  Tables  23  and  24,  which  give 
detailed  statistics  of  the  steam-power  equipment  of 
commercial  and  municipal  central  stations  for  1907 
and  1902. 


Table  23.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— STEAM  ENGINES  AND  STEAM  TURBINES, 

BY  HORSEPOWER  CAPACITY:  1907  AND  1902. 


TOTAL. 

COMMEECIAL. 

MtJNiaPAL. 

PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

CLASS  or  ENGINES. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total. 

Com- 
mercial. 

Munici- 
pal. 

Total: 

Number 

7,206 
2,627,450 

5,930 
1,379,941 

5,492 
2,344,032 

4,870 
1,232,923 

1,714 
283, 418 

1,060 
147,018 

21.5 
90.4 

12.8 
90.1 

61  7 

500  horsepower  and  under: 

Number      .      . 

6,248 
1,035,583 

498 
345,158 

249 
316,588 

148 
407,695 

63 
522,426 

5,451 
849,336 

278 
193,570 

149 
187,485 

52 
149,550 

(') 

4,584 
794,205 

460 
318,818 

239 
306,188 

146 
402,395 

63 
522,426 

4,407 
715,418 

266 

184,670 

145 
183,285 

52 
149,550 

(') 
(■) 

1,664 
241,378 

38 
26,340 

10 
10,400 

2 
5,300 

1,044 
133,918 

12 
8,900 

4 
4,200 

14.6 
21.9 

79.1 
78.3 

67.1 
68.9 

184.6 
172.6 

4.0 
11.0 

72.9 
72.6 

64.8 
67.1 

180.8 
169.1 

59  4 

Over  500  but  under  1,000  horsepower: 

Number 

216  7 

196.0 

1,000  but  under  2,000  horsepower: 

150.0 

Horsepower.                             .      .  . 

147  6 

2,000  but  under  5,000  horsepower: 

Horsepower 

5,000  horsepower  and  over: 

Number 

1  Included  in  "2,000  but  under  5,000  horsepower."    The  class  ' '  5,000  horsepower  and  over"  not  called  for  at  the  census  of  1902. 


The  figures  in  Tables  23  and  24  show  that  the  great- 
est increases  have  taken  place  in  the  horsepower 
of  the  largest  types  of  steam  engines.  Of  the  total 
steam  power  reported  for  1907,  35.4  per  cent  was 
represented  by  machines  with  a  capacity  of  2,000 
horsepower  or  over,  while  machines  of  this  type  repre- 
sented only  10.8  per  cent  of  the  steam  power  reported 
for  1902.  In  1902,  of  the  total  steam  power,  61.5  per 
cent  was  in  the  class  of  "500  horsepower  and  under," 
and  in  1907  the  proportion  had  decreased  to  39.4  per 


cent.  The  commercial  stations  naturally  made  the  most 
marked  gains  in  the  large  units  of  power,  increasing 
from  12.1  per  cent  for  the  class  of  2,000  and  over  in 
1902  to  39.5  per  cent  in  1907,  and  decreasing  from  58 
per  cent  for  the  class  of  500  or  under  in  1902  to  33.9 
per  cent  in  1907.  The  municipal  stations,  although 
showing  no  marked  changes  in  the  relative  propor- 
tions of  the  several  classes,  manifest  a  tendency  toward 
the  larger  units  of  steam  power. 


POWER  EQUIPMENT. 


39 


Table  24. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Per  cent  distribution,  by  number  and  horsepower  capacity  of  steam, 
engines  and  steam  turbines:  1907  and  1902. 


CLASS  OF  ENGINES. 


Total: 

Number 

Horsepower. 


1907        1902 


100.0 
100.0 


500  horsepower  and  under: 

Numoer 

Horsepower 

Over  500  but  under  1,000  horse- 
power: 

Number 

Horsepower 

1,000  but, under  2,000  horse- 
power: 

Number 

Horsepower 

2,000  but  under  5,000  horse- 
power: 

Number 

Horsepower 

5,000  horsepower  and  over: 

Number 

Horsepower 


86.7 
39.4 


6.9 
13.1 


3.5 
12.0 


2.1 
15.5 


0.9 
19.9 


100.0 
100.0 


91.9 
61.5 


4.7 
14.0 


2.5 
13.6 


0.9 
10.8 

(■) 

(■) 


COMUERCUL. 


1907 


100.0 
100.0 


83.5 
33.9 


8.4 
13.6 


4.4 
13.1 


2.7 
17.2 


1.1 
22.3 


1902 


100.0 
100.0 


MUNICIPAL. 


1907       1902 


100.0 
100.0 


90.5 
58.0 


5.5 
15.0 


3.0 
14.9 


1.1 
12.1 


97.1 

85.2 


2.2 
9.3 


0.6 
3.7 


0.1 
1.9 


100.0 
100.0 


98.5 
91.1 


1.1 
6.1 


0.4 
2.9 


1  Included  in  "2,000  but  under  6,000  horsepower."    The  cl8SSi''5,000  horsepower 
and  over"  not  called  for  at  the  census  of  1902. 

There  were  only  3  states — Nevada,  South  CaroHna, 
and  Utah — for  which  a  smaller  amount  of  primary 
steam   power    was    reported   in    1907  than   in    1902. 


While  only  9,964  steam  horsepower  was  reported  for 
these  states  in  1907  and  12,990  in  1902,  it  is  inter- 
esting to  note  that  for  each  state  there  was  an 
increase  in  water  power  far  greater  than  the  decrease 
in  steam  power.  In  each  of  the  following  states  the 
steam  power  reported  for  1907  exceeded  100,000 
horsepower:  New  York,  410,007  horsepower;  Ilhnois, 
286,958;  Pennsylvania,  258,163;  Ohio,  170,251;  Mas- 
sachusetts, 169,617;  California,  133,299;  and  Mis- 
souri, 102,044.  The  total  for  these  states  amounted 
to  1,530,339  horsepower,  or  58.2  per  cent  of  the  total 
steam  power  for  all  states. 

The  increase  in  the  number  and  importance  of  the 
steam  turbines  makes  it  desirable  to  segregate  the 
statistics  for  the  two  kinds  of  engines  operated  by 
steam,  and  Tables  25  and  26  show  the  totals  and  per- 
centages for  engines  exclusive  of  steam  turbines.  The 
statistics  for  1902,  however,  include  the  figures  for  a 
comparatively  small  number  of  steam  turbines,  be- 
cause they  were  not  deemed  of  sufficient  importance 
to  be  reported  separately  for  that  year,  and  to  tliis 
extent  the  comparison  of  the  figures  for  the  two  census 
years  is  vitiated. 


Table  25.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— NUMBER  AND  HORSEPOWER  OF  STEAM 

ENGINES,  EXCLUSIVE  OF  STEAM  TURBINES:  1907  AND  1902. 


TOTAL. 

COMMERCUL. 

MUNICIPAL. 

PER   CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

CLAS.S  OF  ENQINKS. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total. 

Commer- 
cial. 

Munici- 
pal. 

Total: 

Number 

6,829 
1,810,040 

5.930 
1,379,941 

5,144 
1,546,007 

4,870 
1,232,923 

1,685 
264,033 

1,060 
147,018 

15.2 
31.2 

5.6 
25.4 

59  0 

500  horsepower  and  under: 

Numoer... 

6,183 
1,018,566 

375 
259,478 

182 
230,216 

70 
186,280 

19 
115,500 

5,461 
849,336 

278 
193,570 

149 

187,485 

52 
149,550 

(■) 

C) 

4,535 
781,673 

342 
236,638 

178 
225,916 

70 
186,280 

19 
115,500 

4,407 
715,418 

266 
184,670 

145 
183,285 

52 
149.650 

{') 
(') 

1,648 
236,893 

33 
22,840 

4 
4,300 

1,044 
133,918 

12 
8,900 

4 
4,200 

13.4 
19.9 

34.9 
34.0 

22.1 
22.8 

2.9 
9.3 

28.6 
28.1 

22.8 
23.3 

57  9 

Over  500  but  under  1,000  horsepower: 

Horsepower .  . 

15ti  6 

1,000  but  under  2,000  horsepower: 

2,000  but  under  5,000  horsepower: 

Number 

4,000  horsepower  and  over; 

Horsepower 

'  Included  in  "2,000  but  under  5,000  horsepower."    The  class  "  5,000  horsepower  and  over  "  not  called  for  at  the  census  of  1902. 


While  a  considerable  increase  took  place  in  the 
horsepower  of  the  smaller  engines  in  both  classes  of 
stations,  it  lias  not  been  sufficient  to  overcome  the 
increase  in  the  larger  units.  Therefore  the  relative 
importance  of  the  engines  of  "  500  horsepower  and 
under"  decreased  from  61.5  per  cent  of  the  total  in 
1902  to  56.3  per  cent  in  1907,  the  greatest  relative 
decrease,  from  58  per  cent  to  50.6  per  cent,  occurring 
in  the  commercial  stations,  which  contain  all  of  the 
large  engines. 

As  would  naturally  be  expected,  the  municipal  sta- 
tions show  no  large  steam  engines.  There  were  no 
machines  of  more  than  2,000  horsepower  reported  for 


such  stations  at  either  census,  and  only  4  that  had  an 
indicated  horsepower  of  1,000  and  over.  As  a  rule 
the  municipal  stations  are  small,  and  therefore  contain 
a  large  proportion  of  the  small  machines. 

Little  change  was  shown  in  the  proportion  of  engines 
of  "Over  500  but  under  1,000  horsepower,"  14.3  per 
cent  in  1907  and  14  per  cent  in  1902,  but  there  was  a 
decline  in  the  proportion  of  engines  of  "  1 ,000  but  under 
2,000  horsepower,"  from  13.6  per  cent  in  1902  to  12.7 
per  cent  in  1907.  As  already  indicated,  a  decided 
increase  was  manifest  in  the  proportion  of  engines  of 
over  2,000  horsepower,  from  10.8  per  cent  in  1902  to 
16.7  per  cent  in  1907. 


Diagram  4.— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— STEAM  AND  WATER  POWER,  BY  STATES,  ARRANGED  IN  ORDER  OF 

THEIR  RELATIVE  IMPORTANCE:   1907. 


THOUSANDS 
300 


■oirj'XMmfyxyyxyM'MrM'M'yyMryj'yM'/y^^ 


VM'/A'MIVJAtat 


(40) 


POWER  EQUIPMENT. 


41 


Table  26. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Per  cent  distribution,  by  number  and  horsepower  capacity  of  steam 
engines,  exclusive  of  steam  turbines:  1907  and  1902. 


TOTAL. 

COUHEBCUL. 

MUNICIPAL. 

1907 

l*tt 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1903 

Total: 

Number 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100.0 

1D0.0 

loao 

100.0 

Horsepower 

100.0 

500  horsepower  and  under: 
Numljer 

90.5 
56.3 

5.5 
14.3 

2.7 
12.7 

1.0 
10.3 

0.3 
6.4 

91.9 
61.5 

4.7 
14.0 

2.5 
13.6 

0.9 
10.8 

(•) 
(') 

88.2 
60.6 

6.6 
1      1.5. 3 

3.5 
14.6 

1.4 
12.0 

0.4 

7.5 

90.5 
58.0 

5.5 
15.0 

3.0 
14.9 

1.1 
12.1 

97.8 
89.7 

2.0 

8.7 

0.2 
1.6 

98.5 
91.1 

Over  .500  but  under  1,000  horse- 
power: 
Number 

1.1 

6.1 

1,000  but  under  2,000  horse- 
power: 
Number     .     .               

0.4 

2.9 

2,000  but  under  5,000  horse- 
power: 

5,000  horsepower  and  over: 
Number 

Horsepower 

'  Included  ln"2,000but  under 5. 000 horsepower."  Theclass  "5,000  horsepower 
and  over"  notcalled  for  at  the  census  of  1902. 

Since  all  engines  with  an  indicated  horsepower  of 
2,000  or  over  were  reported  as  a  single  group  at  the 
census  of  1902,  it  is  impracticable  to  determine  the 
number  and  horsepower  of  the  machines  of  5,000  and 
over  in  operation  in  that  year  to  compare  with  those 
reported  in  1907.  At  the  latter  census  these  engines 
were  distributed  as  follows:  New  York,  11  engines 
with  60,500  horsepower;  California,  5  with  34  500; 
Pennsylvania,  1  with  8,000;  Maryland,  1  with  7,500; 
and  Illinois,  1  with  5,000. 

Steam  turbines. — These  engines  appear  to  be  admi- 
rably adapted  to  central-station  work,  and  although  a 
number  of  engines  of  this  type  of  small  horsepower 
capacity  were  reportud,  it  is  evident  from  the  statistics 
in  Table  27  that  the  majority  were  of  large  horsepower 
and  especially  fitted  to  meet  the  requirements  of  large 
centers  of  distribution. 

The  municipal  stations  contained  comparatively 
few  steam  turbines,  the  majority  of  which  (55.2  per 
cent)  were  of  the  smaller  type.  The  turbines  of  less 
than  2,000  horsepower,  as  shown  in  Table  27,  formed 
72.7  per  cent  of  the  total  power  of  all  these  engines  in 
the  municipal  stations  and  but  22  per  cent  of  the 
power  of  those  in  the  commercial  stations.  In  com- 
mercial stations  the  large  engines,  those  having  over 
2,000  horsepower,  represented  78.1  percent  of  the  total 
turbine  power.  Practically  one-half  of  the  horse- 
power of  the  steam  turbines  was  in  units  of  5,000  and 
over.  The  extent  to  which  the  steam  turbine  pre- 
dominates among  the  machines  of  this  largest  capacity 
is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  in  1907  there  were  44 
turbines  in  this  class,  with  a  total  of  406,926  horse- 
power, as  compared  with  19  steam  engines  of  other 
types  of  115,500  horsepower  and  55  water  wheels  of 


339,800  horsepower.  Of  the  total  for  all  kinds  of  pri- 
mary power,  excluding  auxiliaiy  engines,  the  steam 
turbine  furnished  20.3  per  cent  as  compared  with  44.9 
per  cent  for  other  classes  of  steam  engines  and  33.5 
per  cent  for  water  wheels. 

Table  27. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Number  and  horsepower  of  steam  turbines,  by  horsepoxoer  capacity, 
with  per  cent  distribution:  1907.' 


CLASS  or  SntAM  TUKBINES. 


Total: 

Number 

Horsepower. 


500  horsepower  and  under: 

Number 

Horsepower 

Over  500  but  under  1,000 
horsepower: 

Number 

Horsepower 

1,000  but  under  2,000  horse- 
power: 

Number 

Horsepower 

2,000  but  under  5,000  horse- 
power: 

Numlier 

Horsepower 

5,000  horsepower  and  over: 

Numljer 

Horsepower 


Total. 


Com- 
mercial 


123 
85,680 


67 
86,372 


78 
221,415 

44 
406,926 


49 
12,532 


118 
82,180 


61 
80,272 


76 
216,115 

44 

406,926 


Munici- 
pal. 


19,385 


16 
4,485 


5 
3,500 


6 
6,100 


2 
5,300 


PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION. 


Total. 


100.0 

100.0 


17.2 
2.1 


32.6 
10.5 


17.8 
10.6 


20.7 
27.1 


11.7 
49.8 


Com-    Municl- 
mercial.'    pal. 


loao  j     100.0 
loao  I     100.0 


14.1 
1.6 


33.9 
10.3 


17.5 
10.1 


21.8 
27.1 


12.6 
51.0 


55.2 
23.1 


17.2 
18.1 


20.7 
31.5 


6.9 
27.3 


'Comparison  with  1902  Impracticable,  since  In  that  year  steam  turbines  were 
included  with  steam  engines. 

Steam  turbines  were  reported  as  in  use  in  some  of 
the  central  stations  of  all  the  states  and  territories, 
except  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  North 
Dakota,  Idaho,  Utah,  Nevada,  and  New  Mexico.  In 
all  these  states  together  only  41,130  steam  horsepower 
was  reported  for  the  stations,  and  it  is  evident  that 
water  power,  of  which  147,979  horsepower  was  re- 
ported, was  more  economical,  or  that  the  business  did 
not  justify  or  require  the  installation  of  turbines. 

Nearly  one-half  (48.2  per  cent)  of  the  horsepower 
of  the  steam  turbines  was  contained  in  3  states — New 
York,  Illinois,  and  Massachusetts.  New  York  alone 
reported  24.9  per  cent  of  this  class  of  power,  while  as 
between  steam  engines  and  steam  turbines  in  that 
state  the  latter  represented  49.7  per  cent  of  their  total 
horsepower.  Of  the  total  steam  power  in  Illinois,  48.3 
per  cent  was  reported  for  steam  turbines,  while  of  the 
total  in  Massachusetts,  the  proportion  contributed  by 
steam  turbines  was  considerably  less,  30.3  per  cent. 
Although  steam  turbines  were  in  use  in  187  stations,  in 
only  18  were  they  the  sole  primary  power. 

That  the  steam  turbine  is  specially  adapted  to  large 
centers  of  distribution  will  be  seen  from  Table  28. 

More  than  three-fifths  of  the  horsepower  reported 
for  steam  turbines  was  found  in  the  14  cities  named, 
and  their  90  engines  showed  the  enormous  average  of 
5,559  horsepower,  as  compared  with  an  average  of 
2,168  for  the  country  as  a  whole. 


42 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  28. — Central  electric  stations  in  selected  cities — Number  and 
horsepouer  of  steam,  turbines:  1907. 


Number. 


Total  for  United  States. 


377 


Total  for  selected  cities.. 


90 


New  York 

Chicago 

St.  IjOuIs 

Boston 

Philadelphia. . 
Los  Angeles.. 

Cleveland 

Washington.. 

Baltimore 

Louisville 

Denver 

Indianapolis.. 

Cincinnati 

Hartford 


Horse- 
power. 


S17,410 


500,335 


170,600 

116,500 

38,882 

30,000 

25,4fi8 

25, 360 

22,000 

21,000 

10,200 

9,000 

8,525 

7,800 

7,500 

7,500 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


100.0 


61.2 


20.9 
14.3 
4.8 
3.7 
3.1 
3.1 
2.7 
2.6 
1.2 
1.1 
1.0 
1.0 
0.9 
0.9 


Gas  engines. — The  463  engines  denominated  as  gas 
engines  in  Table  21,  with  a  total  of  55,828  horsepower, 
are  composed  of  294  gas  engines,  with  45,330  horse- 
power; 136  gasoline  engines,  with  4,313  horsepower; 
and  33  oil  engines,  with  6,185  horsepower.  These 
machines  were  used  in  294  stations,  of  which  1 80,  with 
292  engines  and  a  total  of  23,487  horsepower,  were 
operated  wholly  by  machines  of  this  class.  Of  these 
180  stations,  137,  with  19,532  horsepower,  were  com- 
mercial stations,  and  43,  with  3,955  horsepower, 
municipal  stations.  Although  the  proportion  of  the 
total  horsepower  in  central  stations  which  is  repre- 
sented by  the  gas  engines  is  comparatively  small  (1.4 
per  cent  of  the  total  primary  power),  the  number  and 
importance  of  the  gas  engines  have  nevertheless  in- 
creased largely  since  1902.  As  a  rule  these  engines 
are  of  a  small  type  and  their  use  has  been  confined 
largely  to  small  plants.  Lately,  however,  a  larger 
type  of  machine  is  coming  into  use,  and  one  commer- 
cial station  operated  3  gas  engines,  with  a  total  of 
16,200  horsepower,  which  furnished  motive  power  to 
operate  3  dynamos  of  slightly  less  than  4,000  kilo- 
watts each.  The  exact  size  of  each  engine  was  not 
reported  on  the  census  schedule,  but  it  appears  that 
the  smallest  engine  in  this  class  shown  as  connected 
with  a  generator  is  one  of  6  horsepower,  which  operated 
a  3-kilowatt  dynamo.  California  reported  gas  engines 
with  a  total  of  16,585  horsepower,  or  29.7  per  cent  of 
the  total  of  this  class  of  primary  power;  Pennsylvania 
reported  7,469  horsepower;  Ohio,  5,628;  New  York, 
3,315;  Texas,  3,058;  and  Wisconsin,  2,079.  The 
horsepower  of  the  gas  engines  of  these  6  states 
amounted  to  38,134  and  formed  68.3  per  cent  of  the 
total  horsepower  reported  for  all  gas  engines  in  both 
commercial  and  municipal  stations. 

Intemal-comhustion  oil  engines. — At  the  census  of 
1907,  18  stations  reported  the  use  of  oil  engines  of  the 
internal-combustion  type,  similar  in  character  to  the 
gas  engine,  with  6,185  horsepower;  and  10  stations, 


with  1 8  of  these  engines,  relied  upon  them  entirely  for 
primary  power.  The  following  tabular  statement 
shows  the  states  in  which  these  stations  are  located: 

Internal-combustion  oil  engines— Number  and  horsepower,  by  states: 

1907. 


Number 

of 
stations. 


Total 

Connecticut 

Illinois 

Louisiana 

Massachusetts... 
New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania  . . . 

Rhode  Island 

Texas 

Wisconsin 


18 


Number. 


33 


Horse- 
power. 


6,185 


600 
240 
170 
570 
SSO 
270 
170 
900 
190 
1,000 
1,450 
75 


Water  power. — The  ease  with  which  electric  current 
may  be  transmitted  long  distances  and  the  economy 
connected  with  its  generation  by  the  use  of  water 
power  have  not  only  greatly  increased  the  amount  of 
this  kind  of  power  in  1907  as  compared  with  1902,  but 
indicate  its  continued  development.  The  statistics 
represent  only  the  central  stations  that  were  in  actual 
operation  during  the  respective  census  years.  The 
construction  of  hydro-electric  plants  is  proceeding 
rapidly;  a  number  were  under  construction  during 
1907  but  had  not  commenced  operations  before  the 
close  of  the  year;  and  the  Bureau  of  the  Census  was 
advised  also  that  extensive  water-power  plants  were 
contemplated  in  various  sections  of  the  country.  The 
exhaustion  of  the  fuel  supply  will  further  stimulate 
the  erection  of  these  plants,  but  naturally  their  in- 
crease will  be  slowest  in  the  states  where  fuel  is  most 
abundant. 

The  horsepower  of  the  water  wheels  in  the  central 
stations  during  1907  was  more  than  three  times  as 
great  as  it  was  in  1902.  Although  the  actual  increase 
was  less  than  that  for  steam  power,  its  proportion  of 
the  total  primary  power,  excluding  auxiliary  engines, 
increased  from  24  to  33.5  per  cent,  while  the  propor- 
tion for  steam  power  shows  a  nearly  corresponding 
decrease,  from  75.4  per  cent  in  1902  to  65.2  per  cent 
in  1907.  The  greatest  increase  occurred  in  the  com- 
mercial stations,  which  contained  97.4  per  cent  of  the 
water  power  in  1902  and  97.8  per  cent  in  1907. 

As  with  steam  power,  the  increase  in  water  power 
is  due  primarily  to  the  installation  of  large  units  of 
2,000  horsepower  and  over.  The  increase  in  the 
capacity  of  these  machines  represented  61.9  per  cent 
of  the  total  increase  in  water  power.  In  other  words, 
the  large  water  wheels  furnished  about  three-fifths 
and  the  small  wheels  two-fifths  of  the  increase. 


POWER  EQUIPMENT. 


43 


Table  29.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— NUMBER  AND  HORSEPOWER  OP  WATER 

WHEELS,  BY  HORSEPOWER  CAPACITY:  1907  AND  1902. 


TOTAL. 

COMMERCIAL. 

HUNICIPAL. 

PER  CENT  OP  INCREASE. 

CLASS  or  ENGINES. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total. 

78.5 
207.7 

Commer- 
cial. 

Munici- 
pal. 

Total: 

Number  

2,481 
1,349,087 

1,390 
438,  472 

2,328 
1,318,740 

1,308 
427, 254 

153 
30, 347 

82 
11,218 

78.0 
208.7 

86.3 

170.5 

500  horsepower  and  under: 

1,910 
320,636 

244 
161,051 

161 
196,620 

111 
330,980 

55 
339,800 

1,192 
174,559 

85 
57,160 

81 
99,453 

32 
107,300 

(') 

1,761 
296,689 

243 
160,251 

160 
195,420 

109 
326,580 

55 
339,800 

1,112 
164,981 

84 
56,520 

80 
98, 453 

32 
107,300 

(') 
(') 

149 
23,947 

1 
800 

1 

1,200 

2 
4,400 

80 
9,578 

1 
640 

1 
1,000 

60.2 
83.7 

187.1 
181.8 

98.8 
97.7 

246.9 
208.5 

58.4 
79.8 

189.3 
183.5 

100.0 
98.5 

240.6 
204.4 

86.2 

150  0 

Over  600  but  under  1,000  horsepower: 

25.0 

1,000  but  under  2,000  horsepower: 

20.0 

2,000  but  under  5,000  horsepower: 

5,000  horsepower  and  over: 

'  Included  In  "2,000  but  under  5,000  horsepower."    The  class  "5,000  horsepower  and  over"  not  called  for  at  the  census  of  1902. 


The  municipal  stations  contained  only  3  of  the 
water  wheels  with  1,000  horsepower  and  over  in  1907 
and  but  1  in  1902.  This  small  number  of  large  wheels 
is,  however,  natural,  as  municipal  plants  are  generally 
constructed  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  current  to  a 
single  community  and  often  for  a  specific  purpose,  and 
the  equipment  is  limited  to  tlie  probable  needs  of  that 
community  or  purpose.  Commercial  plants,  on  the 
other  hand,  are  constructed  upon  a  broader,  larger 
plan  and  are  therefore  more  frequently  designed  to 
furnish  current  to  any  place  to  which  it  can  be  delivered 
at  a  profit. 

Table  30. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Per  cent  distribution,  by  number  and  horsepower  capacity  of  water 
wheels:  1907  and  1902. 


CLASS  OF  WATER  WHEELS. 


Total; 

Numl>er 

Horsepower. 


500  horsepower  and  under: 

Number 

Horsepower 

Over  500  but  under  1,000  horse- 
power: 

Number 

Horsepower 

1,000  but  under  2,000  horse- 
power: 

Number 

Horsepower 

2,000  but  under  5,000  horse- 
power: 

Number 

Horsepower 

5,000  horsepower  and  over: 

Number 

Horsepower 


1907       1902 


100.0 
100.0 


77.0 
23.8 


6.5 
14.6 


4.5 
24.5 


2.2 
25.2 


100.0 
100.0 


85.8 
39.8 


6.1 
13.0 


S.8 
22.7 


2.3 
24.  S 

(') 
(') 


COMMERCIAL. 


1907        1902 


100.0 
100.0 


75.6 
22.5 


10.4 
12.2 


6.9 

14.8 


4.7 
24.8 


2.4 
25.8 


100.0 
100.0 


85.0 
38.6 


6.4 
13.2 


6.1 
23.0 


2.4 
25.1 

(') 
(') 


1907        1902 


100.0 
100.0 


97.4 
78.9 


0.7 
2.6 


0.7 
4.0 


1.3 
14.5 


100.0 
100.0 


97.6 
85.4 


1.2 
5.7 


'  Included  in  "2,000  but   under  5,000  horsepower."    The  class  "5,000  horse- 
power and  over"  not  called  for  at  the  census  of  1902. 

With  the  exception  of  Kentucky  and  North  Dakota, 
in  which  states  very  little  water  power  is  utilized  in 
electric  plants,  every  state  that  reported  water  power 
in  1902  showed  an  increased  use  of  such  power  in  1907. 
Alabama,  Arizona,  and  Delaware  had  no  central  sta- 
tions operated  by  water  power  in  1902,  but  each  con- 
tained stations  so  equipped  in   1907.     Some  of  the 


most  marked  gains  in  water  power  occurred  in  the 
following  states:  New  York,  from  128,785  horsepower 
in  1902  to  305,950  in  1907;  California,  from  78,933  to 
208,444;  Oregon,  11,195  to  102,052;  Michigan,  16,085 
to  85,738;  Minnesota,  6,040  to  71,656;  South  Caro- 
lina, 10,415  to  75,430;  Washington,  17,238  to  56,118; 
Montana,  24,000  to  56,987;  and  Georgia,  6,121  to 
36,335.  The  water  power  reported  by  these  9  states 
represented  68.1  per  cent  of  the  total  of  this  kind  of 
primary  power  for  all  central  stations  in  the  United 
States  in  1902  and  74  per  cent  in  1907.  No  water 
power  was  reported  by  the  central  stations  in  Florida, 
Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Oklahoma,  or  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

For  the  purpose  of  comparing  the  average  horse- 
power both  of  the  stations  as  equipped  with  the 
various  kinds  of  primary  power  and  of  the  different 
classes  of  machines  reported  in  1907  and  in  1902  the 
following  table  is  given: 

Table  31. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Average  horsepower,  per  station  and  per  machine,  of  primary  power: 
1907  and  1902. 


TOTAL. 

COMMERCIAL. 

MUNICIPAL. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total  power: 

869 
373 

510 
235 

■ 

;  1,091 

\        421 

601 
253 

257 
159 

196 

Per  machine 

134 

Steam  engines  and  steam  tur- 
bines: 

675 
365 

489 
265 

4,371 
2,168 

190 
121 

1,483 
544 

201 

78 

445 
233 

445 
233 

(') 
C) 

121 
74 

756 
315 

72 
40 

844 
427 

593 
301 

4,694 
'    2,293 

( 

209 
129 

1,606 
566 

228 
83 

523 
253 

523 
253 

131 
76 

806 
327 

78 
41 

254 

165 

240 
157 

1,140 

668 

109 
78 

341 
198 

33 
21 

198 

Per  machine.      ...        .     . 

139 

Steam  engines: 

Per  station 

Per  machine 

Steam  turbines: 

Per  station 

Per  machine 

Gas  engines: 

198 
139 

(■) 
64 

Per  machine 

53 

Water  wheels: 

Per  station 

224 

137 

Auxiliary  engines: 

I*er  station          

32 

23 

>  In  1902  steam  turbines  were  Included  with  steam  engines. 


44 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Except  for  the  comparatively  unimportant  auxiliary 
engines  reported  by  municipal  stations,  in  which  there 
was  a  small  decrease  in  horsepower  per  machine, 
there  was  in  every  instance  a  pronounced  increase  per 
station  and  per  machine  for  the  total,  for  all  machines, 
and  for  each  class  of  machine  reported  at  both  cen- 
suses. The  smallest  increase  in  total  average  capacity 
is  shown  for  steam  engines  which,  when  comparetl 
with  the  large  average  power  of  the  steam  turbines, 
indicates  that  when  great  units  of  steam  power  have 
been  required  the  steam  turbine  has  been  utilized.  It 
is  apparent,  however,  that  since  the  figures  for  steam 
turbines  were  combined  with  those  for  steam  engines 
in  1902  a  correct  understanding  of  the  relative  aver- 
ages can  be  obtained  only  by  the  addition  of  the  two 
sets  of  figures  for  1907.  The  averages  thus  secured, 
for  the  totals  of  this  combination,  show  that  the  in- 
crease in  steam  power  has  been  on  a  par  with  that  of 
the  other  kinds  of  primary  power. 

As  might  be  expected,  every  class  of  machine  re- 
ported by  the  commercial  stations  not  only  averaged 
much  larger  than  those  of  the  municipal  stations  but 
the  increase  in  capacity  also  was  greater. 

The  averages  contained  in  Table  31  are  based  upon 
the  horsepower  as  shown  in  Table  21,  while  the  number 
of  stations  reporting  the  various  kinds  of  power  is 
shown  in  the  following  statement: 


Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Distribution  b 
number  of  stations,  and  kinds  of  primary  power:  1907  and  190H. 


KIND  OF  POWER. 


Census. 


Steam  engines 

Steam  turbines. . . 

Gas  engines 

'    Water  wheels 

Auxiliary  engines. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Total. 


3,704 
3,100 


(') 

294 
101 

910 
580 

328 
201 


Commer- 
cial. 


2,606 
2,356 

170 

(') 

238 


821 
530 


282 
175 


Munici- 
pal. 


(') 


744 

17 


56 
15 


50 


46 
26 


'  In  1902  steam  turbines  were  included  with  steam  engines. 

A  total  of  the  number  of  stations  in  this  statement 
would  be  in  excess  of  the  actual  number  reported,  since 
a  station  having  several  kinds  of  power  would  be 
repeated  under  each  class  of  power  with  which  it  was 
equipped. 

Dynamos,  central  stations,  and  electric  railways. — 
The  electric-generating  machines  in  the  central  sta- 
tions and  electric-railway  plants  represent  the  ma- 
jority of  those  in  use  in  the  United  States,  and  in 
order  to  show  statistics  for  the  aggregate  the  totals 
for  the  two  branches  of  the  industry  are  combined  in 
Table  32. 


Table  32.— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS  AND  ELECTRIC  RAILWAYS— NUMBER  AND  KILOWATT  CAPACITY  OF 
DYNAMOS  IN  GENERATING  STATIONS,  BY  KIND  OF  DYNAMO:  1907  AND  1902. 


TOTAL. 

CENTRAL 

STATIONS. 

ELECTRIC 

RAILWAYS. 

PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

KIND  OF  DYNAMO. 

1907 

IWtt 

IKOT 

IMK 

1907 

1902 

Total. 

Central 
stations. 

Electric 
railways. 

Total: 

15,297 
4,432,641 

15,786 
2,110,597 

12,173 
2,709,225 

12,484 
1,212,235 

3,124 
1,723,416 

3,302 
898,362 

'3.1 
110.0 

'2.5 
123.5 

'5.4 
91.8 

Direct-current,  constant-voltage: 

Numl)er 

■   5,872 
1,347,962 

1,685 
80,992 

7,740 
3,003,687 

6,684 
1,055,411 

3,539 
145,866 

5,563 
909,320 

3,680 
406,460 

1,685 
80,992 

6,808 
2,221,773 

3,823 
330,065 

3,539 
145,866 

5,122 
736,304 

2,192 
941,502 

932 
781,914 

2,861  , 
725,346 

(») 

441 
173,016 

'12.1 
27.7 

'52.4 
'44.5 

39.1 
230.3 

'3.7 
23.1 

'52.4 
'44.5 

32.9 
201.7 

'23.4 
29.8 

111.3 
3S1.B 

Direct-current,  constant-amperage: 

Kilowatt  capacity .... 

Alternating  single-phase  and  polyphase  current: 

Kilowatt  capacity 

'  Decrease. 

!  Not  rep 

orted. 

With  the  exception  of  the  dynamos  in  the  isolated 
electric  plants  and  telephone  and  telegraph  offices, 
which  are  comparatively  unimportant,  the  equipment 
covered  by  this  table  may  be  accepted  as  representing 
all  dynamos  used  for  the  generation  of  electricity  for 
general  commercial  and  municipal  use. 

The  total  dynamo  capacity  as  reported  for  the 
combined  industry  increased  2,322,044  kilowatts,  or 
110  per  cent,  of  which  increase  the  central  stations 
contributed  1,496,990  kilowatts,  or  64.5  per  cent,  and 
the  electric-railway  plants  825,054  kilowatts,  or  35.5 
per  cent.  It  is  suggestive  of  the  intimate  relation 
existing  between  the  electric  generators  and  the  pri- 


mary power,  the  force  necessary  to  operate  the  dyna- 
mos, that  the  percentage  of  increase  of  the  primary 
power,  106.5  per  cent,  should  so  closely  approximate 
that  of  the  dynamos,  which  was  110  per  cent.  The 
evenness  of  these  gains  is  somewhat  remarkable,  be- 
cause both  for  primary  power  and  for  the  generators 
the  totals  represent  the  equipment,  all  of  which  is  not 
necessary  for  present  requirements.  That  is,  the  pri- 
mary power  no  doubt  represents  a  larger  horsepower 
than  was  actually  required  for  electrical  purposes  at 
the  time  of  the  census,  as  in  many  instances  plants 
were  equipped  to  furnish  power  in  connection  with 
other  industries  conducted  by  the  companies  report- 


POWER  EQUIPMENT. 


45 


ing,  as  well  as  with  a  view  to  future  demands,  emer- 
gency uses,  etc.  Similarly  the  total  installation  of 
dynamos  represents  not  only  the  dynamos  required  to 
generate  the  current  actually  used,  but  includes  those 
held  in  reserve  to  furnish  additional  current  when 
needed  and  to  provide  for  breakdowns  or  repairs. 

Of  the  total  number  of  dynamos  reported,  the  pro- 
portion in  central  stations  was  practically  the  same 
at  the  two  censuses,  i.  e.,  79.6  per  cent  in  1907  and 
79.1  per  cent  in  1902.  The  proportion  of  kilowatt 
capacity  of  the  dynamos  in  the  central  stations  in- 
creased, however,  from  57.4  per  cent  in  1902  to  61.1 
per  cent  in  1907. 

The  direct-current,  constant-voltage  dynamos 
showed  a  total  increase  in  capacity  of  292,551  kilo- 
watts, or  27.7  per  cent,  the  greater  part  of  which  in- 
crease, 216,156  kilowatts,  or  73.9  per  cent,  was  for 
electric  railways,  while  but  76,395,  or  26.1  per  cent, 
was  contributed  by  the  central  stations.  Of  the  total 
kilowatt  capacity  of  these  machines,  the  electric- 
railway  plants  reported  nearly  seven- tenths  in  1907 
and  a  proportion  but  slightly  smaller  in  1902. 

The  direct-current,  constant-amperage  machine  was 
not  reported  by  the  electric-railway  plants,  as  it  is  not 
adapted  to  that  service,  and  the  uses  of  the  machine 
are  so  restricted  that  comparatively  few  companies 
doing  a  general  light  and  power  business  feel  justified 
in  carrying  a  class  of  dynamo  only  fitted  for  series  arc 
lighting.  The  number  of  this  class  of  dynamos  re- 
ported by  the  central  stations  in  1907  was  less  than 
one-half  the  number  so  reported  in  1902,  and  the  de- 
crease in  their  total  capacity  amounted  to  64,874 
kilowatts,  or  44.5  per  cent. 

The  alternating  single-phase  and  polyphase  current 
dynamo  showed  the  largest  actual  and  percentage  of 
gain,  due  to  the  fact  that  it  is  adapted  to  almost  every 
use  required  of  a  dynamo.  The  total  capacity  of 
these  machines  increased  2,094,367  kilowatts,  or  230.3 
per  cent.  Of  this  gain,  1,485,469  kilowatts,  or  70.9 
per  cent,  was  represented  by  the  central  stations. 
Electric-railway  plants  reported  a  little  more  than 
one-fourth  of  the  total  capacity  of  these  dynamos  in 
1907  and  not  quite  one-fifth  in  1902. 

Table  33  shows  the  per  cent  distribution,  by  kind, 
of  the  dynamos  in  the  central  stations  and  electric- 
railway  plants  for  1902  and  1907. 

Notwithstanding  the  increase  of  27.7  per  cent  in 
the  total  capacity  of  the  direct-current,  constant- 
voltage  dynamos  in  1907,  they  represented  only  about 
three-tenths  of  the  total  capacity  of  all  classes  of 
dynamos  in  that  year  as  compared  with  one-half  of 
the  total  in  1902.  The  capacity  of  the  alternating- 
current    dynamos,    which    in    1902    represented    but 


little  more  than  four-tenths  of  the  total  for  all  classes, 
had  increased  its  proportion  to  more  than  two-thirds 
in  1907.  The  direct-current,  constant-amperage  dy- 
namos, as  already  stated,  were  all  reported  by  the 
central  stations,  and  the  small  proportion  which  they 
supplied  of  the  total  kilowatt  capacity  decreased  from 
nearly  7  per  cent  in  1902  to  slightly  less  than  2  per 
cent  in  1907. 

Table  33. — Central  electric  stations  and  electric  railways — Per  cent 
distribution,  by  kind  and  by  number  and  capacity  of  dynamos:  1907 
and  1902. 


KIND  OF  DYNAMO. 

TOTAL. 

CENTRAL 
STATIONS. 

ELECTRIC 
RAILWAYS. 

1907 

1903 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total: 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100  0 

Kilowatt  capacity . . . 

100.0 

Direct^iurrent,    constant-volt- 
age: 
Number 

38.4 
30.4 

11.0 
1.8 

50.6 
67.8 

42.3 
50.0  . 

22.4 
6.9 

35.2 
43.1 

30.2 
15.0 

13.8 
3.0 

55.9 
82.0 

30.6 
27.2 

28.3 
12.0 

41.0 
00.7 

70.2 
54.6 

(') 
(') 

29.8 
45.4 

86  6 

80.7 

Direct-current,   constant -am- 
perage: 
Number. . . 

(') 
13  4 

Alternating    single-phase  and 
polvplia.se  current: 
plumber 

19.3 

'  Not  reported  by  electric  railways. 

Dynamos  in  central  stations. — As  compared  with  the 
total  kilowatt  capacity  of  all  dynamos  reported  in 
1902  there  was  an  increase  in  1907  of  1,496,990  kilo- 
watts, or  123.5  per  cent.  Of  this  increase,  the  com- 
mercial stations  reported  1,401,354  kilowatts,  or  93.6 
per  cent,  and  the  municipal  stations  only  95,636 
kilowatts,  or  6.4  per  cent.  In  1907  the  commercial 
stations  reported  92.3  per  cent  of  the  total  dynamo 
capacity  and  the  municipal  stations  7.7  per  cent. 
When  compared  with  similar  proportions  for  the  prior 
census  it  is  found  that  the  percentage  for  the  com- 
mercial stations  was  1.7  per  cent  greater  than  in  1902. 

The  increase  in  the  number  and  in  the  capacity  of 
the  dynamos  of  the  different  kinds  in  commercial  and 
municipal  stations  is  shown  by  the  figures  in  Table  34, 
while  Table  35  gives  the  per  cent  distribution  of  such 
dynamos,  by  kind,  for  1907  and  1902. 

The  advantages  possessed  by  the  alternating-cur- 
rent dynamo  and  its  adaptabUit}'  for  general  central- 
station  work  is  illustrated  by  the  tremendous  gain  in 
its  use.  Practically  the  entire  increase  in  dynamo 
capacity  was  due  to  the  gain  made  by  the  alternating- 
current  machine,  as  the  direct-current,  constant-amper- 
age machines  lost  64,874  in  kilowatt  capacity,  which 
was  but  little  more  than  counterbalanced  by  a  gain  of 
76,395  kilowatts  in  the  capacity  of  the  direct-current, 
constant- voltage  machines. 


46 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  34.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— NUMBER  AND  KILOWATT   CAPACITY 
OF  DYNAMOS  IN  GENERATING  STATIONS,  BY  KIND  OF  DYNAMO:  1907  AND  1902. 


KIND  OF  DYNAUO. 


Total: 

Number 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Direct-current,  constant-voltage: 

Number 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Direct-current,  constant-amperage: 

Number 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Alternating  single-phase  and  polyphase  current: 

Number 

Kilowatt  capacity 


1907 


12, 173 
2,709,225 


3.680 
406,400 

1,685 
80,992 

6,808 
2,221,773 


1902 


12,484 
1,212,235 


3.823 
330,065 

3,539 
145, 866 

5,122 
736,304 


COMMERCIAL. 


1907 


9,778 
2,500,209 


3.169 
379, 706 


1,246 
61,753 


5,363 
2,058.750 


1902 


10,662 
1.098,855 


3.405 
312,509 


2.957 
1 17-,  695 


4,300 
668,651 


MUNICIPAL. 


1907 


2.395 
209,016 


511 
26,754 

439 
19,239 

1,445 
163.023 


1902 


1,822 
113,380 


418 

17,556 


582 
28, 171 


822 
,653 


FEB  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


Total. 


>2.5 
123.5 


'3.7 
23.1 


152.4 
'44.6 


32.9 
201.7 


Commer- 
cial. 


18.3 
127.5 


16.9 
21.5 


157.9 
147.5 


24.7 
207.9 


Munici- 
pal. 


31.4 
84.3 


22.2 
52.4 


124.6 
1-81.7 


75.8 
141.0 


1  Decrease. 


Although  the  kilowatt  capacity  of  the  direct-current, 
constant-voltage  dynamos  had  increased  nearly  one- 
fourth  since  1902,  the  relative  importance  of  these 
machines  was  considerably  less  in  1907.  The  number 
and  capacity  of  the  direct-current,  constant-amperage 
dynamos  has  decreased  since  1902,  as  has  their  relative 
importance. 

Table  35. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Per  cent  distribution,  by  kind  and  by  number  and  capacity  of  dyna- 
mos: 1907  and  1902. 


KIND  OF  DYNAMO. 

TOTAL. 

COMMERCIAL. 

MiraiCIPAL. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total: 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0 

Kilowatt  capacity. . . 

100.0 

Direct-current,  constant-volt- 
age: 
Number 

30.2 
15.0 

13.8 
3.0 

55.9 
82.0 

30.6 
27.2 

28.3 
12.0 

41.0 
60.7 

32.4 
15.2 

12.7 
2.5 

54.8 
82.3 

31.9 
28.4 

27.7 
10.7 

40.3 
60.8 

21.3 
12.8 

18.3 
9.2 

60.3 
78.0 

22.9 

15.5 

Direct-current,constant-amper- 
age: 

31.9 

Kilowatt  capacitv 

24.8 

Alternating  single-phase    and 
polyphase  current: 

45.1 

Kilowatt  capacity 

59.7 

Diagram  5. — Central  electric  stations — Capacity  of  dynamos:  1907 
and  1902. 


NUNOREOB  OF  THOUSANDS 


ALTCRNATINQ  CURRENT 
eiNQLE  PHASE  AND   POLYPHASE 


DmECT  CURRENT,     CONSTANT  VOLTAGE 


DIRECT  CURRENT.  CONSTANT   AMPERAGE 


The  average  capacity  of  the  different  types  of 
dynamos  per  station  and  per  machine  for  commercial 
and  municipal  stations,  1907  and  1902,  is  shown  in 
Table  36. 


Table  36. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Average  kilouatt  capacity  of  dynamos,  by  kind,  per  station,  and  per 
machine:  1907  and  1902. 


KIND  OF  DYNAMO. 

TOTAL. 

COMMERCTAL. 

MUNICIPAL. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

190S 

Total  kilowatt  capacity: 

575 
223 

335 
97 

722 
256 

392 
103 

167 
87 

13S 

Per  machine. 

62 

Direct-current,   constant-volt- 
age: 
Per  station 

256 
110 

149 

48 

645 
326 

228 
86 

126 
41 

280 
144 

298 
120 

181 
50 

816 
384 

262 
92 

136 

40 

323 
156 

85 
52 

96 
44 

177 
113 

70 

42 

Direct -current,    cons'ant-am- 
perage: 
Per  station 

95 

48 

Alternating  single-phase   and 
polyphase  current; 
Per  station 

120 

82 

The  average  capacity  of  the  several  classes  of  dyna- 
mos, per  station  and  per  machine,  was  determined 
from  the  number  of  these  machines  as  shown  in  Table 
34,  and  the  number  of  stations  reporting  the  different 
types  of  dynamos  is  shown  in  the  following  statement: 

Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Number  of  sta- 
tions, by  kind  of  dynamo:  1907  and  1902. 


KIND  OF   DYNAMO. 

Census. 

Total. 

Commer- 
cial. 

Munic- 
ipal. 

1907 

1.S8S 

1,273 
1,195 
34!.' 
864 
2,524 
2,069 

315 

1902        1,447 
1907             542 

252 
200 

Alternating  single-phase  and  polyphase  cur- 
rent. 

1902 
1907 
1902 

1,160 
3,446 
2,634 

296 
922 
565 

The  increase  in  the  total  average  capacity  of  the 
dynamos  per  station  and  per  machine,  shown  in  Table 
36,  is  in  keeping  with  the  general  tendency  toward 
larger  units  of  equipment  in  almost  all  branches  of 
central-station  work. 

For  the  direct-current  dynamos  there  was  an  in- 
crease, although  not  very  pronounced,  both  per  station 
and  per  machine.  The  constant-amperage  dynamos 
in  the  municipal  stations  form  the  single  exception  to 
an  increase,  the  average  capacity  of  these  dynamos 
showing  a  decrease  per  machine  from  48  to  44  kilo- 


POWER  EQUIPMENT. 


47 


watts.  There  has  been  a  large  decrease  in  the  num- 
ber of  this  latter  class  of  tlynamos  and  probably  but 
few  new  ones  installed,  and  the  figures  indicate  that 
those  removed  have  been  the  machines  of  the  larger 
capacity.  In  harmony  with  the  great  increase  in  the 
kilowatt  capacity  shown  for  the  alternating-current 
dynamo  in  other  tables,  the  table  of  average  capacity 
shows  an  increase  in  every  detail  presented. 

A  better  understanding  of  the  dynamo  equipment 
of  central  stations  may  be  obtained  from  a  study  of 
the  detailed  statistics  showing  the  number  and  capac- 
ity of  the  different  types  of  machines,  grouped  accord- 
ing to  size.  The  totals  for  the  United  States  are  sum- 
marized in  Table  37. 

Table  .37. — Central  electric  stations — Kind  of  dynamos,  by  class, 

number,  and  kilowatt  capacity:  1907. 


CLASS  OF  DYNAMO. 

Total. 

1 

1    Direct- 
current, 
constant- 
voltage. 

Direct- 
current, 
constant- 
amper- 
age. 

Alternat- 
ing sin- 
gle-phase 
and  poly- 
phase 
current. 

Total: 

12, 173 
2,709,225 

3,680 
406,460 

1,685 
80,992 

6,808 
2,221,773 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Under  200  kilowatt  capacity: 

9,491 

064,440 

24.5 

1,547 

434,586 

16.0 

824 

390. 149 

14.4 

281 

351,700 

13.0 

163 

438,350 

16.2 

67 

430,000 

15.9 

3,128 

183,8(i5 

45.2 

417 

115,155 

28.3 

102 

63,890 

15.7 

30 

36,550 

9.0 

3 

7,000 

1.7 

1,664 

71,649 

88.5 

16 

4,699 

408,926 

18.4 

1  111 

Per  cent  of  total  kilowatt  capacity. . 
200  iMit  under  500  kilowatt  capacity: 
Nunil>er. , 

4,833         314!  598 
0.0               14.2 

3                519 

I^er  cent  of  total  kilowatt  capacity. . 
600  but  nnder  1,000  kilowatt  capacity: 
Number..        ... 

2,010  ^       324,249 
2.5               14.6 

2                    249 

Per  cent  of  total  kilowatt  capacity. . 
1,000  but  under  2,000  kilowatt  capacity: 
Number..               

2,600 
3.1 

312,650 
14.1 

160 

Per  cent  of  total  kilowatt  capacity . . 

2,000  but  tmder  5,000  kilowatt  capacity: 

Number 

431,350 

19.4 

6,000  kilowatt  capacity  and  over: 

67 

Kilowatt  capacity 

430,000 
19.4 

Per  cent  of  total  Kilowatt  capacity. . 

Of  the  direct-current,  constant-voltage  dynamo 
capacity,  73.5  per  cent  was  represented  by  the  ma- 
chines of  less  than  500  kilowatts;  24.7  per  cent  by 
those  in  the  two  classes  500  but  under  2,000  kilowatt 
capacity;  only  1.7  per  cent  bj'  those  in  the  class  "2,000 
but  under  5,000  kilowatt  capacity;"  and  none  in  the 
class  "5,000  kilowatt  capacity  and  over." 

The  direct-current,  constant-amperage  machines  show 
even  a  larger  proportion  in  the  small  classes,  the  class 
of  "  under  200  kilowatt  capacity  "  having  88.5  percent, 
with  small  proportions  in  the  next  three  classes  and  no 
dynamo  of  this  type  of  2,000  kilowatt  capacity  or  over. 

The  remarkable  increase  in  the  use  of  the  alternat- 
ing-current dynamo  has  already  been  shown,  and  its 
adaptability  to  the  varying  requirements  as  to  capacity 
are  demonstrated  by  the  evenness  of  its  distribution 
among  the  several  classes,  the  variation  in  the  propor- 

25142—10 i 


tion  of  the  six  classes  ranging  from  only  14.1  per  cent 
for  the  class  of  the  lowest  total  crapacity  to  19.4  for 
the  class  of  the  highest.  Beginning  with  the  class  with 
the  smallest  kilowatt  capacity,  the  proportions  of  the 
total  capacity  for  all  kinds  of  dynamos  contributed  by 
the  alternating-current  were  as  follows:  61.5;  72.4; 
83.1;  88.9;  98.4;  and  100  per  cent,  the  proportion  thus 
steadily  increasing  with  the  capacity  of  the  dynamo. 

In  Table  38  the  dynamos  in  commercial  and  munic- 
ipal stations,  respectively,  have  been  grouped  accord- 
ing to  the  capacity  of  the  separate  machines. 

Table  38- — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations^ 
Dynamos,  by  number  and  kilowatt  capacity:  1907. 


CLASS  OF   DYNAMO. 

Total. 

Commer- 
cial. 

Municipal. 

Total: 

Number 

12,173 

2,709,225 

9,778 
2,500.209 

2,395 

209,016 

Under  200  kilowatt  capacity: 

Number 

9,491 
604,440 

1,547 
434,586 

624 
390, 149 

281 
351,700 

163 
438,350 

07 
■       430.000 

7.283 
513, 427 

1,375 
389,833 

613 
383,099 

278 
346,900 

162 
436.360 

07 
430,000 

2.208 

151,013 

200  but  under  500  kilowatt  capacity: 

172 

44,753 

500  but  under  1,000  kilowatt  capacity: 

11 

6,450 

1,000  but  under  2,000  kilowatt  capacity: 
Number  . 

3 

4,800 

2,000  but  under  5,000  kilowatt  capacity: 

1 

Kilowatt  capacity 

2,000 

5.000  kilowatt  capacity  and  over: 

Number 

This  table  shows  in  every  class  not  only  the  great 
preponderance  of  the  dynamo  capacity  of  commercial 
over  municipal  stations,  but  also  the  little  use  of  dyna- 
mos of  large  capacity  in  the  municipal  stations. 

The  increase  in  dynamo  capacity  is  practically  con- 
fined to  the  states  for  which  statistics  are  given  in 
Table  39. 

The  total  increase  in  the  dynamo  capacity  of  these 
21  states,  each  of  which  made  a  gain  of  over  20,000 
kilowatts,  amounted  to  1,256,929  kilowatts,  or  84  per 
cent  of  the  total  increase  for  the  entire  United  States. 
To  illustrate  the  extent  to  which  single-phase  and  poly- 
phase dynamos  have  superseded  the  other  varieties  of 
machines,  the  increase  in  their  kilowatt  capacitj'  is 
shown  separately  and  is  found  to  approximate  closely 
the  total  increase  for  all  machines,  the  difference  for 
the  selected  states  being  but  2,361  kilowatts,  or  less 
than  two-tenths  of  1  per  cent,  and  that  for  the  entire 
United  States  11,521  kilowatts,  or  about  eight-tenths 
of  1  per  cent.  In  some  states  the  increase  in  the  ca- 
pacity of  the  alternating-current  machines  exceeds 
that  for  all  classes  of  dj'namos;  due  to  the  fact  that 
there  was  an  actual  decrease  in  the  capacity  of  the 
direct-current  machines  in  several  states. 


Diagram    6.-CENTRAL    ELECTRIC    STATIONS-CAPACITY    OF    DYNAMOS,    BY    STATES      \RRANGED    IN    THF 

ORDER  OF  THEIR  RELATIVE  IMPORTANCE:  1907  AND  1902.       '    * 


1807         ^^ar90« 


(48) 


POWER  EQUIPMENT. 


49 


In  each  of  8  states — California,  Illinois,  Michigan, 
Minnesota,  New  York,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wash- 
ington— the  increase  in  the  capacity  of  dynamos  ex- 
ceeded 50,000  kilowatts.  The  total  increase  in  these 
states  amounted  to  873,910,  or  58.4  per  cent  of  the 


total  gain  for  the  United  States.  In  3  states — Cali- 
fornia, Illinois,  and  New  York — the  dynamo  capacity 
increased  more  than  100,000  kilowatts  each,  the  total 
amounting  to  558,349  kilowatts,  or  37.3  per  cent  of 
the  total  gain  for  all  stations. 


Table  39.— CENTRAL     ELECTRIC     STATIONS— KILOWATT    CAPACITY    OF     DYNAMOS     IN     THE     STATES    WHICH 


INCREASED  THEIR  CAPACITY  OVER  20,000  KILOWATTS 

1907  AND  1902. 

J 

KILOWATT  CAPACITY. 

Total. 

Actual 
Increase. 

Per  cent 
of  increase. 

Per  cent 
distribution 
of  increase. 

Actual  in- 
crease in 

STATS. 

1907 

1902 

capacity  of 
alternating 
single-phase 

and  poly- 
phase current 
dynamos. 

Total  for  United  States 

2,709,225 

1,212,235 

1,496,990 

123.5 

100.0 

1  485,469 

2,238,059 

981,130 

1,256,929 

128.1 

84.0 

1,254,668 

238,480 
53,130 
39,363 
35,446 

209,226 

81,576 
30,307 
39,290 
36,223 

135,924 
101,714 
78,516 
68,467 

70,566 
482.031 
128,533 

32,687 

212,543 
51,271 

48.558 
66,308 

471, 166 

83,816 

21,808 

16,516 

7,620 

100,320 

38, 144 
8,596 
15,291 
13,207 

90,624 
44,176 
20,999 
32,100 

46,120 
187,252 
69,811 
11,165 

121,388 
13,390 
26,108 
13,679 

231,105 

154,664 
31,322 
23,847 
27,826 

108,906 

43, 432 
21,711 
23,999 
23,016 

45,300 
57,538 
57,517 
36,367 

24, 446 

294,779 

66,722 

21,422 

91,155 
37,881 
22,450 
52,629 

240,061 

184.5 
143.6 
153.7 
365.2 
108.6 

113.9 
252.6 
156.9 
174.3 

50.0 
130.2 
273.9 
113.3 

53.0 
157.4 

81.3 
191.9 

75.1 
282.9 

86.0 
384.7 

103.9 

10.3 
2.1 

1.6 

l.y 

7.3 

2.9 
1.5 
1.6 
1.5 

3.0 
3.8 
3.8 
2.4 

1.6 
19.7 
3.8 

1.4 

6.1 
2.5 
1.5 
3.5 

16.0 

161,830 

32,423 

21,221 

27,595 

Illinois                                 .             

115,873 

41,104 

18, 320 

Maine                        

22,158 

24,105 

53,993 

60,492 

Minnesota                                     

52.496 

Missouri - 

39,318 

20,316 

New  York                   

295,359 

Ohio                                                 

58,050 

19,325 

82,198 

38, 370 

Texas                                                      .                   

17,868 

Washington 

52,164 

230,901 

In  addition  to  the  dynamos,  the  number  and  capacity 
of  the  auxiliary  machines  used  in  connection  with  the 
distribution  of  the  electric  energy  were  reported,  and 
the  statistics  for  them  are  summarized  in  Table  40. 

Table  4:0. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Number  and  kilowatt  capacity  of  miscellaneous  main-station  equip- 
ment: 1907  and  1902 


Cen- 
sus. 

TOTAL. 

COMUERCIAL. 

MUNIOPAL. 

KIND   OF  EQUIPMENT. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watt ca- 
pacity. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watt ca- 
pacity. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watt ca- 
pacity. 

1907 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

•1907 

1,577 

180 
132 

'      127 
,      193 

'  9.751 
6,881 

592,708 

52,416 
47,608 

4,810 
13,361 

1,432 

175 
131 

106 
184 

9,256 
9,981 

587,421 

51,703 
47,508 

4,474 
13,230 

145 

5 

1 

21 
9 

496 
900 

5,287 

Rotaries          .      ... 

713 

100 
336 

Storage-battery  cells 

131 

Miscellaneous  2 

43,209 

42,256 

953 

'  Not  reported  as  main-station  equipment  In  1902. 

2  Includes  motor  generators,  motors,  regulators,  and  other  accessories.    Not  re- 
ported as  main-station  equipment  in  1902. 

The  transformers  in  the  main  station,  which  are 
chiefly  those  used  to  raise  the  voltage  generated  for 
purposes  of  transmission,  and  miscellaneous  machines 
were  not  called  for  in  1902  as  connected  with  the 
generating  plant;    hence  the  extent  of  their  use  at 


that  census  can  not  be  determined.  The  transformers 
probably  were  reliably  reported,  but  it  was  apparent 
from  an  examination  of  the  reports  that  there  was 
little  uniformity  among  the  electric  companies  in  re- 
porting their  miscellaneous  machines.  The  commer- 
cial stations,  which  reported  most  of  the  boosters,  show 
a  decided  decrease  in  these  machines  in  1907,  which 
is  in  harmony  with  the  later  dynamo  equipment  and 
more  recent  methods  followed  in  central-station 
management. 

The  substation  equipment,  as  reported  at  the  two 
censuses,  is  shown  in  Table  41. 

Table  41. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Number  and  kilowatt  capacity  of  substation  equipment,  by  kind: 
1907  and  1902. 


Cen- 
sus. 

TOTAL. 

COHHERCLAL. 

MUNICIPAL. 

KIND  OF  EQOTPMENT. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilowatt 
capacity. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilowatt 
capacity. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watt ca- 
pacity. 

Transformers 

1907 
1902 

1907    i 
1902    1 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902    1 

4,211 

1,800 

490 
169 

20,187 
8,388 

1,100,824 
312,848 

311,003 
81,  728 

4,047 
1,765 

490 
168 

20,187 
8,388 

1,090,261 
311,879 

311,003 
81,721 

164 
35 

10,663 
969 

Storage-battery  cells . 

1 

7 

Miscellaneous ' 

99,275 
15,997 

98, 117 
15,867 



1,158 
130 

•  Includes  motor  generators,  motors,  regulators,  and  other  accessories. 


50 


CENTEAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


It  is  evident  that  the  electric  service  performed  by 
the  municipal  stations  was  of  a  character  wliich  neces- 
sitated a  very  limited  use  of  substations.  Of  the  1,093 
substations  reported  for  all  central  stations,  only  57 
were  connected  with  municipal  stations,  and  practi- 
cally their  entire  equipment  was  confined  to  a  few 
step-down  transformers. 

OUTPUT   OF   STATIONS. 

The  product  of  central  electric  stations  is  electrical 
energy  or  current  and  the  operations  of  such  sta- 
tions are  measured  by  this  output  in  kilowatt  hours. 
Accordingly,  as  in  1902,  an  inquir}-  with  respect  to  the 
total  output  of  current  for  the  year  in  kilowatt  hours 
was  made  a  part  of  the  schedule.  With  many  establish- 
ments, the  output  is  a  matter  of  scientific  accounting, 
being  carefully  recorded  from  the  actual  watt-hour 
or  kilowatt-hour  readings  of  dynamo  meters.  Many 
other  establishments,  however,  particularly  the  smaller 
plants,  could  give  no  exact  data  in  reply  to  this  inquirj^, 
but  were  asked  to  make  careful  estimates.  There  is 
thus  a  considerable  element  of  estimate  in  the  figures, 
but  it  is  believed  that  it  is  not  sufficiently  large  to 
vitiate  or  to  impair  seriously  their  statistical  value. 


Table  42. — Central  electric  stations  and  electric  railways- 
of  generating  stations:  1907  and  1902. 

—Output 

KILOWATT  HOUKS. 

Per  cent 
of 

1907 

1902 

increase. 

Total 

10,621,406,837 

4,768,535,512 

122  7 

Central  stations 

5,862,276,737 
4,759,130,100 

2,507,051,115 
2,261,484,397 

133  8 

110.4 

There  were  10,621,406,837  kilowatt  hours  of  current 
generated  in  central  stations  and  electric-railway 
plants  in  1907  compared  with  4,768,535,512  in  1902, 
an  increase  of  122.7  per  cent.  Central  stations  i-e- 
ported  55.2  per  cent  of  the  total  output  in  1907  as 
compared  with  52.6  per  cent  in  1902. 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  the  total  kilowatt 
capacity  of  dynamos  with  the  annual  output  of  cur- 
rent. Confining  this  comparison  to  central  stations, 
the  total  kilowatt-hour  capacity  of  such  stations  in 
1907  was  reported  as  2,709,225,  and  the  annual  out- 
put was  5,862,276,737  kilowatt  hours.  Assuming  that 
the  stations  could  be  operated  continuously  twenty- 
four  hours  a  day  for  365  days,  or  one  year,  at  their 
maximum  capacity,  the  theoretical  annual  capacity 
would  be  23,732,811,000  kilowatt  hours;  the  actual 
output,  however,  was  only  24.7  per  cent,  or  less  than 
one-fourth,  of  this  amount.  The  corresponding  per- 
centage at  the  census  of  1902  was  23.6.  As  illustrating 
the  same  point,  a  division  of  the  kilowatt  capacity  of 
the  dynamos  into  the  output  for  the  year  gives, 
theoretically,  the  number  of  hours  of  operation  of  the 
generators  on  the  basis  of  their  maximum  capacity. 


The  figures,  thus  derived,  2,164  for  1907  and  2,068 
for  1902,  when  compared  with  the  total  number  of 
hours  in  a  year  of  365  days,  8,760,  sloow  in  another 
way  the  difference  between  the  theoretical  maximum 
capacity  and  the  actual  conditions  as  reported. 
There  are,  however,  several  circumstances  which 
lessen  the  value  of  such  comparisons.  The  indicated 
capacity  of  a  dynamo  is  the  theoretical  maximum 
capacity  or  greatest  load  at  which  it  can  be  operated. 
It  is  mechanically  impossible,  of  course,  to  operate 
dynamos  or  other  machinery  at  maximum  capacity 
for  any  length  of  time,  and  the  necessity  for  repairs 
frequently  puts  the  generating  machinery  wholly  out 
of  commission.  Many  central  stations,  especially 
those  of  large  capacity,  have  installed  duplicate 
machines  to  provide  against  accident,  and  thus 
throughout  the  year  a  considerable  part  of  their 
equipment  is  idle.  Again,  to  render  satisfactory 
service  to  the  consumers,  a  station  should  be  equipped 
to  transmit  sufficient  current  to  satisfy  the  largest 
possible  demand.  Therefore  as  the  consumption 
varies  from  the  peak  of  the  load  capacity  to  a  small 
fraction  of  it  the  speed  of  the  dynamos  is  moderated, 
or  some  of  them  are  stopped  altogether,  in  accordance 
with  the  requirements.  A  large  proportion  of  the 
smaller  plants  operate  onlj'  during  the  hours  of  dark- 
ness, and  many  during  the  few  hours  from  sunset  to 
midnight.  These  and  other  factors,  therefore,  com- 
bine to  explain  the  difference,  previously  noted, 
between  the  actual  output  of  the  central-station 
dynamos  and  the  output  which  they  are  theoretically 
capable  of  generating. 

The  income  received  during  the  year  1907  by 
central  stations  from  the  sale  of  current  amounted  to 
$169,614,691  ;  the  total  output  of  stations  was 
5,862,276,737  kilowatt  hours;  the  average  earnings 
per  kilowatt  hour  therefore  appear  to  have  been 
about  2^  cents,  compared  with  3/;^  cents  in  1902. 
Improved  methods  of  transmission  in  1907  over  1902, 
resulting  in  a  decreased  loss  of  current,  the  large 
increase  in  the  average  capacity  of  the  generating 
units,  and  economies  in  other  directions,  have  no 
doubt  reduced  the  cost  of  production  and  thus  make 
possible  the  delivery  of  current  at  a  lower  figure. 

A  comparison  of  the  output  of  commercial  and 
municipal  stations  reveals  the  comparative  unim- 
portance of  the  latter  in  that  respect. 

Table  43. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Output  of  generating  stations:  1907  and  190S. 


KILOWATT  HOURS. 

Per  cent 

of 
Increase. 

1907 

1902 

Total 

5,862,276,737 

2,607,051,115 

133.8 

Commercial 

5,572,813,949 
289,462,788 

2,311,146,676 
195,904,439 

141.1 

47.8 

POWER  EQUIPMENT. 


51 


From  1902  to  1907  the  output  of  municipal  stations 
increased  only  47.8  per  cent,  while  the  output  of  com- 
mercial stations  increased  141.1  per  cent.  The  greater 
importance  of  commercial  stations  is  still  further 
shown  in  the  fact  that  the  percentage  which  their  out- 
put formed  of  the  total  for  all  central  stations  increased 
from  92.2  in  1902  to  95.1  in  1907,  while  as  a  necessary 
sequence  the  proportion  of  municipal  stations  dropped 
from  7.8  per  cent  to  4.9  per  cent. 

The  increase  in  output  of  electric  current  is  an 
accurate  measure  of  the  increase  in  importance  of 
the  central  stations  in  other  particulars — investment, 
equipment,  etc.  The  accompanying  diagram  shows 
the  output  for  each  geographic  division  for  1907  and 
1902. 

DiAOR.wi  7. — Central  electric  stations — Output,  by  geographic  divi- 
sions: 1907  and  1902. 

niuifiiniU  HUNDREDS  Of  MILLIONS 


NORTH  ATLANTIC 


NORTH  CENTRAL 


SOUTH  ATLANTIC 


SOUTH  CENTRAl. 


show  the  largest  percentages  of  increase  are  Nevada, 
Washington,  Oklahoma,  Georgia,  Oregon,  Kansas,  and 
California,  in  the  order  given,  each  witli  an  increase 
exceeding  300  per  cent.  The  smallest  increase  in 
both  amount  and  per  cent  was  for  Iowa. 

Table  44. — Central  electric  stations — Output  of  generating  stations, 
by  states  and  territories,  with  per  cent  of  increase  and  per  cent  dis- 
tribution of  total  increase:  1907  and  1903. 


The  following  table  illustrates  the  differences  which 
mark  the  rate  of  development  of  the  use  of  electric 
current  for  light  and  power  in  the  several  states.  The 
output  in  every  state  shows  an  increase  in  1907  over 
1902.  The  largest  actual  increase  is  shown  for  New 
York,  with  California,  Illinois,  Washington,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Michigan,  and  Montana  following  in  the  order 
named,  each  with  an  increase  of  more  than  100,000,000 
kilowatt  hours.     On  the  other  hand  the  states  which 


•       OUTPUT  OF  STATIONS  (KILOWATT  HOURS). 

STATE  OR  TERRITORY. 

1907 

190-2 

Actual  in- 
crease. 

Per 

cent 
of  in- 
crease. 

Per 
cent 
distri- 
bution 
of  in- 
crease. 

United  states... 

5,862,276,737 

2,507,051,116 

3,355,225,022 

133.8 

100.0 

Alabama. 

30,840,764 
9,392,302 

11,519,310 
661,606,309 
123,275,212 

67,406,232 

30,543,522 
11,766,994 
59,311,202 
9.577,588 

467,667,328 

130,2(:3,093 
37,729,072 
59, 740, 179 
37,232,623 
26,421,316 
66,136,661 
47,868,676 

219,425,607 

208,154,199 
87, 579, 431 
15,704,624 

147,328,446 

137,379,261 
31,958,739 
29,021,730 
55,258,921 

140,527,522 

4,614,349 

1,452,222,471 

13,171,681 

8,229,765 

217,311,924 
24,986,903 
92,807,992 

416,554,167 
35,651,323 
08,696,424 
13,615,015 
34,847,966 
75,829,108 
61,672,661 
29,923,333 
10,208,360 

257,786,236 

24,871,317 

52,546,210 

6,499,084 

11,616,707 
3,662,045 
9,965,997 
152,728,042 
60,177,084 
26,738,121 

17,871,872 

8,006,078 

9,911,243 

5,018,149 

161,543,646 

75,686,493 

36,506,425 

13,326,518 

27,835,614 

17,474,261 

21,987,700 

22, 128, 125 

125,813,392 

80,564,630 

40,258,632 

9,825,926 

57, 450, 731 

36,435,766 

12,315,776 

1,508,910 

27,377,793 

78,739,456 

2,637,810 

701,769,716 

8,351,346 

6,850,115 

127,437,383 

3,825,763 

17,531,660 

241,094,328 

23,430,435 

18,426,763 

4,266,007 

24,472,632 

48,888,460 

32,457,003 

22,374,060 

0,879,243 

19,722,262 

11,355,905 

29,960,758 

3,883,285 

19,230,057 

5,730,267 

1,553,319 

508,878,207 

63,098,128 

40,668,111 

12,671,650 

3,699,916 
49.399,959 

4,559,439 

306.113,682 

54,678,200 

1,222,647 
46,413,061 

9,397,009 

8,947,055 
44,148,951 
26, 740, 650 
93,012,215 
127,589,669 
47,320,799 

5,878,098 
89,877,715 
100,943,495 
19,642,904 
28,112,820 
27,881,128 
61,788,066 

1,976,539 
760,452,755 

4,820,335 

2,379,650 
89,874,541 
21,160,140 
75,276,332 
175,459,839 
12,214,888 
60,209,061 

9,359,008 
10,376,324 
20,940,058 
29,216,598 

7,549,273 

3,329,117 

238,062,974 

13,515,412 

22,579,462 

1,615,799 

165.5 
156.5 
16.6 
333.2 
104.9 
152.1 

70.9 

46.9 

498.4 

90.9 

189.5 

72.3 

3.3 

348.3 

33.8 

61.2 

200.8 

110.3 

74.4 

158.4 

117.5 

59.8 

156.4 

277.0 

169.5 

1,863.1 

101.8 

78.5 

74.9 

106.9 

57.7 

40.7 

70.5 

553.1 

429.4 

72.8 

62.1 

272.8 

219.9 

42.4 

55.1 

90.0 

33.7 

48.4 

1,207.1 

119.0 

76.3 

41.6 

0.0 

.Vrizona.              

0.2 

.\rkansas 

Calitornia 

(■) 
15.2 

Colorado 

1.9 

1.2 

Delaware  and  District 

of  Columbia 

Florida                

0.4 
0.1 

1.5 

0.1 

Illinois          

9.1 

1.6 

Iowa 

(') 
1.4 

0.3 

0.3 

Maine               

1.3 

Maryland ^ 

Massachusetts 

0.8 
2.8 
3.8 

1.4 

0.2 

Missouri               

2.7 

3.0 

Nebraska             

0.6 

0.8 

New  Hampshire 

0.8 
1.8 

New  Mexico          

0.1 

22.4 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

0.1 
0.1 
2.7 
0.6 

Oregon 

2.2 

Pennsylvania 

5.2 

0.4 

Sout  h  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

1.5 
0.3 
0  3 

Texas 

0  8 

Utah  . 

0  9 

Virginia 

0.1 

Wasliington 

7  1 

West  Virginia 

Wyoming. 

(') 

1  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


CHAPTEE  IT. 
LINE  EQUIPMENT. 


Central  stations  and  electric  railways. — The  prevalence 
of  the  lighting  and  general  motor  service  among  the 
electric-railway  companies  makes  it  necessary  to  com- 
bine their  equipment  with  that  of  the  central  stations 


in  order  to  show  the  total  number  of  lamps,  meters, 
transformers,  and  stationary  motors  wired  for  service. 
Such  totals  are  given  in  Table  45. 


Table  46.— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS  AND  ELECTRIC  RAILWAYS— LAMPS,  METERS,  TRANSFORMERS  IN  CIR- 
CUITS, AND  STATIONARY  MOTORS:  1907  AND  1902. 


Arc  lamps 

PubUe 

Commercial 

Incandescent  lamps 

Public 

Commercial .   . 

Other  varieties  of  lamps — Nemst,  vaciiam,  vapor,  etc 

Public 

Commercial 

Lamps  used  by  the  central  stations  to  light  their  own  electric 

properties 

Meters  on  consumption  circuits 

Transformers  in  circuits  for  customers: 

Number 

Kilowatt  capacity 

Stationary  motors: ' 

Number 

Horsepower 


1907 


1902 


635,815 
318,819 
316,996 

45,991,836 

866,851 

45,124,985 

190,979 

6,090 

184,889 


1,107,116 
1,897,803 


299,489 
2,058,567 


187,652 
1,807,949 


419,561 
229,403 
190,158 

19,636,729 

474, 686 

19,162,043 

A 


) 


(') 
639,290 


207,370 
687, 121 


111,113 
473,693 


CENTRAL  STATIONS. 


1907 


555,713 
289,391 
266,322 


1902 


385,698 
211,725 
173,973 


41,445,997     18,194,044 

808.693  '        455,660 

40.637,304  i  17,738,384 


ELECTEIC  RAILWAYS. 


1907 


1902 


I 


162,338 

5,716 

156,622 


275,079 
1,683,917 

299.489 
2,058,567 


167, 184 
1,649,026 


I 


(') 

(' 


582,689 


207,370 
687, 121 


101,064 
438,005 


80,102 
29,428 
60,674 

4,545,839 

58, 158 

4,487,681 

28,641 

374 

28,267 


832,037 
213,886 


20,468 
158,923 


33,863 

17,678 
16,185 

1,442,685 

19,026 

1,423,659 


56,601 


10,049 
35,688 


FEB  CENT  or  INCREASE. 


Total. 


51.5 
39.0 

66.7 

134.2 
82.6 
135.5 


44.4 
199.6 


Central 
stations. 


44.1 
36.7 
53.1 

127.8 
77.5 
129.1 


44.4 
199.6 


65.4 
276.5 


Electric 
railways. 


136.5 
66.5 
213.1 

21S.1 
205.7 
215.2 


277.9 


103.7 
345.3 


'  Not  reported  separately.         =  Not  called  for  in  schedule  for  electric  railways.         »  Some  fan  motors  were  included  in  1902,  but  such  motors  were  omitted  in  1907. 


The  apparatus  represented  by  the  statistics  in  this 
table  is  characteristic  of  central-station  work,  and 
although  a  considerable  proportion  is  connected  with 
railway  plants,  it  all  belongs  to  the  same  department 
of  industry.  For  the  two  branches  of  service  together 
an  aggregate  of  47,925,746  lamps  is  shown  for  1907  as 
compared  with  20,056,290  for  1902,  the  increase 
amounting  to  27,869,456,  or  139  per  cent.  Of  the 
total  number  of  lamps,  the  central  stations  reported 
88.6  per  cent  in  1907  and  92.6  per  cent  in  1902,  and  the 
electric  railways,  11.4  per  cent  in  1907  and  7.4  per  cent 
in  1902.  In  1902  the  railways  reported  8.1  per  cent  of 
the  arc  lamps  and  7.3  per  cent  of  the  incandescent 
lamps;  at  the  census  of  1907  these  proportions  had 
increased  to  12.6  and  9.9  per  cent,  respectively. 

Large  increases  are  shown  for  all  of  the  items  of 
equipment,  and  in  every  instance  the  percentage  of 
increase  was  much  larger  for  the  electric-railway  plants 
than  for  the  central  stations.  Several  causes  con- 
tribute to  this  condition,  among  which  may  be  men- 
tioned the  method  of  preparing  the  reports  when  a 
central  station  and  electric -railway  plant  are  united 
and  keep  only  one  system  of  accounts.  The  tendency 
toward  such  combination  in  the  interest  of  economy 
has  been  very  general,  and  when  separate   reports 

(52) 


for  the  two  branches  could  not  be  furnished,  the 
combined  industry  was  returned  as  an  electric  railway 
rather  than  as  a  central  station,  irrespective  of  the 
relative  importance  of  the  two  branches. 

The  electric-railway  branch  of  the  characteristic 
central-station  industry  is,  however,  of  very  minor 
importance,  comparatively,  and  the  large  percentages 
of  increase  in  its  apparatus  have  little  effect  on  the 
increases  shown  for  the  total  apparatus  used  in  furnish- 
ing electric  light  and  power. 

CENTRAL    STATIONS. 

Lamps,  meters,  transformers,  and  stationary  motors. — 
The  lamps  used  for  lighting  streets,  parks,  public 
buildings,  and  all  other  public  places  for  the  illumina- 
tion of  which  the  municipality  or  other  local  govern- 
ment was  responsible,  were  considered  as  devoted  to 
the  "public  service,"  and  were  reported  separately 
from  those  used  in  general  "comnaercial  service"  in 
lighting  residences,  places  of  business,  etc.,  for  which 
individuals  or  private  enterprises  were  responsible. 
The  number  of  lamps  for  these  two  branches  of  service 
are  shown  in  Table  46,  which  presents  also  data  con- 
cerning the  meters,  transformers,  and  motors. 


LINE  EQUIPMENT. 


53 


Table  46.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— LAMPS,  METERS,  TRANSFORMERS  IN 

CIRCUITS,  AND  STATIONARY  MOTORS:  1907  AND  1902. 


Arc  lamps 

Public 

Commercial . 


1907 


Incandescent  lamps. 

I'ublic 

Commercial 


Other  varieties  of  lamps— Nernst,  vacuum,  vapor,  etc. 

I'ublic 

Commercial 


Lamps  used  by  tiie  central  stations  to  light  their  own  electric 

properties 

Arc 

Incandescent 

.Ml  other  lamps 


655,713 
289,391 
266,322 

41,445,997 

808,693 

40,637,304 

162,338 

5,716 

156,622 


275,079 
7,082 

266,242 
1,755 


1902 


Meters  on  consumption  circuits !    1, 683, 917 

Transformers  in  circuits  for  customers: 

Number 299, 489 

Kilowatt  capacity 2,058, 567 

Stationary  motors:  2 

Number 

Horsepower 


167, 184 
1,649,026 


385,698 
211,725 
173,973 

18,194,044 

455,660 

17,738,384 

(') 
(') 
(') 


(') 

582,689 


207,370 
687, 121 


101,064 
438,005 


COHHERaAL. 


utnnciPAL. 


1907 


1902 


1907 


472,773 
216,309 
256,464 

37,393,549 

638,456 

36,755,093 

153,468 

4,584 

148,884 


245,905 
6,487 

237, 729 
1,689 

1,468,763 


255,337 
1,897,170 


162, 677 
1,617,337 


334,903 
166,723 
168,180 

16,616,593 

372, 740 

16, 243, 853 

(■) 


(>) 


179,300 
612,442 


99,102 
434,681 


82,940 
73,082 
9,858 

4,052,448 

170,237 

3,882,211 

8,870 
1,132 
7,738 


29,174 

595 

28,513 

66 

215, 154 


44,152 
161,397 


4,507 
31,689 


50,795 
45,002 
5,793 

1,577,451 

82,920 

1,494,531 

(') 


56,678 


28,070 
74,679 


PER  CENT  or  INCREASE. 


1,962 
3,324 


Total. 


44.1 

36.7 
53.1 

127.8 
77.5 
129.1 


44.4 
199.6 


65.4 
276.5 


Commer- 
cial. 


41.2 
29.7 
52.5 

125.0 
71.3 
126.3 


42.4 
209.8 


64.2 
272.1 


Munici- 
pal. 


63.3 

62.4 
70.2 

156.9 
105.3 
159.8 


279.6 


57.3 
116.1 


129.7 
853.3 


'  Not  reported  separately. 


'  Some  fan  motors  were  included  in  1902,  but  such  motors  were  omitted  in  1907. 


Although  every  item  of  equipment  specified  in  the 
table  shows  a  large  increase  in  1907  as  compared  with 
1902,  the  most  notable  increases  and  those  indicating 
most  nearly  the  progress  in  the  industry  are  those  for 
incandescent  lamps,  stationary  motors,  meters  on  con- 
sumption circuits,  and  transformers  in  circuits  for  cus- 
tomers. The  number  of  incandescent  lamps  is  neces- 
sarily, to  some  extent,  an  estimate.  Accepting  these 
estimates,  there  were  42,439,127  lamps  of  all  varieties 


connected  with  the  central  stations  at  the  close  of 
1907  and  18,579,742  at  the  close  of  1902,  the  increase 
for  the  five  years  amounting  to  2.3,859,385  lamps,  or 
128.4  per  cent.  While  this  increase  in  the  aggregate 
number  of  lamps  indicates  the  development,  a  clearer 
understanding  of  the  conditions  will  be  obtained  by 
an  analysis  of  the  statistics  for  the  different  varieties. 
Arc  lamps. — The  statistics  for  the  arc  lamps  are 
shown  in  Table  47. 


Table  47.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— ARC  LAMPS,  BY  KINDS:  1907  AND  1902, 


TOTAL. 

COMMERCUL. 

UX7NICIFAL. 

PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

KIND. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total. 

Commer- 
cial. 

Munici- 
pal. 

Total 

1555,713 

385,698 

472,773 

334,903 

82,940 

50,795 

44.1 

41.2 

63.3 

Open  arcs * 

78,886 

181,672 

60,456 

149, 704 

18,430 

31,968 

«56.6 

'59.6 

242  3 

Public 

66,879 

64,416 

2,463 

12,007 
10,050 
1,957 

476,827 

138,684 

134,054 

4,630 

42, 988 

39,255 

3,733 

204,026 

48, 875 

47,207 

1,668 

11,581 
9,6% 
1,885 

412,317 

108,082 

105,401 

2,681 

41,622 
37,991 
3,631 

185,199 

18,004 

17,209 

795 

426 

354 

72 

64,510 

30,602 

28,653 

1,949 

1,366 

1,264 

102 

18,827 

»51.8 
«51.9 
'46.8 

'72.1 
'74.4 
'47.6 

133.7 

'54.8 
'55.2 
'37.8 

'72.2 
'74.5 
'48.1 

122.6 

'41  2 

Commercial 

'68  8 

Direct-t^urrent  ... 

'72  0 

242  6 

Public 

222,512 
68,600 
154,012 

254,315 
126,251 
128,064 

73,041 
29,608 
43,433 

130,985 
67,180 
63,805 

167, 434 
54,066 
113,368 

244,883 
125,150 
119,733 

58,641 
23,006 
35,635 

126,558 
66,104 
00,454 

55,078 
14,434 
40,644 

9,432 
1,101 
8,331 

14,400 
6,602 
7,798 

4,427 
1,076 
3,351 

204,0 
131.4 
264.6 

94.2 
87.9 
100.7 

185.5 
135,0 
218.1 

93.5 
89.3 
98.1 

Direct-current 

118  6 

421.2 

Commercial 

113  1 

Alternating-current 

148  6 

'  Exclusive  of  7,082  lamps  used  by  the  central  stations  to  light  their  own  electric  properties. 


'  Decrease. 


Notwithstanding  a  considerable  increase  in  the  total 
number  of  arc  lamps — 170,015,  or  44.1  per  cent — the 
gain  has  been  at  a  slower  rate  than  that  for  incandes- 
cent lamps.  At  the  census  of  1902  the  arc  lamp  had 
reached  a  higher  degree  of  development  than  the  incan- 
descent lamp,  since  in  the  early  stages  of  the  industry 


the  demand  for  electricity  was  to  a  considerable  extent 
influenced  by  its  utility  for  street  lighting,  a  branch  of 
service  which  was  at  first  confined  to  arc  lamps.  Now, 
however,  the  incandescent  lamp  has  largely  superseded 
the  arc  lamp  for  street  and  other  lighting  purposes, 
since  it  has  been  found  that  better  service  is  secured 


54 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


by  the  distribution  of  a  larger  number  of  compara- 
tively small  lamps  than  by  the  use  of  a  few  lamps  of 
large  candlepower.  In  fact,  the  relatively  small  gain 
in  arc  lamps  may  be  accounted  for  by  the  much 
greater  general  usefulness  of  the  incandescent  lamp. 
The  percentage  of  increase  in  the  number  of  arc  lamps 
was  somewhat  larger  for  the  municipal  than  for  the 
commercial  stations.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  the  total 
number  of  these  lamps  in  municipal  stations  formed 
less  than  one-seventh  of  the  total  number  in  both 
branches  of  the  service  in  1902,  and  but  little  more 
than  one-seventh  in  1907,  the  percentage  of  gain  is  not 
of  so  much  real  significance.  In  this  connection  it 
may  be  of  interest  to  note  that,  although  at  both 
censuses  the  municipal  stations  had  a  larger  propor- 
tion of  the  total  number  of  arc  lamps  than  of  the  total 
number  of  incandescent  lamps,  the  percentages  being 
14.9  for  the  former  class  and  9.8  for  the  latter  in  1907, 
and  13.2  and  8.7  for  the  two  classes,  respectively,  in 
1902,  the  gains  in  the  percentages  were  remarkably 
close,  being  1.7  for  the  arc  lamps  and  1.1  for  the  incan- 
de^ent  lamps. 

Since  the  census  of  1902  the  change  then  going  on 
from  the  open  arc  to  the  inclosed  has  continued  on  a 
large  scale.  At  that  census  the  open-arc  lamps  which 
were  of  very  limited  length  of  continuous  .burning 
represented   47.1    per  cent  of   the   total   number  of 


arcs,  but  in  1907  the  proportion  had  declined  to  14.2 
per  cent.  There  was  an  actual  decrease  in  the  number 
of  open-arc  lamps  of  102,786,  or  56.6  per  cent,  and  an 
increase  in  the  number  of  inclosed-arc  lamps  of  272,801, 
or  133.7  per  cent.  These  figures  show  conclusively  that 
not  only  is  the  inclosed  arc  demanded  in  new  work,  but 
that  the  old  equipment  of  open  arcs  has  largely  been 
replaced  by  the  inclosed  lamp.  In  1902  of  the  open 
arcs  reported  82.4  per  cent  were  in  commercial  sta- 
tions and  17.6  per  cent  in  municipal  stations,  while  the 
corresponding  proportions  for  1907  were  76  6  per  cent 
and  23.4  per  cent,  respectively.  The  following  tabular 
statement  shows  the  per  cent  distribution,  by  kind,  of 
arc  lamps,  for  commercial  and  municipal  stations,  for 
the  years  1907  and  1902: 

Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — Per  cent  distribu- 
tion of  arc  lamps,  by  kind:  1907  and  1902. 


KIND. 

TOTAL. 

COMMERCIAL. 

MUNICIPAL. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total 

•  100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0         100.0 

Open 

14.2 
85.8 

47.1 
52.9 

12.8  ;      44.7 
87  2         «i^  9 

22.2          62.9 
77  8  !        17  1 

Inclosed 

■ 

The  change  from  open  to  inclosed  arc  lamps  has  been 
accompanied  by  a  decided  change  in  the  kind  of  current 
used  in  operating  them. 


Table  48. 


-COMMERCIAL  AND    MUNICIPAL   C^t'i^RAL   ELECTRIC   STATIONS— ARC  LAMPS,  BY  KIND  OF  CURRENT 

USED:   1907   AND   1902. 


TOTAL. 

1 

COMMERCIAL. 

MtraiciPAL. 

PEE  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

KIND. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total. 

Commer- 
cial. 

Municipal. 

Total 

1555,713 

385,698 

472,773 

334,903 

83,940 

50,795 

44.1 

41.2 

63.3 

269,217 
286,496 

270,097 
115,601 

236,119 
236,654 

232,502 
102,401 

33,098 
49,842 

37,595 
13,200 

20.3 
147.8 

1.6              212.0 

Alternating  current 

'  Exclusive  of  7,082  lamps  used  by  central  stations  to  liglit  tlieir  own  properties. 


'  Decrease. 


Of  the  total  number  of  arc  lamps  in  1902,  seven- 
tenths  were  direct-current,  but  in  1907  the  correspond- 
ing proportion  was  less  than  one-half.  The  increase 
of  170,0l5  arc  lamps  between  1902  and  1907  is  due 
wholly  to  the  gain  in  the  alternating-current  lamps, 
since  there  was  an  actual  loss  of  880  in  the  number 
of  those  operated  by  direct  current.  The  change  in 
the  character  of  current  used  has  taken  place  some- 
what more  rapidly  in  municipal  than  in  commercial 
stations. 

Table  49. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Per  cent  distribution  of  arc  lamps,  by  kind  of  current  used:  1907 
and  1902. 


KIND. 

TOTAL. 

COMMERCLAL. 

MUNICIPAL. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

48.4 
51.6 

70.0 
30.0 

49.9 
50.1 

69.4 
30.6 

39. 9           74. 0 
60  1            oti  n 

Alternating  current 

Incandescent  lamps. — The  incandescent  lamps  have 
become  an  important  adjunct  to  business,  and  in  some 
of  its  uses  may  be  rightfully  classed  as  necessary  to 
comfort,  although  in  other  cases  its  use  is  a  luxury. 
Spectacular  and  beautiful  effects  are  produced  with 
incandescent  lamps  in  outdoor  and  indoor  illumi- 
nation, while  electric  signs  in  motion  effects  and  in 
colors,  and  window  and  store  decorations  of  great  bril- 
liancy are  now  common  in  all  large  centers.  These 
features  have  become  so  important  in  central-station 
work  that  a  special  department  devoted  to  this  branch 
of  the  service  is  considered  necessary  by  many  of  the 
larger  companies.  The  developments  along  the  lines 
of  incandescent  lighting  have  been  wonderful  and  the 
possibilities  seem  almost  limitless. 

Various  kinds  of  lamps  which  in  1902  were  in  a 
semiexperimental  stage  have  since  become  of  demon- 
strated merit,  while  new  ones  are  continually  being 
invented.  In  fact,  so  numerous  and  so  desirable  were 
many  of  these  lamps  that  at  the  census  of  1907  it  was 


LINE  EQUIPMENT. 


55 


decided  to  add  an  inquiry  calling  for  the  number  of 
such  lamps,  and,  although  it  is  probable  that  some 
lamps  of  these  classes  were  erroneously  reported  as 
incandescent  lamps,  162,338  lamps  of  the  special  va- 
rieties were  reported  separately  by  the  various  central 


stations.  In  1902  these  types  of  lamps  were  probably 
included  in  the  total  number  of  incandescent  lamps 
reported,  and  consequently  their  actual  increase  as 
given  in  Table  50  is  less  than  it  should  be. 


Tabll  50.— commercial  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— INCANDESCENT  LAMPS,  BY  CANDLE- 
POWER,  AND  OTHER  VARIETIES  OF  LAMPS:  1907  AND  1902. 


COUMESaAL. 


Incandescent  lamps 

Sixteen-candlepower 

Thirty-two-can(iiepo\ver. 
All  other  candlepower. , . 


Other  varieties  of  lamps — Xernst,  vacuum,  vapor,  etc  . 


141,445,997 

35,640,612 

1,408,610 

4,396,775 

2  162,338 


190-2 


1902 


1902 


PES  CENT  OP  INCEEASE. 


18,194,044 
15,557,843 

574,667 
2,061,534 

(') 


37,393,549 

32,153,240 

1,242,415 

3,997,894 

153,468 


16,616,593 

14,126,123 

531,309 

1,959,161 

(') 


4,052,448 

3,487,372 

166, 195 

398,881 

8,870 


1,577,461 

1,431,720 

43,358 

102,373 

(') 


Total. 

Commer- 
cial. 

MunicI-- 
pal. 

127.8 
129.1 
145.1 
113.3 

125.0 
127.6 
.133.8 
104.1 

156.9 
143.6 
283.3 
289.6 

1  Exclusive  of  266,242  lamps  used  by  the  central  stations  to  light  their  own  electric  properties. 
■  Exclusive  of  1,755  lamps  used  liy  the  central  stations  to  light  their  own  electric  properties. 

2  Not  reported  separately. 


The  total  number  of  incandescent  lamps  more  than 
doubled  between  the  censuses  of  1902  and  1907,  the 
increase  being  23,251,953  lamps,  or  127.8  per  cent. 
Although  this  increase  was  mostly  in  IG-candlepower 
lamps,  it  also  represents  lamps  varying  from  street 
lamps  and  those  of  32  candlepower  to  the  very  small 
sign  lamps.  The  increase  is  exclusive  of  162,338 
lamps  of  "other  varieties,"  chiefly  Nernst,  and  of 
266,242  lamps  used  by  the  central  stations  to  light 
their  own  properties. 

The  schedules  used  at  both  censuses  were  prepared 
in  such  a  way  that  the  number  of  incandescent  lamps 
should  be  reported  as  of  the  following  three  classes: 
16  candlepower,  32  candlepower,  and  all  other  candle- 
power.  The  wording  of  the  inquiry  was  such  as  to 
ascertain  the  number  of  these  lamps  wired  for  service 
on  December  31,  or  the  last  day  of  the  period  covered 
by  the  report,  and  not  the  actual  number  in  use  at 
different  times  during  the  year. 

The  continually  decreasing  practice  of  renting  incan- 
descent lamps  for  general  commercial  uses  on  a  flat- 
rate  basis  and,  as  a  consequence,  the  increasing  use  of 
meters  to  measure  the  amount  of  current  consumed, 
rentier  it  no  longer  necessary  in  the  majority  of  cases 
for  the  central  stations  to  know  the  number  of  lamps 
wired  for  service  or  of  machines  in  use,  and  although 
some  companies  reported  the  number  of  incandescent 
lamps,  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  the 
schedule,  many  of  the  large  companies  claimed  to  have 
such  limited  knowledge  of  the  number  of  these  lamps 
wired  for  service  that  they  were  reluctant,  and  in 
some  instances  declined,  to  give  even  an  estimate  of 
the  several  varieties,  but  confined  their  answers  to 
the  inquiry  to  an  estimate  of  the  total  number  of 
incandescent  lamps  on  a  16-candlepower  basis.  In 
view  of  these  conditions,  the  results  should  be  accepted 
only  as  an  approximation  of  the  total  number  of 
incandescent  lamps  wired  for  service  and  also  of  the 


classes  by  candlepower.  The  actual  number  of  arc 
lamps  was  reporteil  by  practically  all  companies. 

In  1907,  3,136  companies  reported  lamps  of  32 
candlepower.  There  were  956  companies  that  reported 
none  of  this  size,  either  because  they  actually  had 
none  of  this  size  or  because  they  prepared  their  sched- 
ule for  the  estimated  number  of  incandescent  lamps 
on  a  16-candlepower  basis.  The  remaining  504  sta- 
tions that  had  incandescent  lamps  wired  for  service, 
so  far  as  their  equipment  in  that  respect  is  concerned, 
reported  16's  and  "other  varieties"  or  oidy  "other 
varieties."  The  956  central  stations  which  reported 
no  lamps  of  32  candlepower  reported  a  total  of 
13,407,883  lamps  of  16  candlepower,  or  nearly  one- 
third  of  the  incandescent  lamps  reported  by  all  sta- 
tions. In  this  connection,  however,  it  should  not  be 
forgotten  that  many  of  the  companies  which  reported 
lamps  of  32  candlepower  stated  that  the  number  was 
estimated. 

An  attempt  was  made  by  correspondence  on  the 
subject  with  a  number  of  central  stations  to  obtain 
the  proper  ratio  by  which  to  reduce  the  total  number 
of  incandescent  lamps  shown  in  Table  50  to  lamps  of 
a  uniform  16  candlepower.  Applying  the  same  ratio 
of  reduction  to  the  total  number  of  lamps  of  all  other 
varieties,  it  was  found  that  the  total  lamps  in  question 
were  equivalent  to  40,656,220  incandescent  lamps  of 
16  candlepower  in  1907,  and  to  17,737,944  in  1902,  an 
increase  of  22,918,276,  or  129.2  per  cent.  The  differ- 
ence of  increase,  as  shown  in  Table  50  and  as  estimated 
on  a  basis  of  16  candlepower,  is  smaller  than  might 
be  expected,  333,677,  or  but  little  more  than  1  per 
cent. 

More  than  nine-tenths  of  the  incandescent  lamps 
were  reported  at  each  of  the  two  censuses  by  the  com- 
mercial stations,  the  actual  proportions  contributed 
by  the  municipal  stations  being  9.8  per  cent  in  1907 
and  8.7  per  cent  in  1902. 


56 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


The  following  statement  shows  the  number  of  cen- 
tral stations,  classified  according  to  the  kind  of  lamps 
wired  for  service,  December  31,  1907: 

Central  electric  stations — Number,  by  lamp  equipment:  1907. 

Total  number  of  stations 4, 714 

With  incandescent  lamps 4, 596 

Witli  lamps  of  32  candlepower 3, 136 

With  lamps  of  16  candlepower  only » 956 

Without  incandescent  lamps 118 

With  arc  lamps 3,700 

Without  arc  lamps 1,014 

Without  either  Incandescent  or  arc  lamps 68 

'These  956  stations  reported  nearly  one-third  of  the  total  number  of  incandescent 
lamps,  and  most  of  them  reported  only  an  estimate  of  the  number  of  lamps  on  a 
16-candlepower  basis,  because  it  was  impracticable  to  answer  the  inquiries  on  the 
schedule  In  detail. 

The  increase  in  the  use  of  electric  light  and  the  im- 
portance of  the  industry  may  perhaps  be  illustrated 
most  satisfactorily  by  comparing  the  number  of  lamps 
with  the  population.  Such  a  comparison  is  made  in 
Table  51  for  the  8  states  that  contained  the  largest 
number  of  incandescent  lamps  in  1907  and  1902. 

The  striking  features  of  this  table  are  the  concen- 
tration in  a  comparatively  few  states  of  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  electric  lamps,  and  the  great  increase 
in  the  average  number  of  lamps  per  1,000  population. 
The  8  states  here  shown  contained  nearly  two-thirds 
of  the  total  number  of  both  arc  and  incandescent 
lamps,  the  proportions  for  the  two  classes  being  prac- 
tically the  same,  but  represented  a  considerably 
smaller  proportion  of  the  total  population,  wliich  fact 
merely  illustrates  the  larger  general  use  of  the  electric 
Ught  in  the  thickly  settled  communities.      Of  the  8 


states,  Missouri  shows  the  lowest  and  California  the 
highest  average  number  of  lamps  per  1,000  popula- 
tion. The  population  of  Missouri  is  more  than  twice 
as  great  as  that  of  California,  but  it  is  evident  that 
the  electrical  development  there  has  not  reached  the 
importance  that  it  has  in  California.  Both  states 
contain  a  considerable  proportion  of  rural  popula- 
tion, which  has  been  supplied  with  electricity  more 
generally  in  California  than  in  Missouri.  In  CaU- 
fornia  a  number  of  hydro-electric  plants  have  been 
established  throughout  the  state,  primarily  to  supply 
current  to  large  cities  located  at  a  distance,  but  these 
plants  also  supply  intervening  smaller  places  for 
which  electricity  might  not  otherwise  be  available. 
This  condition  contributes  naturally  toward  the 
more  extensive  use  of  the  electric  light  and  an  in- 
crease in  the  number  of  lamps.  Although  California 
holds  a  low  comparative  rank  in  population,  it  being 
the  twenty-first  state,  it  ranks  fourth  in  the  number 
of  incandescent  lamps  and  ninth  in  the  number  of 
arc  lamps.  In  1902  the  state  ranked  fifth  in  the 
number  of  incandescent  lamps  and  seventh  in  the 
number  of  arc  lamps.  Next  to  California,  which  has 
the  smallest  population  of  the  8  states  shown  in  Table 
51,  New  York,  which  is  the  most  populous  state  of  the 
Union,  has  the  greatest  average  number  of  arc  lamps 
per  1,000  inhabitants,  and  Massachusetts,  the  third 
largest  average  for  arc  lamps  and  the  second  largest 
for  incandescent  lamps. 


Table  61.— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— ARC  AND  INCANDESCENT  LAMPS,  FOR  THE  8  STATES  HAVING  THE 

LARGEST  NUMBERS  OF  INCANDESCENT  LAMPS:  1907  AND  1902. 


ARC  LAMPS. 

PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION. 

AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  LAMPS  PER 
1,000  POPULATION. 

STATE. 

Arc  lamps. 

Incandescent 
lamps. 

Arc  lamps. 

Incandescent 
lamps. 

1907 

190S 

1007 

1902 

1907 

1903 

1907 

1903 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total  for  United  States 

555,713 

385,698 

41,445,997 

18,194,044 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

6.50 

4.91 

484.57 

231.55 

358,114 

252,316 

25,817,953 

11,817,849 

64.4 

65.4 

62.3 

65.0 

9.89 

7.55 

712.99 

353.46 

New  York          ^ 

97,529 
06,777 
55,309 
19,691 

33,869 
43,849 
23,514 
17,576 

59,130 

47,722 
38,215 
15,764 

28,790 
31,839 
17,712 
13,144 

6,991,406 
3,861,171 
3,582,178 
3,067,383 

2,650,724 
2, 254, 467 
1,711,689 
1,698,935 

3,705,525 
1,783,683 
1,567,665 
1,006,875 

1,420,963 
934,213 
805,127 
f  93, 798 

17.6 
12.0 
10.0 
3.5 

6.1 
7.9 
4.2 
3.2 

15.3 
12.4 
9.9 
4.1 

7.5 
8.3 
4.6 
3.4 

16.9 
9.3 
8.6 

7.4 

6.4 
5.4 
4.1 
4.1 

20.4 
9.8 
8.6 
5.5 

7.8 
5.1 
4.4 
3.3 

11.63 
9.49 
10.02 
11.75 

10.99 
9.75 
9.00 
5.16 

7.85 
7.34 
7.61 
10.25 

9.87 
7.49 
7.14 
4.12 

833.63 

549.01 

649.16 

1,831.04 

859.78 
501.30 
655.37 
498.82 

491.90 
274.  16 
312.31 
654.73 

487.00 
219.69 
324.55 
186.32 

niinois                          

Ohio 

Michigan 

Missouri 

The  largest  increases  in  the  number  of  arc  lamps 
are  shown  for  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  IlUnois, 
Ohio,  Indiana,  New  Jersey,  Michigan,  and  Massachu- 
setts. For  the  incandescent  lamps  large  increases 
occur  in  so  many  states  that  it  is  difficult  to  select 
any  as  showing  the  greatest  development,  but  in  the 
following  states  the  numbers  for  1907  are  at  least 
three  times  as  great  as  for  1902:  Alabama,  California, 
Idaho,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  Nebraska,  Ne- 
vada, North  Carolina,  Oklahoma,  Oregon,  South  Caro- 


lina, and  Wasliington.  While  these  13  states  show 
the  greatest  proportional  increases  in  the  number  of 
lamps,  they  do  not  represent  the  largest  absolute 
increases,  as  their  combined  increase  is  exceeded  by 
the  gain  in  the  total  for  the  2  states  of  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania. 

The  162,338  lamps  reported  as  "other  varieties"  in 
1907  include  those  that  were  considered  by  certain 
of  the  establishments  reporting  as  not  properly  be- 
longing to  the  first  group  of  incandescents.     These 


LINE  EQUIPMENT. 


57 


new  types  of  lamps  were  not  reported  separately  at 
the  census  of  1902,  and,  as  already  stated,  it  is  prob- 
able that  in  1907  lamps  that  properly  should  have 
been  assigned  to  this  group  were  included  by  many 
stations  in  the  total  for  incandescent  lamps.  The 
total  for  1907,  however,  included  a  number  of  the 
new  varieties  of  lamps  and,  although  thought  to  be 
far  from  complete,  they  are  shown  in  the  following 
statement: 

Central  electric  stations — Lamps   other  than  regular  arc  and  incan- 
descent, by  kind:  1907. 


KIND  OF  LAMP. 

Number. 

162,338 

124,899 

5,214 
3,343 

2,467 

1,282 

582 

138 

24,413 

The  central  stations  were  requested  to  name  the 
lamps  other  than  the  regular  arc  and  incandescent, 
but  some  reported  a  number  without  any  designation, 
and  the  24,413  "Not  designated"  no  doubt  include 


some  that  might  properly  have  been  assigned  to  one  or 
more  of  the  other  groups. 

The  use  of  electric  lamps  for  advertising  and  deco- 
rative purposes  has  resulted  in  greatly  increasing  the 
varieties  in  use,  and  has  also  added  to  the  difficulty  of 
ascertaining  the  actual  number  wired  for  service  on  a 
given  date.  It  was  impossible,  therefore,  with  a  fair 
degree  of  accuracy  to  show  separately  the  number  of 
16,  32,  and  other  candlepower  incandescent  lamps,  as 
was  done  at  the  census  of  1902.  However,  the  sched- 
ule used  at  the  census  of  1 907  required  that  the  number 
of  32-candlepower  lamps  wired  for  service  be  reported 
separately,  and  3,136  stations  reported  1,408,610, 
while  the  same  stations  reported  a  total  of  27,248,337 
incandescent  lamps  of  all  varieties.  Using  the  ratio  of 
these  totals  as  a  basis,  the  estimated  number  of 
32-candlepower  lamps  wired  for  service  at  the  close 
of  1907  was  about  2,112,915. 

Meters  on  consumption  circuits. — It  was  impracti- 
cable to  obtain  statistics  concerning  the  size  of  the 
meters  in  service,  and  therefore  the  extension  of  the 
service  can  be  shown  only  by  the  number  of  meters. 
That  the  number  has  increased  rapidly  since  1902  is 
shown  by  Table  52. 


Table  52.— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— METERS  ON  CONSUMPTION   CIRCUITS,   FOR  THE  8  STATES  HAVING 

THE  GREATEST  NUMBERS  OF  METERS:  1907  AND  1902. 


STATE. 

TOTAL   NUMBER. 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 

AVERAGE 

NUMBER  PER 

STATION. 

NUMBER  OF 
CUSTOMERS 
FURNISHED 
CURRENT.  I 

AVERAGE 
NUMBER  OF 
METERS  PER 
CUSTOMER. ' 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1907 

Total  for  United  States 

1,683,917 

582,689 

189.0 

a57.2 

161.0 

1,946,979 

0.9 

Total  lor  selected  states 

981,461 

361,230 

171.7 

496.9 

209.5 

1,057,853 

0.9 

New  York 

217,462 
146,208 
143,384 
142,186 

92,964 
87,824 
78,950 
72,483 

73,789 
59,836 
34,224 
56,874 

31,508 
56,909 
29,272 
18,758 

194.7 
144.3 
319.0 
150.0 

195.0 
54.2 
169.7 
286.4 

692.6 

381.7 

1,111.6 

434.8 

341.8 
731.9 
337.4 
362.4 

288.2 
172.9 
297.6 
203.8 

135.2 
499.7 
145.6 
104.2 

201,701 
167,645 
173,029 
160, 957 

100,071 
80,713 
87,500 
86,237 

1.1 

Illinois 

0.9 

rftlifnmift,  .  ,  .  ,  , 

0.8 

0.9 

Ohio 

0.9 

Massachusetts 

1.1 

Michigan 

0.9 

0.8 

1  Information  not  available  for  1902. 


The  gain  of  189  per  cent  in  the  number  of  meters  no 
doubt  indicates  fairly  well  how  complete  the  change 
lias  been  from  the  flat-rate  method  of  charging,  so 
largely  used  at  the  earlier  period  of  electric-station 
work,  to  the  use  of  meters.  There  have  been  many 
and  important  changes  in  central-station  practice  dur- 
ing the  short  period  between  the  two  censuses,  but 
none  is  more  important,  from  the  commercial  point  of 
view,  than  the  general  adoption  of  meter  rates. 

To  obtain  the  total  number  of  meters  used  for  the 
sale  of  electricity  it  is  necessary  to  add  to  the  number 
shown  in  Table  52,  the  number  on  the  consumers' 
circuits  of  electric-railway  companies.  There  were 
213,886  meters  reported  by  such  companies  in  1907 
and  56,601  in  1902,  making  the  aggregates  for  th^  two 


censuses  1,897,803  and  639,290,  respectively,  showing 
an  increase  of  1,258,513,  or  196.9  per  cent. 

The  8  states  represented  in  this  table  are  those  in 
which  central  stations  have  had  the  greatest  develop- 
ment in  the  installment  of  meters,  and  contained  58.3 
per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  meters  reported  for 
all  central  stations  in  1907  and  62  per  cent  of  the  total 
reported  for  1 902 .  The  percentages  of  increase  and  the 
average  number  per  customer  indicate,  however,  that 
the  practice  has  become  very  general. 

The  average  number  of  meters  per  station  is  to  some 
extent  misleacUng  because  of  differences  due  to  peculiar 
conditions  in  certain  states.  In  California,  for  instance, 
there  is  one  company  which  generates  electric  current 
at  a  long  distance  from  the  main  point  of  distribution 


58 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


and  supplies  it  to  towns  and  cities  in  22  counties, 
whereas  a  service  of  this  sort  in  other  states  probably 
would  be  represented  by  a  number  of  separate  stations, 
so  that  the  average  number  of  metere  j)er  station  would 
be  considerably  smaller.  Probably  the  best  indication 
of  the  growth  in  the  use  of  meters  may  be  had  from 
the  fact  that  of  the  4,714  stations  in  1907  only  629,  or 
13.3  per  cent  of  the  total,  reported  no  meters,  while 
in  1902,  of  a  total  of  3,620  stations,  901,  or  24.9  per 
cent,  reported  none.     The  mechanical  meter  has  now 


come  into  such  general  use  that  the  number  of  chemical 
and  other  varieties  of  meters  were  not  reported  sepa- 
rately in  1907  as  they  were  in  1902. 

Transformers  in  circuits  for  customers.- — The  in- 
creased use  of  alternating  dynamos  has  necessarily 
been  accompanied  by  an  increase  in  the  number 
of  machines  for  loweiing  the  pressure  of  the 
circuit.  Step-down  alternating-current  transformers 
are  in  general  use  where  alternating  dynamos  are 
employed. 


Table  53.— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— NUMBER  AND  KILOWATT  CAPACITY  OF  TRANSFORMERS  IN  CIRCUITS 
FOR  CUSTOMERS,  FOR  THE  8  STATES  HAVING  THE  GREATEST  KILOWATT  CAPACITY:  1907  AND  1902. 


STATE. 

1907 

1902 

Per  cent 

of  in- 
crease in 
liiiowatt 
capacity. 

PEK    CENT    OF 

TOTAL  KILOWATT 

CAPACITY. 

AVEBAOE 
CAPACITY. 

Number. 

Kilowatt 
capacity. 

Number. 

Kilowatt 
capacity. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total  for  United  States 

299,489 

2,058,567 

207,370 

687,121 

199.6 

100.0 

100.0 

6.9 

3.3 

169,674 

1,326,338 

113,046 

425,715 

211.6 

64.4 

62.0 

7.8 

3.8 

New  York                             

32,466 
21,625 
37,578 
20,331 

16,165 
18,991 
10,222 
12,296 

496,046 
213,633 
195,742 
99,067 

94,324 
91,064 
72,663 
63,799 

18,036 

9,480 

,29,005 

15,040 

12,284 
11,925 
7,695 
9,581 

142,383 
49,368 
62,258 
46,515 

41,786 
34,600 
26,995 
21,810 

248.4 
332.7 
214.4 
113.0 

125.7 
163.2 
169.2 
192.6 

24.1 
10.4 
9.5 
4.8 

4.6 
4.4 
3.5 
3.1 

20.7 
7.2 
9.1 
6.8 

6.1 
5.0 
3.9 
3.2 

15.3 
9.9 
5.2 
4.9 

5.8 
4.8 
7.1 
5.2 

7  9 

Pennsylvania                           

2  1 

Illinois 

Ohio 

2.9 
3  6 

Micliixan .  .                       

The  figures  in  this  table  represent  only  the  trans- 
formers owned  by  the  central  stations.  The  number 
used  by  electric-railway  companies  was  not  reported 
at  either  census.  As  transformers  are  sometimes 
o\vned  by  the  customers,  the  total  shown  in  the  table, 
299,489,  is  somewhat  less  than  the  actual  number 
used  in  connection  with  central-station  service.  The 
number  of  machines  has,  however,  increased  rapidly 
since  1902,  but  not  so  fast  as  their  kilowatt  capacity. 
This  condition  is  due  primarily  to  the  fact  that  the 
old-style  transformers  in  use  in  1902  have  been  largely 
replaced  by  machines  of  much  larger  capacity,  the 
average  capacity  per  machine  having  more  than 
doubled  during  the  five  years  ending  with  1907. 

There  were  1,126  stations  in  1907  and  967  in  1902 
that  reported  no  transformers  in  use,  the  proportions 
being  23.9  and  26.7  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of 
stations  at  tlie  respective  censuses. 

Stationary  motors. — The  schedule  used  at  the  census 
of  1902  called  for  the  number  of  all  kinds  of  stationary 
motors,  including  fan  motors,  while  that  for  1907  ex- 
pressly excluded  the  latter  class.  No  doubt  many 
fan  motors  were  reported  at  the  census  of  1902,  but 
to  what  extent  it  is  impossible  to  ascertain. 

It  was  often  extremely  difficult  to  ascertain  the 
horsepower  capacity  of  the  motors,  the  current  to 
operate  which  was  sometimes  transmitted  long  dis- 
tances to  factories  where  the  interest  of  the  central 
station  furnishing  the  electricity  was  confined  to  the 
amount   of  current   consumed   as  measured  by  the 


meters.  It  was  necessary,  therefore,  to  obtain  esti- 
mates of  the  number  and  capacity  of  the  motors. 
These  estimates  were  included  in  the  totals  given  in 
Table  54,  which  shows,  for  the  United  States  and  for 
the  8  states  reporting  the  greatest  horsepower  capacity, 
the  number  and  capacity  of  all  stationary  motors  re- 
ported at  the  two  censuses. 

Next  to  lighting,  stationary-motor  service  is  the 
most  important  source  of  income  for  central  electric 
stations,  but  the  introduction  of  meters  has  compli- 
cated the  difficulties  attending  the  collection  of  statis- 
tics concerning  the  number  and  capacity  of  the  motors. 
It  is  probable,  therefore,  that  the  totals  in  Table  54  are 
somewhat  less  than  the  actual  number  of  motors  wired 
at  the  end  of  the  respective  census  years.  Many  large 
factories  have  the  machinery  operated  entirely  by 
electric  power  and  some  contain  many  motors  for 
which  statistics  had  to  be  obtained  from  the  manu- 
facturers, as  the  central  stations  were  concerned  only 
with  the  quantity  of  current  sold. 

As  shown  by  Table  45,  there  were  a  number  of 
stationary  motors  supplied  with  current  by  electric- 
railway  companies  which  must  be  considered  in  arriv- 
ing at  the  totals  for  this  class  of  service.  The  figures 
in  Table  54  indicate  that  the  average  size  of  the  motors 
in  the  central  stations  has  more  than  doubled  since 
1902,  while  the  number  increased  by  only  65.4  percent, 
a  difference  in  ratio  of  increase  which  is  without  doubt 
due  to  the  fact  that  some  large  central  stations  reported 
the  horsepower  of  the  motors  for  which  current  was 


LINE  EQUIPMENT. 


59 


supplied  but  expressed  their  inability  to  give  even  an 
estimate  of  the  number  of  machines.  This  condition 
was  pronounced  in  Pennsylvania,  where  the  increase 
in  the  average  capacity  of   the    motors   was   excep- 


tionally large — from  2.16  horsepower  in  1902  to  12.17 
horsepower  in  1907.  One  large  company  in  this  state 
reported  nearly  one-third  of  its  total  stationary-motor 
power  but  was  unable  to  state  the  number  of  motors. 


Table  54.— CENTRAL    ELECTRIC    STATIONS— NUMBER  AND   HORSEPOWER  CAPACITY  OF  STATIONARY  MOTORS, 
FOR  THE  8  STATES  HAVING  THE  GREATEST  HORSEPOWER  CAPACITY:  1907  AND  1902. 


1907 

1902 

AVERAGE 
CAPACITY. 

Per  cent 

of  in- 
crease in 
liorse- 
power. 

PEE     CENT     OF 
TOTAL     HORSh- 
POWEK. 

Number. 

Horse- 
power. 

Number. 

Horse- 
power. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total  for  United  States 

167,184 

1,649,026 

101,064 

438,005 

9.86 

4.33 

276.5 

100.0 

100.0 

106,321 

1,107,687 

67,037 

309,055 

10.42 

4.62 

257.7 

67.2 

70.7 

18,051 
11,500 
21,075 
10,063 

15,877 
13,083 
8,923 
7,089 

393,955 
200,067 
137,661 
122,461 

81,246 
64,941 
54,111 
53,245 

13,581 
5,190 
11,838 
14, 144 

9,663 
5,704 
4,646 
2,271 

109,277 
50,296 
35,928 
30,560 

35,749 
21,956 
14,552 
11,337 

21.82 
17.31 
6.35 
12.17 

5.12 

4.96 
6.06 
7.61 

8.05 
9.69 
3.03 
2.16 

3.70 
3.85 
3.13 
4.99 

260.5 
297.8 
283.2 
300.7 

127.3 
195.8 
271.8 
369.7 

23.9 
12.1 
8.3 
7.4 

4.9 
3.9 
3.3 
3.2 

24.9 

11.5 

8.2 

7.0 

8.2 

Ohio                                                                           

5.0 

3.3 

2.0 

The  state  of  California,  although  having  a  compara- 
tively small  population,  ranks  second  in  the  horse- 
power of  its  stationary-motor  service,  being  outranked 
only  by  New  York.  This  high  rank  is  due  to  the 
scarcity  of  fuel  in  the  state ;  the  ease  with  which  elec- 
tric power  may  be  transmitted  and  made  available 
in  sparsely  settled  sections;  and  its  adaptability  for  use 
on  dredgers  and  for  many  other  purposes  connected 
with  mining  and  irrigation. 

Modern   central-station   companies   concern   them- 


selves little  with  the  various  uses  made  of  the  current 
sold.  The  quantity  is  measured,  and  as  a  rule  the  pro- 
ducers make  no  inquiry  as  to  its  use.  Electricity  is 
used  for  a  multitude  of  miscellaneous  purposes  which 
consume,  however,  but  a  small  proportion  of  the 
amount  generated,  much  the  larger  portion  being  used 
for  light  and  power.  Table  55  shows  the  number  of 
stations  which  sold  current  for  the  various  purposes 
during  the  years  1907  and  1902. 


Table    55.— COMMERCIAL    AND    MUNICIPAL    CENTRAL    ELECTRIC    STATIONS— NUMBER    OF    STATIONS,    BY 

CHARACTER  OF  SERVICE:  1907  AND  1902 


TOTAL. 

COMMERCIAL. 

MUNICIPAL. 

PER  CENT  OP  INCREASE. 

CHARACTER  OF  SERVICE. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total. 

Com- 
mercial. 

[ 

Munici- 
pal. 

Are  lighting: 

2,381 
3,298 

4,538 
3,345 

2,009 
217 

999 

2,020 
2,522 

3,484 
2,491 

1,093 
159 

161 

1,840 
2,206 

3,385 
2,327 

1,659 
211 

831 

1,667 
1,810 

2,752 
1,889 

975 
157 

152 

641 
1,092 

1,153 
1,018 

350 
6 

168 

353 
712 

732 
602 

118 
2 

9 

17.9 
30.8 

30.3 
34.3 

83.8 
36.5 

520.5 

10.4 
21.9 

23.0 
23.2 

70.2 
34.4 

446.7 

53.3 

53.4 

Incandescent  lighting: 

57.5 

Public                                                                

69.1 

Motor  power: 

196.6 

200.0 

1,706.7 

There  were  only  68  central  stations  in  1907  which 
reported  that  the  entire  amount  of  electricity  generated 
during  the  year  was  sold  for  motor  service,  disposed  of 
in  bulk  to  other  electric  or  railway  companies,  or  sold 
for  some  purpose  other  than  lighting;  all  the  other  sta- 
tions reported  the  sale  of  current  for  lighting.  That 
electric  lighting  is  the  chief  business  of  the  central  sta- 


tions is  shown  also  by  the  fact  that  of  the  total  income, 
almost  three-fourths  was  from  lighting  and  about  one- 
sixth  from  stationary-motor  service. 

Average  size  of  station. — The  number  of  lamps,  me- 
ters, transformers,  and  motors  is  an  indication  of  the 
size  of  the  central  station,  and  averages  based  on  the 
numbers  of  these  machines  are  given  in  Table  56. 


60 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  S6.— Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stationg — 
Average  number  of  lamps,  meters,  transformers,  and  motors  per 
station  and  average  capacity  per  machine:  1907  and  1902. 


'           TOTAL. 

COMMERCIAL. 

MUNICIPAL. 

1807 

1902 

H07 

IWtt 

1907 

1S02 

Arc  lamps: 

Average  number  per  sta- 
tion  

Incandescent  lamps: 

Average  number  per  sta- 
tion  

Meters   on   consumption   cir- 
cuits: 
Average  number  per  sta- 
tion  

Transformers  in  circuits  for  cus- 
tomers: 
Average  number  per  sta- 
tion  

118 
8,792 

357 

64 

7 
437 

35 

10 

350 

107 
5,026 

161 

57 

3 

190 

28 

4 

121 

137 
10,801 

424 

74 

7 

518 

47 
10 

467 

119 
5,924 

188 

64 

3 

218 

85 

4 

155 

(J6 
3,237 

172 

35 

4 

129 

4 

7 

25 

62 
1,936 

70 

Kilowatt  capacity  per  ma- 

3 
92 

Kilowatt  capacity  per  sta- 
tion  

Stationary  motors: 

Average  number  per  sta- 
tion  

2 

Horsepower  per  motor 

Horsepower  per  station 

2 
4 

Although  there  are  conflicting  elements  entering  into 
the  details  from  which  these  totals  arc  obtained,  the 
figures  are  of  sufficient  accuracy  to  establish  the  fact 
that  the  averages  for  1907  show  great  increases  over 
the  averages  for  1902. 

Line  construction. — The  report  on  central  electric 
stations  for  1902  presents  statistics  for  125,144.14 
miles  of  mains  and  feeders  contained  in  overhead,  un- 
derground, and  submarine  construction.  Compara- 
tively few  companies,  however,  had  definite  knowledge 
of  tlie  miles  of  wire  strung,  and  it  was  exceedingly  difli- 
cult  to  obtain  satisfactory  answers  to  the  census  in- 
quiries on  the  subject.  In  1907,  therefore,  the  inquiry 
on  the  subject  was  confined  to  the  single  question  as  to 
the  number  of  miles  of  street  occupied  by  underground 
conduits  for  mains  and  feeders,  for  which  a  total  of 
2,509.15  miles  was  reported.  Of  this  total,  2,268.34 
miles  were  reported  by  commercial  stations  and  240.81 
miles  by  municipal  stations. 


CHAPTER  Y. 
CAPITALIZATION, 


Basis  of  statistics. — The  statistics  of  capitalization  of 
central  electric  light  and  power  stations  are  confined 
to  the  par  value  of  the  authorized  and  outstanding 
preferred  and  common  stock  and  bonds  of  commercial 
corporations,  the  par  value  of  the  bonds  issued  by 
municipalities  to  secure  funds  for  the  construction, 
purchase,  or  operation  of  the  municipal  stations,  and 
the  returns  made  on  such  capitalization  in  the  form  of 
dividends  or  interest.  For  909  stations  owned  by 
individuals,  private  companies,  or  cooperative  asso- 
ciations, which  were  not  incorporated  and  had  no  stock, 
no  statistics  of  capitalization  could  be  reported.  In 
addition,  21  companies  which  operated  both  electric 
light  and  power  stations  and  electric  railways  reported 
their  entire  capitalization  in  connection  with  the 
inquiry  on  street  railways;  9  stations,  which  are  re- 
ported separately  in  the  tables  showing  the  number 
of  companies,  represent  stations  owned  by  corpora- 
tions operating  other  stations  which  reported  the 
capitalization  of  these  9  stations  in  the  same  or  another 
state;  while  7  companies  did  not  report  capitalization. 
In  the  cases  of  254  municipal  stations,  bonds  originally 
issued  by  the  city  to  secure  funds  for  their  construc- 
tion, purchase,  or  operation  had  been  retired,  and  for 
this  or  other  reasons  no  statistics  of  capitalization 
could  be  secured.  Deducting  these  plants,  there 
remain  2,516  commercial  and  998  municipal  stations 
for  which  statistics  of  capitalization  are  shown. 

Increase  since  1902. — A  presentation  of  statistics  as 
to  the  capital  stock,  funded  debt,  dividends,  and 
interest  on  funded  debt  of  all  companies  and  municipal 
stations  having  outstanding  investment  securities  is 
given  for  1907  and  1902  in  Table  57. 

Although  the  number  of  municipal  stations  having 
outstanding  bonds  was  relatively  larger  in  1907  than 
in  1902 — constituting  28.4  per  cent  of  the  aggregate 
number  of  companies  and  municipal  stations  reporting 
capital  stock  or  funded  debt  in  1907  compared  with 
24.3  per  cent  in  1902 — the  funded  debt  of  the  munici- 
pal stations  constituted  but  4  per  cent  of  the  total 
funded  debt  in  1907  as  compared  with  4.4  per  cent  in 
1902.  The  aggregate  amount  of  interest  paid  on 
funded  debt  was  $27,991,762  in  1907  and  $12,623,545 
in  1902,  the  interest  on  the  municipal  bonds  consti- 
tuting 4.1  per  cent  of  the  former  amount  and  4  per 
cent  of  the  latter  amount.  The  funded  debt  of  the 
municipal  stations  represented  1 .9  per  cent  of  the  total 
capitalization  outstanding  in  both  1907  and  1902. 


Table  57. — Capital  stock,  funded  debt,  dividends,  and  interest  paid 
on  funded  debt  of  commercial  companies,  and  funded  debt  and 
interest  of  municipal  stations  having  bonds  outstanding:  1907 
and  1902. 


Number  of  commercial  companies  and 
municipal  stations  having  outstanding 

capitalization 

Commercial  companies 

Municipal  stations  reporting  bonds 

outstanding 

Total  capitalization  outstanding 

Capital  stock 

Funded  debt 

Commercial  companies: 

Total  capitalization  outstanding. 
Capital  stock- 
Authorized,  par  value 

Common 

Preferred 

Outstanding,  par  value 

Common 

Preferred 

Dividends,  amount 

On  common  stock 

On  preferred  stock 

Funded  debt- 
Authorized,  amount 

Outstanding,  amount 

Interest 

Municipal  stations; 
Funded  debt- 
Authorized,  amount 

Outstanding,  amount 

Interest 


1907 

1902 

3,514 

2,705 

'2,516 

2,049 

998 

656 

«, 367,338, 836 

»639,125,363 

741,317,497 

372,951,952 

626,021,339 

266,173,411 

1,341,995,182 

627,515,875 

900,092,160 

435,178,372 

798,873,386 

407,807,934 

101,218,774 

27,370,438 

741,317,497 

372,951,952 

666,003,772 

349, 080,  281 

75,313,725 

23,871,671 

19,300,572 

6,189,837 

16,883,812 

5,560,341 

2,416,760 

629,496 

815,516,672 

308,117,894 

600,677,685 

254,563,923 

26,842,330 

12,118,740 

29,031,638 

12,625,482 

25,343,654 

11,609,488 

1,149,432 

504,805 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


29.8 
22.8 

52.1 
113.9 

98.8 
135.2 

113.9 

106.8 
95.9 
289.8 
98.8 
90.8 
215.5 
211.8 
203.6 
283.9 

164.7 
136.0 
121.5 


129.9 
118.3 
127.7 


'  Exclusive  of  37  companies  (21  operating  electric  railways  with  capitalization 
Included  In  report  for  street  and  electric  railways;  9  duplications  due  to  corporations 
reporting  capitalization  in  one  state  and  owning  establishments  in  another  state, 
which  are  reported  separately  in  certain  of  the  tables;  and  7  not  reporting  capitaliza- 
tion for  sundry  reasons),  but  including  2  companies  reporting  bonds  only,  their 
capital  stock  not  being  separable  from  other  interests. 

Capitalization  of  commercial  companies. — While  the 
capitalization  of  the  commercial  companies  shows  a 
large  increase  from  1902  to  1907 — the  total  outstand- 
ing capitalization  increasing  113.9  per  cent — this  in- 
crease is  in  harmony  with  the  growth  in  the  production 
of  electricity  as  indicated  by  the  increase  in  kilowatt 
output  for  these  stations,  which  was  141.1  per  cent. 
Of  the  total  outstanding  capitalization  of  the  commer- 
cial companies  in  1907,  55.2  per  cent  represented  capi- 
tal stock  compared  with  a  corresponding  percentage 
of  59.4  in  1902,  and  44.8  per  cent  represented  funded 
debt  as  compared  with  a  corresponding  percentage  of 
40.6  in  1902.  That  is,  the  proportion  of  the  total 
capitahzation  represented  by  capital  stock  has  been 
appreciably  reduced,  while  that  represented  by  funded 
debt  has  increased.  This  falling  off  in  the  relative  im- 
portance of  capital  stock  is  confined  to  common  stock, 
which  formed  49.6  per  cent  of  the  total  capitalization 
in  1907  compared  with  55.6  per  cent  in  1902,  while  the 
proportion  represented  by  preferred  stock  increased 
from  3.8  per  cent  of  the  total  capitalization  in  1902  to 

(61) 


62 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


5.6  per  cent  in  1907.  The  average  outstanding  capi- 
talization per  system  increased  in  harmony  with  the 
general  growth.  For  1907  the  average  total  capitali- 
zation per  system  was  $53.3,384  compared  with 
$306,255  in  1902,  or  a  general  average  increase  of  74.2 
per  cent.  These  averages  represent  an  average  amount 
of  capital  stock  outstanding  per  system  in  1907  of 
$294,641  compared  with  $182,017  in  1902,  or  an  aver- 
age increase  of  61.9  per  cent;  and  an  average  amount 
of  funded  debt  in  1907  of  $238,743  compared  with 
$124,238  in  1902,  or  an  average  increase  of  92.2  per 
cent. 

The  aggregate  amount  of  funded  debt  shows  an  in- 
crease of  136  per  cent  compared  with  an  increase  of 
98.8  per  cent  for  capital  stock.     Though  there  was  an 
increase  of  215.5  per  cent  in  the  par  value  of  preferred 
stock  outstanding,  the  average  increase  for  all  stock  is 
much  smaller,  owing  to  the  lower  rate  of  increase  for 
common  stock.     The  very  satisfactory  condition  of 
the  industry  is  evidenced  by  the  increase  in  average 
dividend  rates  and  the  decrease  in  the  average  interest 
rate.     The  interest  paid  represents  an  average  rate  of 
4.47  per  cent   on  the  total   amount   of  outstanding 
funded  debt  in  1907  compared  with  an  average  rate  of 
4.76  per  cent  in  1902,  and  the  dividends  paid  represent 
an  average  rate  of  2.6  per  cent  in  1907  on  the  total 
amount  of  outstanding  stock  compared  with  an  aver- 
age rate  of  1.66   per  cent  in   1902;  while  the  total 
amount  of  dividends  and  interest  paid  in  1907  repre- 
sents an  average  rate  of  3.44  per  cent  on  the  total  vol- 
ume of  outstanding  securities,  including  both  stocks 
and  bonds,  compared  with  an  average  rate  of  2.92  per 
cent  in  1902.     The  funded  debt  reported  in  1907,  how- 
ever, includes  $9,270,800  upon  which  no  interest  was 
paid.     Eliminating  this  debt  the  average  rate  of  inter- 
est upon  the  funded  debt  of  the  commercial  companies 
upon  which  interest  was  paid  becomes  4.54  per  cent, 
which  is  the  same  as  the  average  rate  of  interest  for 
the  outstanding  bonds  of  the  municipal  stations.     The 
allied  industries  tend  to  confuse  all  the  statistics  for 
the  central  electric  stations,  but  especially  those  relat- 
ing to  capitalization.     They  make  it  difficult  to  draw 
any  conclusion  for  the  industry  as  a  whole  in  regard 
to  the  increase  in  capitalization  as  compared  with  the 
increase  of  equipment,  expenses,  and  income.     It  is 
significant,   however,   that   of  the  2,049  commercial 
companies  having  outstanding  capitalization  in  1902, 
only  41  reported  the  payment  of  dividends  on  preferred 
stock  and  561  the  payment  of  dividends  on  common 
stock;  while  of  the  2,516  companies  having  outstand- 
ing capitahzation  in  1907,  there  were  101  which  paid 
dividends  on  preferred  stock  and  661  which  paid  divi- 
dends on  common  stock.     The  average  rate  of  dividend 
on  preferred  stock  for  the  companies  wliich  paid  divi- 
dends on  such  stock  in  1907  was  5.39  per  cent  and  in 
1902,5.16  per  cent .     The  average  rate  on  common  stock 
for  companies  which  paid  dividends  on  common  stock 
in  1907  was  5.25  per  cent  and  in  1902,  4.4  per  cent. 


In  this  connection  a  comparison  of  the  average  re- 
turn on  the  capitalization  of  the  central  electric  light 
and  power  stations  with  that  for  the  other  electrical 
industries  which  represent  pubUc  utilities  may  be  of 
interest.  The  following  statement  shows  the  average 
rate  per  cent  which  the  interest  paid  on  funded  debt 
and  dividends  paid  on  capital  stock  represent  on  the 
total  outstanding  capitalization  of  the  incorporated 
companies  in  the  electric  light  and  power,  street  and 
electric  railway,  and  telegraph  and  telephone  indus- 
tries. It  should  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  that  these 
rates  are  computed  on  the  total  outstanding  capitaliza- 
tion, including  that  upon  which  no  dividends  or  inter- 
est were  paid. 

Average  rate  of  return  on  capitalization  of  incorporated  companies: 
1907  and  1902. 


INDUSTRY. 

AVERAGE  RATE, 
PER  CENT. 

1907 

1902 

Central  electric  light  and  power  stations 

3.44 
3.34 
4.46 

2  92 

Street  and  electric  railways 

Telegraph  and  telephone  companies 

5  23 

The  average  rate  of  return  on  outstanding  capitali- 
zation in  1902  was  larger  both  for  street  and  electric 
railways  and  for  telegraph  and  telephone  companies 
than  for  commercial  companies  operating  central  elec- 
tric light  and  power  stations,  but  in  1907  the  latter 
class  of  companies  reported  a  higher  average  rate  than 
did  the  street  and  electric  railways,  though  this  rate 
was  still  exceeded  by  the  average  rate  for  the  tele- 
graph and  telephone  industries. 

Capitalization  of  -purely  electric  and  composite  com- 
panies.— The  report  for  1902  does  not  permit  a  com- 
parative presentation  to  be  made  for  the  two  censuses 
in  respect  to  the  capitalization  of  commercial  com- 
panies classified  according  to  the  character  of  the  busi- 
ness done,  but  in  1902,  1,302  of  the  2,049  commercial 
companies  having  outstanding  capitalization,  or  63.5 
per  cent,  were  purely  electric  and  747,  or  36.5  per  cent, 
were  composite.  A  further  idea  as  to  the  probable 
distribution  of  the  total  capitalization  between  the  two 
classes  of  companies  in  1902  may  be  gained  from  the 
statistics  in  reference  to  interest,  the  interest  payments 
of  the  purely  electric  companies  amounting  to  $8,767,- 
252,  or  72.3  per  cent  of  the  total  interest  paid  on 
funded  debt,  while  those  of  the  composite  companies 
amounted  to  $3,351,488,  or  27.7, per  cent  of  the  total 
interest  on  funded  debt.  From  Table  58,  which  gives 
the  distribution  of  capitalization  between  the  purely 
electric  and  the  composite  companies  in  1907,  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  capitalization  of  companies  engaged 
exclusively  in  the  generation  and  sale  of  electric  cur- 
rent formed  only  49.1  per  cent  of  the  total  capitaliza- 
tion of  all  incorporated  companies  for  which  statistics 
were  secured. 


CAPITALIZATION. 


63 


Table  58. — Purely  electric  and  composite  companies — Capital  stock, 
funded  debt,  dividends,  and  interest:  1907. 


PER  CENT 
OF  TOTAL. 

All 

Purely 

Composite 

companies. 

companies. 

companies. 

Purely- 
elec- 
tric. 

Com- 
?tt 

Number  of  companies... 

2,516 

1,542 

974 

61.3 

38.7 

Total  capitaUzation  out- 

standing  

$1,341,995,182 

$659,206,602 

$682,788,580 

49.1 

50.9 

Capital  stock  oulstand- 

741,317,497 

375,681,037 

305,636,400 

60.7 

49.3 

CornTTion 

WH),  003, 772 

348,191,906 

317,811,800 

52.3 

47.7 

75,313,725 

27,489,071 

47,824,054 

36.5 

03.5 

Dividends, 

amount 

19.300,572 

11,072,882 

8.227,690 

57.4 

42.6 

On       com- 

mon .stock. 

16,883,812 

10.312,935 

0,570,877 

61.1 

38.9 

On    prefer- 

red stock.. 

2,410,7(X) 

759,947 

1,650,813 

31.4 

68.6 

Funded  debt  outstand- 

ing, amount 

Interest 

000,677,685 

283,525,505 

317,152,120 

47.2 

52.8 

26,842,330 

12,290,086 

14.540,244 

45.8 

54.2 

Tlie  total  capitalization  i.s  fairly  well  distributed 
between  the  two  classes  of  companies,  though  the 
purely  electric  companies  greatly  outnumber  the  com- 
posite comjianies.  It  will  be  observed,  however,  that 
the  composite  companies  reported  nearly  two-thirds 
of  the  preferred  stock  outstanding. 

In  Table  58  and  all  other  tables  containing  statistics 
of  capitalization  the  total  capital  stock  and  funded 
debt  of  each  company  are  included,  except  where  spe- 
cially noted,  but  it  is  manifest  that  a  considerable  pro- 
portion of  this  capitalization  is  not  properly  chargeable 
to  the  central  electric  stations.  All  companies  which 
reported  the  operation  of  an  electric  station  in  connec- 


tion with  some  other  industiy  and  which  kept  no  dis- 
tinctive capital  account,  furnished  an  estimate  as  to 
the  proportion  of  the  outstanding  capitalization  which 
was  chargeable  to  the  electric  light  and  power  depart- 
ment. These  estimates  ranged  from  1  to  99  per  cent, 
depending  upon  the  relative  importance  of  the  electric 
portion  of  the  business.  By  means  of  a  computation 
based  upon  these  estimates  the  sum  of  $381,958,476  is 
obtained  as  the  estimated  par  value  of  the  capitaliza- 
tion represented  by  the  electric  portion  of  the  business 
of  the  companies  classified  as  composite.  In  addition, 
a  small  portion  of  the  capitalization  of  the  companies 
in  the  purely  electric  class,  amounting  to  $5,681, .307, 
is,  in  like  manner,  chargeable  to  other  than  electric 
light  and  power  interests,  making  the  capitalization 
of  this  class  of  companies  which  is  chargeable  to  elec- 
tric stations  $653,525,295.  By  combining  these  two 
amounts,  $1,035,483,771  is  obtained  as  the  capitaliza- 
tion chargeable  to  the  central  electric  light  and  power 
stations,  instead  of  $1,341,995,182,  as  shown  in  Table 
58,  the  difference  of  $306,511,411  being  the  estimated 
capitalization  not  chargeable  to  the  electric  stations, 
but  representing  industries  carried  on  in  connection 
with  the  electric  light  and  power  industry,  such  as 
gas  and  ice  plants,  waterworks,  sawmills,  steam 
heating,  mines,  quarries,  etc.  Table  59  shows  for 
1907  this  distribution  of  capitalization  and  the  divi- 
dends and  interest  chargeaole,  respectively,  to  the 
electric  light  and  power  industry"  and  to  the  allied 
industries. 


Table  59.— DISTRIBUTION  OF  CAPITALIZATION,   DIVIDENDS,  AND   INTEREST  BETWEEN  THE  ELECTRIC  LIGHT 

AND  POWER  INDUSTRY  AND  ALLIED  INDUSTRIES:  1907. 


Capitalization. 

DIVIDENDS  AND  INTEREST. 

PEE  CENT  DISTRIBUTION. 

Total. 

Dividends. 

Interest. 

Capitali- 
zation. 

Dividends  and  interest. 

Amount. 

Average 

rate,  per 

cent. 

Total. 

Divi- 
dends. 

Interest. 

Total - . . . . 

$1,341,995,182 

$46,142,902 

3.44 

$19,300,572 

$26,842,330 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Electric  light  and  power  industry 

1,^5,483,771 

36,803,408 

3.46 

15,159,573 

20,643,835 

77.2 

77.6 

78.5 

76.9 

Purely  electric  companies 

653, 525, 295 

381,958,470 

■306,511,411 

23,241,772 
12,561,636 
10,339,494 

3.56 
3.29 
3.37 

ll,030,537i       12.211.2.35 

48.7 
28.5 
22.8 

50.4 
27.2 
22.4 

67.2 
21.4 
21.5 

45.5 

Compo.site  companies,  chargeable  to  electric  light 

4,129,030 
4,140,999 

8,432,600 
6,198,495 

31.4 

Allied  industries 

23.1 

'Includes  $5,681,307  reported  for  companies  classified  as  purely  electric,  upon  which  dividends  and  interest  amounting  to  $127,196  were  paid  as  follows:  Dividends, 
$42,345;  interest,  $84,861. 


Of  the  total  capitalization,  77.2  per  cent  is  chargeable 
to  the  electric  light  and  power  industry  and  22.8  per 
cent  to  other  interests.  Although  the  returns  on 
capitalization  have  been  distributed  for  the  reports  on 
composite  plants  according  to  the  estimated  propor- 
tion of  the  outstanding  capitalization  chargeable  to  the 
electric  light  and  power  plant  department,  yet  this  is 
an  assumption  that  may  or  may  not  be  correct  and 
undoubtedly  will  not  hold  good  in  many  cases.     In 

25142— -10 5 


some  instances  these  allied  industries  may  be  con- 
ducted at  a  loss  and  the  bond  interest  and  dividends, 
if  any,  be  paid  from  the  profits  of  the  electric  plant;  in 
others  the  electric  plant  may  be  operated  at  a  loss  and 
the  interest  and  dividends  be  paid  from  the  profits  of 
the  allied  industries.  The  Census  Bureau  collected 
no  statistics  concerning  profits  on  the  year's  business 
or  the  source  of  the  money  expended  in  the  payment 
of  interest  or  dividends. 


64 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Capitalization  and  cost  of  construction. — The  capitali- 
zation reported  does  not  incliule  promissory  notes  and 
other  temporary  obligations,  which  in  some  instances 
amount  to  considerable  sums.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
stock  and  bonds  were  in  some  instances  sold  for  less 
than  the  par  value,  and  therefore  the  par  value  is  cor- 
respondingly greater  than  the  actual  amount  invested. 
There  are  also  cases  in  which  the  market  value  of  the 
stock  is  considerably  in  excess  of  the  par  value.  In 
any  event  the  capitalization  as  reported  to  the  Census 
Bureau  should  not  be  accepted  as  representing  the 
cash  actually  invested,  as  it  by  no  means  represents 
cost  of  physical  equipment,  etc.,  but  includes  earning 
capacity,  good  will,  etc.  In  spite  of  this  fact,  how- 
ever, the  aggregate  capitalization  reported  approxi- 
mates very  closely  the  amount  reported  as  cost  of 
plant.  The  2,516  commercial  companies  reported 
$1,027,182,892  as  the  cost  of  plant,  which  includes 
land,  buildings,  machinery,  tools  and  implements, 
overhead  and  underground  construction,  lamps,  mo- 
tors, meters,  transformers  wired  for  use,  and  all  sup- 
plies on  hand.  Although  the  total  capitalization  of 
these  companies  amounts  to  $1,341,995,182,  yet  if 
the  estimated  amount  chargeable  to  the  allied  interests, 
$306,51 1 ,41 1 ,  is  deducted,  the  balance  of  $1 ,035,483,77 1 
chargeable  to  the  electric  light  and  power  industry 
approximates  very  closely  the  amount  reported  as 
cost  of  plant,  the  difference  being  but  eight-tenths  of  1 
per  cent. 

Many  companies  as  they  now  exist  are  consolida- 
tions of  other  companies.  In  some  instances  a  portion 
or  all  of  the  capitalization  of  the  subsidiary  companies 
has  been  retired,  but  frequently  the  entire  capitaliza- 
tion of  both  the  parent  and  subsidiary  companies  is 
included  in  the  census  reports.  A  portion  of  this 
capitalization  is  undoubtedly  based  on  the  earning 
capacity  rather  than  on  the  actual  value  of  the  plant 
or  the  amount  of  cash  invested.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  application  of  earnings  to  new  construction  and 
betterments  tends  to  lower  the  ratio  of  capitalization 
to  cost  of  construction. 

Analysis  of  dividends  and  interest. — The  return  on 
capital  invested  is,  from  a  financial  standpoint,  the 
matter  of  chief  interest  in  connection  with  capitaliza- 
tion and  the  most  important  statistics  on  this  subject 
for  1907  are  therefore  assembled  in  Table  60. 

Of  the  2,516  incorporated  companies  having  out- 
standing capitalization,  183,  or  7.3  per  cent,  reported 
preferred  stock,  and  1,129,  or  44.9  per  cent,  reported 
funded  debt.  In  the  aggregate,  returns  in  the  form  of 
dividends  or  interest  we  re.  made  on  a  capitalization  of 
$957,741,023,  or  71.4  per  cent  of  the  total  amount  out- 
standing, this  comprising  .$321,509,301  of  common 
stock,  or  48.3  per  cent  of  the  total  common  stock  out- 
standing; $44,824,837  of  preferred  stock,  or  59.5  per 
cent  of  the  total  preferred  stock  outstanding;  and 
$591 ,406,885  of  funded  debt,  this  latter  amount  repre- 


senting all  of  the  funded  debt,  except  $9,270,800  upon 
which  interest  was  not  paid. 

The  very  close  correspondence  between  the  average 
rates  of  dividends  on  dividend-paying  common  and 
preferred  stocks  is  a  noticeable  feature.  The  average 
rate  of  dividends  on  the  dividend-paying  common 
stock  was  5.25  per  cent,  and  on  the  dividend-paying 
preferred  stock  5.39  per  cent.  As  already  stated,  the 
average  rate'  of  interest  on  funded  debt  on  wliich 
interest  was  paid  was  4.54  per  cent. 

Table  60. — Analysis  of  dividends  and  interest:  1907. 

Number  of  companies '  2,516 

Common  stock: 

Number  of  companies  reporting 2, 514 

Number  of  companies  declaring  dividends 601 

Amount  outstanding,  par  value $I>OC,003,772 

Amount  on  wiiich  dividends  were  declared $321 .  509, 301 

Per  cent  dividend-paying  Steele  forms  of  all  common  stock 48. 3 

Amount  of  dividends $1U,  883, 812 

Average  rate  of  dividends  on  all  common  stock,  percent 2.64 

Average  rate  of  dividends  on  dividend-paying  common  stock,  per 

cent 5.25 

Preferred  stock: 

Number  of  companies  reporting 183 

Number  of  companies  declaring  dividends 101 

Amount  outstanding,  par  value 175,313,725 

Amount  on  which  dividends  were  declared $44. 824. 837 

Per  cent  dividend-paying  stock  forms  of  all  preferred  stock 59. 5 

Amount  of  dividends $2,416,760 

Average  rate  of  dividends  on  all  preferred  stock,  per  cent 3.21 

Average  rate  of  dividends  on  dividend-paying  preferred  stock,  per 

cent 5. 39 

Funded  debt: 

Number  of  companies  reporting 1, 129 

Number  of  companies  paying  interest 1,078 

Amount  outstanding $<iOO.  677. 685 

Amount  on  which  interest  was  paid $591,406,885 

Amount  of  interest $26, 842,330 

Average  rate  of  Interest,  percent 4.54 

■  Including  2  companies  reporting  bonds  only,  their  capital  stock  not  being  separa- 
ble from  other  interests. 

Table  61  shows  the  capitalization  of  the  companies 
paying  either  dividends  on  stock  or  interest  on  funded 
debt  and  of  those  which  made  no  return  on  capital- 
ization. 

Table  61. — Capitalization — Amount,  dividends,  and  interest  for 
companies  paying  either  dividends  on  stock  or  interest  on  funded 
debt,  and  amount  for  companies  paying  neither  dividends  nor 
interest:  1907. 


COMPANIES  REPORTING   C.\PIT.VLIZATION. 

Total. 

Companies  pay- 
ing either  divi- 
dends on  slock 
or  interest  on 
funded  debt. 

Companies 

paying 
neither  divi- 
dends on 
stock  nor 
interest  on 
funded  debt. 

12,516 

$1,341,995,182 

$46,142,902 
3.44 

1,496 

$1,275,469,707 

$46,142,902 

3.62 

1,020 

Capitalization: 

Amount     outstanding,     par 

$66,525,475 

Amount  of  dividends  and  In- 
terest 

Average  rate  of  dividends  and 
interest,  per  cent 

1  Exclusive  of  37  companies  (21  operating  eiectric  railways  with  capitalization 
included  in  report  for  street  and  electric  railways;  9  duplications  due  to  corporations 
reporting  capitalization  in  one  state  and  owning  establishments  in  another  state, 
which  are  reported  separately  in  certain  of  the  tables;  and  7  not  reporting  capitaliza- 
tion for  sundry  reasons),  biit  including  2  companies  reporting  bonds  only,  their 
capital  stock  not  being  separable  from  other  interests. 

The  capitalization  reported  for  the  1 ,496  companies 
paying  either  dividends  on  stock  or  interest  on  funded 
debt  is  the  total  capitalization  of  these  companies,  and 
it  includes  capitalization  upon  which  no  return  was 
made.     For  example,  some  companies  paid  interest  on 


CAPITALIZATION. 


65 


bonds,  but  did  not  pay  dividends  on  either  preferred  or 
conunon  stock,  and  other  companies  paid  dividends  on 
preferred  stock,  but  not  on  their  common  stock.  The 
total  outstanding  stock  and  bonds  of  both  classes  of 
companies  is  included  in  tliis  table.  In  Tables  62  to 
65,  inclusive,  the  analysis  is  extended  to  the  dividend- 
paying  stocks,  common  and  preferred,  and  to  the 
funded  debt. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  amount  of  stocks  or  bonds 
reported  as  outstanding  is  the  amount  outstanding  at 
the  close  of  the  year  covered  by  the  report,  and 
includes  in  many  cases  stocks  or  bonds  issued  during 
the  year,  wliile  on  the  other  hand  it  does  not  include 
any  bonds  which  may  have  been  retired  during  the 
year  and  on  which  interest  was  paid.  The  average 
rate  of  return  in  the  shape  of  dividends  or  interest  has 
necessarily  to  be  computed  on  the  basis  of  the  amount 
of  stocks  or  bonds  reported  as  outstanding  and  on  a 
twelve-month  basis;  hence,  to  the  extent  that  divi- 
dends or  interest  were  paid  on  stock  or  bonds  issued 
during  the  year  and  therefore  not  for  a  full  year,  and 
also  to  the  extent  that  interest  was  paid  on  bonds 
retired  during  the  year,  the  average  rates  per  cent  are 
affected,  but  this  element  of  error  is  believed  to  be  so 
small  as  not  to  affect  the  results  appreciably. 

The  number  of  companies  pa\4ng  dividends  on 
either  or  both  classes  of  stock  constituted  28.7  per  cent 
of  the  total  number,  and  the  outstanding  stock  of 
these  companies  constituted  55.7  per  cent  of  the  total 
amount  of  stock  outstanding.  This  of  course  includes 
the  common  stock  of  companies  paying  dividends  on 
preferred  stock  oidy  as  well  as  the  common  stock  upon 
which  dividends  were  paid. 

Comparing  Table  60  with  Table  62  it  will  be  seen 
that  there  were  61  companies  paying  dividends  on  pre- 
ferred stock  but  not  on  common  stock,  these  companies 


having  $46,755,484  of  common  stock  outstanding. 
From  Table  129,  which  gives  a  detailed  summary  by 
states,  the  average  dividend  rate  for  all  common  stock 
in  the  several  states  may  be  deduced.  Of  the  states 
reported  separately,  Massachusetts  has  the  highest 
average  dividend  rate  on  common  stock,  8.23  per  cent, 
followed  by  Rhode  Island,  with  5.41  per  cent;  Connec- 
ticut, with  4.9  per  cent;  and  New  Hampshire,  with  4.81 
per  cent.  In  1902,  of  the  states  reported  separately, 
Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  and  West 
Virginia  were  the  leading  states  in  respect  to  the  aver- 
age rate  of  dividends  on  common  stock,  with  7.26,  5.6, 
4.77,  and  4.61  percent,  respectively.  In  1907, 18 states 
showed  an  average  dividend  of  less  than  1  per  cent  on 
the  total  outstanding  common  stock,  or  no  returns  at 
all  on  this  class  of  stock,  as  compared  with  21  states 
in  1902. 

Table  62. — Capital  stock — Amount  and  dividends  for  companies 
paying  dividends  either  on  common  or  preferred  stock,  and  amount 
for  companies  not  paying  dividends:  1907. 


Number  of  companies 

Capital  stock: 

Amount  outstanding,  par  value. . . 

Amount  of  dividends 

Average  rate  of  dividends,  per  cent. 


COMPANIES  HEPOETINa  CAPITALIZATION. 


Total. 


2,514 

$741,317,497 

119,300,572 

2.60 


Companies 
paying  divi- 
cfends  on 
either  com- 
mon or  pre- 
ferred stock. 


»413.089,622 

$19,300,572 

4.67 


Companies 
paying  divi- 
dends on 
neither  com- 
mon nor  pre- 
ferred stock. 


1,792 
$328,227,875 


A  distribution  or  classification  of  the  common  stock 
of  the  companies  paying  dividends  on  common  stock, 
according  to  rates  of  dividends,  is  of  interest  as  showing 
the  prevailing  rate  or  rates.  Such  a  classification  is 
given  in  Table  63. 


Table  63.— (COMMON  STOCK— AMOUNT  AND  DIVIDENDS  FOR  COMPANIES  PAYING  DIVIDENDS,  GROUPED  BY  RATE 
OF  DIVIDENDS,  AND  AMOUNT  FOR  COMPANIES  NOT  PAYING  DIVIDENDS:  1907. 


Companies  reporting  common  stock 

Companies  paying  dividends  on  common  stock 

Rate  of  dividends: 

Less  than  1  per  cent 

1  per  cent  but  less  than  2 

2  per  cent  but  less  than  3 

3  per  cent  but  less  than  4 

4  per  cent  but  less  than  5 

5  per  cent  but  less  than  (> 

6  per  cent  but  less  than  7 

7  percent  but  less  than  8 

8  per  cent  but  less  than  9 

9  per  cent  i)ut  less  than  10 

10  per  cent  and  over 

Companies  not  paying  dividends  on  common  stock 


Number 
of  com- 
panies. 


2,514 


661 


2 
16 
35 
48 
46 
98 

141 

26 

67 

7 

175 

1,853 


COMMON  STOCK,  PAB  VALUE. 


Authorized. 


Amount. 


$798,873,386 


378,019.099 


3,750,000 
14,235,000 
12,582,500 
38, 372, 000 
10, 277, 366 
90,341,960 
76,540,983 
60, 942, 300 
30,052,600 

1,060,000 
33,864,400 

420,854,287 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


47.3 


0.5 
1.8 
1.6 
4.8 
1.3 
12.1 
9.6 
7.6 
3.8 
0.1 
4.2 

52.7 


Outstanding. 


Dividends. 


Amount. 


$666,003,772 


321,509,301 


3,582,500 
14,101,400 
11,568,800 
24,816,630 

9, 174, 666 
75,694,700 
69,950,195 
55,310,185 
25,412,100 

1,026,575 
30,871,550 

344,494,471 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


Amount. 


100.0 


48.3 


0.5 
2.1 
1.7 
3.7 
1.4 
11.4 
10.5 
8.3 
3.8 
0.2 
4.6 

51.7 


$16,883,812 


16,883,812 


17,010 

171,290 

253, 620 

731,059 

366, 986 

2,846,735 

4,101,328 

2,853,152 

1,954,800 

92,415 

3, 495, 417 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


0.1 

1.0 

1.5 

4.3 

2.2 

16.9 

24.3 

16.9 

11.6 

0.5 

20.7 


Average 

rate,  per 

cent. 


2.54 


5.25 


0.47 
1.21 
2.19 
2.95 
4.00 
3.76 
5.86 
5.16 
7.69 
9.00 
11.32 


The  companies  paying  dividends  on  common  stock 
formed  26.3  per  cent  of  the  total  number,  and  the  out- 


standing common  stock  of  these  companies  formed 
48.3  per  cent  of  the  total  amount  outstanding;  that 


66 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


is,  nearlj'  three-fourths  of  the  companies  paid  no  divi- 
dends at  all  upon  their  common  stock,  and  no  divi- 
dends were  paid  on  more  than  one-half  of  the  common 
stock  outstanding. 

The  rate  of  dividends  indicated  for  each  group  fre- 
quently is  not  paid  on  the  entire  amount  of  outstanding 
stock  credited  to  the  group.  The  stock  reported  as 
outstanding  is  the  amount  outstanding  at  the  close  of 
the  year  and  includes  any  stock  which  may  have  been 
issued  during  the  year,  even  near  its  close,  and  on 
which  dividends  were  not  paid,  and  also  the  total  out- 
standing common  stock  of  companies,  although  divi- 
dends were  paid  on  a  portion  only  of  their  common 
stock.  The  rates  reported  are  such  as  were  given  in  the 
schedules,  except  in  a  few  cases  where  the  amount  of 
the  dividend  was  reported  and  the  rate  omitted,  in 
which  case  the  rate  was  established  in  the  office  by  its 
relation  to  the  outstanding  stock.     It  must  be  under- 


stood, therefore,  that  the  rate  refers  only  to  the  amount 
of  stock  on  which  the  dividends  were  declared,  butthe 
amount  of  this  dividend  stock  was  not  reported.  For 
these  reasons,  in  several  of  the  rate  groups,  the  average 
rate  computed  from  the  amount  of  common  stock  out- 
standing and  the  amount  paid  in  dividends  on  common 
stock  falls  short  of  the  group  rate. 

A  noticeable  feature  of  this  table  is  the  relatively 
large  number  of  companies  paying  dividends  of  10  per 
cent  or  over,  these  companies  constituting  26.5  per 
cent  of  the  companies  paying  dividends  on  common 
stock.  Next  to  this  group  the  largest  number  of  com- 
panies paying  dividends  on  common  stock  is  shown  for 
the  group  with  a  rate  of  6  per  cent  but  less  than  7, 
which  also  shows  the  largest  amount  disbursed  as 
dividends  on  common  stock  of  any  group. 

The  preferred  stock  on  which  dividends  were  paid, 
distributed  by  rate  groups,  is  shown  in  Table  64. 


Tabie  64.— preferred  STOCK— AMOUNT  AND  DIVIDENDS  FOR  COMPANIES  PAYING  DIVIDENDS,  GROUPED  BY 
RATE  OF  DIVIDENDS,  AND  AMOUNT  FOR  COMPANIES  NOT  PAYING  DIVIDENDS:  1907. 


Companies  reporting  preferred  stock. 


Companies  paying  dividends  on  preferred  stoclc. 

Rate  of  dividends: 

1  percent  but  iess  tiian  2 

2  per  cent  but  less  than  3 

3  per  cent  l)ut  less  than  4 

4  per  cent  but  less  than  5 

6  per  cent  but  less  than  6 

6  per  cent  but  less  than  7 

7  per  cent  but  less  than  8 

8  per  cent  and  over 


Companies  not  paying  dividends  on  preferred  stock.. 


Number 
of  com- 
panies. 


PBEFEBBED  STOCK,  FAB  VALUE. 


Authorized. 


$101,218,774 
61,664,274 


200,000 

1,044,000 

368,900 


24,280,500 

34,474,674 

1,013,700 

282,500 

39,554,500 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


100.0 


0.2 
1.0 
0.4 


24.0 

34.1 

1.0 

0.3 

39.1 


Outstanding. 


Amount. 


$75,313,725 
44,824,837 


110,833 
244,000 
368,900 


19,418,600 

23,432,304 

967,700 

282,500 

30,488,888 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


59.5 


0.1 
0.3 
0.5 


25.8 

31.1 

1.3 

0.4 

40.5 


Dividends. 


Amount. 


$2,416,760 
2,416,760 


1,663 
5,880 
11,067 


938, 379 

1,369,845 

67, 739 

22,187 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


0.1 
0.2 
0.5 


38.8 
56.7 
2.8 
0  9 


Average 

rate, 
per  cent. 


3.21 
5.39 


1.50 
2.41 
3.00 


4.83 
5. 85 
7.00 
7.85 


The  companies  paying  dividends  on  preferred  stock 
formed  55.2  per  cent  of  the  total  number  having  pre- 
ferred stock,  and  the  preferred  stock  of  these  compa- 
nies constituted  59.5  per  cent  of  the  total  amount  of 
preferred  stock  outstanding.  Of  the  companies  pay- 
ing dividends,  those  reporting  a  rate  of  6  per  cent  but 
less  than  7  are  most  nvmaerous  and  reported  the  major 
portion  of  the  dividends  paid  on  preferred  stock. 

Table  65  shows  the  number  of  companies  reporting 
fxmded  debt  at  the  census  of  1907,  the  amount  of  debt, 
both  authorized  and  outstanding,  and  the  amount  of 
interest  paid.  It  also  distinguishes  between  the  com- 
panies that  did  and  did  not  pay  interest. 

The  amount  shown  as  interest  on  funded  debt  is  not 
the  total  interest  chargeable  for  the  year  on  the  total 
outstanding  debt.  It  is  common  practice  to  charge 
all  or  a  part  of  the  interest  to  the  plant  account  while 
construction  is  going  on,  and  hence  in  such  cases  the 
total  amount  of  interest  on  funded  debt  does  not  ap- 
pear in  the  income  account  from  which  the  census  fig- 
ures of  interest  on  funded  debt  are  taken,  but  only 
that  portion  of  it  which  is  charged  against  income. 
There  were  other  conditions  also  which  operated  in 


certain  cases  to  prevent  the  showing  of  interest  on 
funded  debt  in  the  statistics,  such  as  the  use  of  bonds 
as  collateral  for  floating  debt  and  the  waiver  of  the 
payment  of  interest  by  special  agreement,  not  to  men- 
tion the  defaulting  of  interest.  There  were  51  com- 
panies with  funded  debt  outstanding  which  for  various 
reasons  did  not  show  any  interest  charge  in  the  income 
account.  The  companies  reporting  funded  debt 
formed  44.9  per  cent  of  the  total  number,  and  interest 
was  paid  upon  all  but  1.5  per  cent  of  the  total  amount 
outstanding. 

Table  65. — Fundeddebt — Amount  and  interest/or  companies  paying 
interest  and  amount  for  companies  not  paying  interest:  1907. 


COMPANIES  KEPOBTINO  FUNDED  DEBT. 

All 
companies. 

Companies 

Companies 

not  paying 

interest. 

Number  of  companies 

1,129 

$815,516,672 

$600,677,685 

$26,842,330 

4.47 

1,078 

$788,113,672 

$591,406,885 

$26,842,330 

4.54 

61 

Funded  debt: 

$27,403,000 
$9,270,800 

Amount  outstanding 

Average  rate  of  Interest,  per  cent 

. 

CAPITALIZATION. 


67 


In  Table  66  the  companies  having  funded  debt  are 
classified  according  to  the  rate  of  interest  on  their 
bonds.  In  cases  where  companies  had  bond  issues 
bearing  different  rates  of  interest,  they  arc  classified 
according  to  the  average  rate  paid  on  the  whole  debt. 

Table  66. — Companies  reporting  funded  debt,  grouped  by  rate  of 
intiresl:  1907. 


Companies  reporting  funded  debt 

Companies  paying  interest  on  funded  debt 

Rate  of  interest: 

Less  than  4  per  cent 

4  percent  but  less  ttian  5 

5  percent  but  less  than 6 

6  percent  but  less  than  7 

7  per  cent  but  less  than  8 

8  per  cent  and  over 

Companies  not  paying  interest  on  funded  debt 


COMPANIES 

KEPORTING 
FU.NDED  DEBT. 


Number. 


1,129 


11 

63 

038 

334 

23 

9 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


100.0 
95.5 


1.0 
5.8 
.59.2 
31.0 
2.1 
0.8 

4.5 


Capitalization  statistics  of  companies,  classified  accord- 
ing to  dynamo  capacity. — A  large  majority  of  the  com- 


panies organized  since  1902  are  comparatively  small, 
and  while  some  large  companies  have  been  organized 
to  construct  new  plants,  most  of  them  have  been 
formed  by  the  reorganization  and  consolidation  of  com- 
panies that  were  in  existence  in  1902.  These  reorgan- 
izations are  made  for  the  avowed  purpose  of  effecting 
economies  that  are  not  possible  in  the  small  companies. 
This  being  the  case,  it  would  be  expected  that  the 
larger  companies  would  secure  greater  profit  on  the 
year's  business,  which  in  turn  would  be  reflected  in  a 
larger  rate  of  dividends  on  the  capital  stock.  While 
the  census  classification  of  companies  according  to 
size  on  the  basis  of  dynamo  capacity  is  not  a  perfect 
classification  for  the  purpose  indicated,  it  is  of  interest, 
and  the  statistics  are  presented  in  Table  67. 

Of  the  total  number  of  companies  in  1907,  162,  or 
6.4  per  cent,  purchased  current  and  hence  form  a 
class  by  themselves.  The  capitalization  of  these  com- 
panies represented  5.5  per  cent  of  the  total  capitaliza- 
tion, and  averaged  $456,017  per  company,  compared 
with  an  average  of  $538,709  per  company  for  the  2,.354 
companies  equipped  with  dynamos  and  generating 
current. 


Table  67.— CAPITALIZATION    STATISTICS    OF   COMMERCIAL    COMPANIES,  CLASSIFIED   ACCORDING   TO    DYNAMO 

CAPACITY  OF  STATIONS:   1907. 


CAPITAUZATION. 


DYNAMO  CAPAQTY  OF  STATION.?  IN  KILOWATTS. 


Numl)er 
of  com- 
panies 
report- 
ing. 


Total 


Under  200 

200  but  under  5IH) 

500  but  under  1  ,(XXJ 

1 ,000  but  under  2,000 

2,000  but  under  5,000 

5,000  and  over 

Companies  without  generating  equipment. 


1,281 
534 
207 
150 
109 
73 

162 


Amount. 


$1,341,995,182 


50,680,027 
64,807,465 
60,606,542 
129,337,257 
210,387,010 
752,302,191 

73,874,690 


Dividends  and  interest. 


Amount. 


$46,142,902 


258,055 
509,489 
881,907 
866,422 
069,033 
818,119 


2,739,877 


Average 

rate,  per 

cent. 


3.44 


2.48 
2.33 
3.11 
2.99 
3.36 
3.70 

3.71 


CAPITAL  STOCK. 


Total. 


Namber 
ofcom- 


leport- 
ing. 


2,514 


1,279 
534 
207 
150 
109 
73 

162 


$741,317,497 


39,710,805 
42, 440, 338 
35,003,975 
78,524,091 
122,263,210 
384,844,788 

38,530,290 


Amount. 


$19,300,572 


719,929 

506,033 

604,644 

1,447,998 

3,263,396 

11,658,581 

1,100,091 


Average 

rate,  per 

cent. 


2.60 


1.81 
1.19 
1.73 
1.84 
2.67 
3.03 

2.g« 


DYNAMO  CAPAaTT  OF  STATIONS  IN 
KILOWATTS. 


CAPITAL  STOCK— continued. 


Common. 


Num- 
ber of 
com- 
panies 
report- 
ing. 


Total 2, 514 


Dividends. 


Amount. 


Aver- 
age 

rate, 
per 

cent. 


$666,003,772  $16,883,812        2.54 


I'nder  200 

200  but  under  500 

500  but  under  1,000... 
1,000  but  under  2.000. 
2,000  but  under  5,000. 
5,000  and  over 


Companies  without  generating  equip- 
ment  


1,279 
534 
207 
150 
109 
73 


162 


38,757,905 
40, 169, 155 
32,571,676 
71,831,091 
112,158,110 
336,915,946 


33,599,890 


694,358 

470, 434 

538,129 

1,224,350 

3,037,456 

9,961,494 


1.79 
1.17 
1.65 
1.70 
2.71 
2.96 


957,591  [      2.85 


Preferred. 


Num- 
ber of 
com- 
panies 
report- 
ing. 


183 


$75,313,725 


952,900 
2,271,183 
2, 432. 300 
6,693,000 
10, 105, 100 
47,928,842 


4,930,400 


Dividends. 


$2,416,760 


Aver- 
age 

rate, 
per 

cent. 


3.21 


2.68 
1.57 
2.73 
3.34 
2.24 
3.54 


142,500 


FUNDED   DEBT. 


Num- 
ber of 
com- 
panies 
report- 
ing. 


1,129     $600,677,685 


374 

290 
148 
116 
86 
68 


10,969,222 
22,367,127 
25,602,567 
50,813,166 
88,123,800 
387,457,403 


35,344,400 


Interest. 


Amount. 


$26,842,330 


Aver- 
age 

rate, 
per 

cent. 


4.47 


638,126 
1,003,456 
1,277,363 
2,418,424 
3,805,637 
16,159,538  ( 


4.91 
4.49 
4.99 
4.76 
4.32 
4.40 


1,639,786     4.64 


•  Inclading  2  companies  reporting  bonds  only,  their  capital  stoclc  not  being  separable  from  other  interests. 


68 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


The  group  of  small  companies,  those  operating  sta- 
tions with  a  ilynamo  capacity  of  less  than  200  kilo- 
watts, constituted  50.9  per  cent  of  the  total  number, 
but  their  capitalization  formed  but  3.8  per  cent  of  the 
total  capitalization  and  averaged  but  $39,563  per 
compan\'.  On  the  other  hand,  the  companies  operat- 
ing stations  with  a  capacity  of  5,000  kilowatts  or  over 
constituted  only  2.9  per  cent  of  the  total  number,  but 
represented  56.1  per  cent  of  the  total  capitalization, 
with  an  average  of  S10,305,509  per  company.  It 
should  be  remembered  that  the  amounts  of  common 
stock,  preferred  stock,  and  funded  debt  shown  for  the 
several  groups  are  the  total  amounts  outstanding  and 
include  nondividend-paying  stocks  and  noninterest- 
paying  bonds  as  well  as  those  upon  which  dividends 
or  interest  was  paid.  For  this  reason,  the  average 
rates  per  cent,  as  given,  tlo  not  represent  the  average 
rates  per  cent  for  stocks  upon  which  dividends  were 
paid  or  for  funded  debt  upon  which  interest  was  paid, 
but  the  average  return  in  the  form  of  dividends  or 
interest  on  the  total  amounts  of  stock  or  funded  debt 
outstanding,  respectively.  In  most  cases  the  average 
rate  of  return  is  better  for  companies  operating  stations 
with  a  high  dynamo  capacity  than  for  those  operating 
stations  with  a  low  capacity,  though  the  rule  does  not 
hold  in  all  cases. 

Table  68  shows  the  per  cent  distribution  of  the 
number  of  companies  reporting,  capitalization,  and 
dividends  and  interest  for  the  several  groups,  and  the 
average  capitalization  per  company  for  each  group. 

Table  68. — Per  cent  distribution,  by  dynamo  capacity,  of  number 
of  companies,  capitalization,  and  dividends  and  interest,  and  average 
capitalization  per  company:  1907. 


KILOWATT  CAPACITY   OF   DYNAMOS. 


Total. 


FEB  CENT  DI3TKIBUTION. 


All  com- 
panies. 


100.0 


Under  200 

200  but  under  500 

500  but  under  1 ,000 

1,000  but  under  2,000 

2,000  but  under  5,000 

5,000  and  over 

Companies  without  generating  equip- 
ment  


50.9 
21.2 
8.2 
6.0 
4.3 
2.9 

6.4 


Capital- 
ization. 


100.0 


3.8 
4.8 
4.5 
9.6 
15.7 
56.1 

5.5 


Divi- 
dends and 
interest. 


100.0 


2.7 
3.3 
4.1 
8.4 
15.3 
60.3 

5.9 


Average 
capitaliza- 
tion per 
company. 


$533,384 


39,563 

121,362 

292,785 

862,248 

1,930,156 

10,305,509 

456,017 


The  analysis  of  the  statistics  might  be  carried  to 
the  point  of  ascertaining  the  earnings  of  the  incorpo- 
rated companies,  classified  according  to  dynamo  ca- 
pacity and  the  relation  the  earnings  bear  to  the  capital- 
ization for  the  several  groups.  But  any  deductions 
in  regard  to  earnings  that  might  be  drawn  from  these 
returns  are  apt  to  be  misleading.'  The  amounts 
disbursed  in  the  form  of  interest  and  dividends  by 
the  different  groups  of  companies  can  be  used,  how- 

'Seep.  87,  Ch.  VII. 


ever,  in  lieu  of  earnings,  as  a  basis  of  comparison,  and 
these  disbursements  for  groups  of  companies  will  give 
results  which  will  approximate  comparisons  of  earn- 
ings. Hence  the  fact  that  the  average  rate  per  cent 
of  dividends  and  interest  combined,  as  well  as  the 
average  rate  per  cent  of  dividends  on  common  stock, 
as  given  in  Table  67,  shows  a  general  tendency  to 
increase  with  dynamo  capacity,  can  be  taken  as  an 
indication  of  the  relative  increase  in  the  rate  of  earn- 
ings accompanying  increase  in  capitalization.  It  will 
be  noted  also  in  this  connection  that  the  rate  of  in- 
terest on  funded  debt  shows  no  such  increase,  but 
in  fact  is  smaller  for  the  highest  group  than  for  the 
lowest. 

As  a  general  rule,  increase  in  capitalization  is  accom- 
panied by  an  increase  in  the  proportion  of  the  capital- 
ization represented  by  both  preferred  stock  and  funded 
debt,  with  a  decrease  in  the  proportion  of  the  capital- 
ization represented  by  common  stock — that  is,  the 
larger  the  capitalization  the  larger  the  percentage 
thereof  represented  b}'  preferred  stock  and  by  funded 
debt,  and  the  smaller  the  percentage  represented  by 
common  stock.  Although  the  application  of  this  rule 
to  individual  companies  or  to  small  groups  of  com- 
panies would  show  exceptions,  yet  it  holds  good  when 
the  companies  are  grouped  on  lines  broad  enough  to 
eliminate  minor  variations,  as  shown  by  the  following 
tabular  statement: 

Average  capitalization  per  company  and  per  cent  distribution  of 
capitalization  for  groups  of  companies,  classified  according  to  dynamo 
capacity:  1907. 


All  com- 
panies. 

COMPANIES  WITH  A  DYNAMO  CAPACITY  OF— 

Under 
200  kilo- 
watts. 

200  but 
under 
1,000  kilo- 
watts. 

1,000  but 
under 

5.000  kilo- 
watts. 

5,000  kilo- 
watts 
and  over. 

Average  capitalization  per 

SS38,709 
100.0 

$39,563 
100.0 

$169,250 
100.0 

$1,311,677 
100.0 

$10,305,509 
100  0 

Per  cent  distribution: 

Capitalization 

Capital  stock 

Common  stock. 

Preferred  stock. 
Funded  debt 

55.4 
49.9 
5.5 
44.6 

78.4 

76.5 

1.9 

21.0 

61.8 

58.0 

3.8 

38.2 

59.1 

54.2 

4.9 

40.9 

51.2 
44.8 

6.4 
48.8 

The  above  statement  is  confined  to  the  companies 
having  generating  ecjuipment.  It  will  be  seen  that  the 
percentage  which  common  stock  forms  of  the  total 
capitalization  decreases  uninterruptedly  from  76.5  per 
cent  for  the  lowest  group,  companies  operating  stations 
with  a  capacity  of  less  than  200  kilowatts,  to  44.8  per 
cent  for  the  highest  group,  companies  operating  stations 
with  a  capacity  of  5,000  kilowatts  and  over;  while  the 
percentage  for  preferred  stock  increases  uninterrupt- 
edly from  1.9  per  cent  to  6.4  per  cent  for  the  successive 
groups,  and  the  percentage  for  funded  debt  from  21.6 
per  cent  to  48.8  per  cent. 


CAPITALIZATION. 


Municipal  stations. — The  increase  in  the  number  of 
municipal  stations  is  naturally  accompanied  by  an 
increase  in  the  municipal  bonds  issued  on  account  of 
these  stations. 

Table  69. — Municipal  slalions — Funded  debt  and  interest:  1907  and 

1902. 


1907 

1902 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 

Number  of  stations. . . . 

1,252 
998 
254 

$29,031,6.38 

$25,343,654 

$1,149,432 

4.54 

815 
656 
159 

$12,625,482 

$11,609,488 

$504,805 

4.35 

53.6 

52.1 

Reporting  no  bonds  outstanding 

Funded  debt: 

.\niount authorized.     .  .           

59.7 
129.9 

118.3 

127.7 

.\veragerate  of  interest,  percent 

As  a  general  rule,  the  rate  of  interest  on  the  bonds  of 
municipalities  is  lower  than  on  those  of  private  enter- 
prises, and  in  1902  the  average  rate  on  municipal  bonds 
issued  against  light  and  power  stations  was  4.35  per 
cent,  compared  with  a  corresponding  rate  of  4.76  per 
cent  for  incorporated  commercial  companies.  But  the 
bond  rate  for  commercial  companies  shows  a  lower 
average  in  1907  than  in  1902,  while  a  slight  increase  is 
shown  in  the  rate  for  municipal  bonds,  so  that,  as 
before  noted,  the  average  rate  of  interest  on  the  net 
amount  of  funded  debt  of  the  commercial  companies 
upon  which  interest  was  paid  in  1907  was  the  same  as 
that  for  municipal  bonds,  4.54  per  cent. 

The  municipal  stations  reporting  bonds  outstanding 
in  1907  represented  79.7  per  cent  of  the  total  number 
compared  with  80.5  per  cent  in  1902,  and  the  outstand- 
ing bonds  represented  87.3  per  cent  of  the  amount 
authorized  in  1907  compared  with  92  per  cent  in  1902. 
The  average  amount  of  bonded  indebtedness  per  sta- 
tion has  increased  materially,  being  $25,394  per  station 
in  1907  compared  with  $17,697  in  1902. 

The  bonded  debt  of  the  composite  municipal  stations 
formed  57.4  per  cent  of  the  total  for  municipal  stations, 
and  the  average  rate  of  interest  was  4.8  per  cent,  com- 
pared with  an  average  rate  of  4.18  per  cent  for  the 
purely  electric  municipid  stations. 


Table  70. — Municipal  stations — Funded  debt  and  interest  for  purely 
electric  and  composite  stations:  1907 . 


Number  of  stations 

Number   reporting 
l)onds  outstanding. . 
Funded  deltt: 

Amount  outstand- 
ing  

Amount  of  interest 
Average  rate  of  in- 
terest, per  cent... 


MUNICIPAI.  STATIONS. 


Total 
number. 


1,252 
998 


$25,343,654 
$1,149,4.32 


etori?.    Uomposite. 


521 

410 


$10,799,693 
$4.51,776 


731 

588 


$14,  .543,961 
$697,656 


4.80 


Per  cent  of  total. 


Purely 
electric. 


41.6 
41.1 


42.6 
39.3 


Com- 
posite. 


58.4 
58.9 


57.4 
60.7 


In  making  the  reports  for  municipal  stations  carry- 
ing on  business  of  a  composite  character,  an  estimate 
was  given  of  the  proportionate  part  of  the  bonded 
investments  chargeable  to  the  electric  light  and  power 
industry,  as  was  done  with  respect  to  capital  invest- 
ments in  the  case  of  the  commercial  companies,  and 
although  these  estimates  are  in  most  cases  only  approxi- 
mations and  do  not  represent  book  values,  yet  the}' 
afford  a  basis  for  arriving  at  a  general  estimate  of  the 
amount  of  municipal  bonds  and  interest  paid  thereon 
represented  b}'^  the  electric  light  and  power  industry. 
Table  71  accordingly  shows  the  estimated  amount 
of  bonds  chargeable  to  the  electric  light  and  power 
industry  and  to  the  allied  industries,  respectively. 

Table  71. — Municipal  stations — Distribution  of  funded  debt  and 
interest  between  the  electric  light  and  power  industry  and  allied 
industries:  1907. 


BONDS  OUTSTANDING. 

INTEREST. 

Amount. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Amount. 

Average 

rate, 
per  cent. 

Total 

$25, 343,  (.54 

100  0 

$1,149,432 

4  54 

Electric  light  and  power  industry. , . 

20,479,798 

80.8 

911,190 

4.45 

Purely  electric  stations 

Composite  stations 

10,697,093 
9,782  705 

42.2 
38.6 

19.2 

446,883 
484,307 

238,242 

4.18 
4  75 

Allied  industries 

'4,863,856 

4  90 

'Includes  $102,600  reported  for  companies  classified  as  purely  electric,  upon  wliich 
Interest  amounting  to  $4,893  was  paid. 


CHAPTER  YI. 
COST  OF  CONSTRUCTION  AND  EQUIPMENT. 


General  discussion. — The  schedule  used  in  the  cen- 
sus of  1902  called  for  a  separate  statement  as  to  the 
cost  of  land;  buildings;  machinery,  tools,  and  imple- 
ments within  stations;  overheat!  electric-service  con- 
struction; underground  electric-service  construction; 
lamps,  motors,  meters,  and  transformers,  wired  for 
use;  supplies  of  every  description  on  hand;  and  mis- 
cellaneous equipment.  The  object  of  these  inquiries 
was  to  ascertain  the  total  cost  of  the  plant  and  equip- 
ment, as  represented  by  the  total  amount  expended 
for  the  original  construction  and  for  all  subsequent 
extensions,  additions,  and  repairs  to  the  same.  It 
was  presumed  that  the  electric  companies  kept  an 
account  of  this  kind,  but  a  majority  contended  that 
it  was  impossible  to  report  the  cost  in  such  detail,  and 
many   asserted   that  they  had  no  data  from  which 


even  the  total  cost  of  the  plant  and  equipment  to 
date  could  be  estimated  with  a  fair  degree  of  accuracy. 
Moreover,  a  considerable  number  of  the  electric  sta- 
tions have  changed  ownership  during  recent  years, 
and  the  purchase  price  often  has  little  relation  to  the 
actual  cost  of  the  plant,  and  in  fact  seldom,  if  ever, 
represents  this  cost.  The  transfer  is  frequently  made 
through  the  exchange  of  stock  or  by  some  other  ar- 
rangement, whereby  it  is  impossible  to  ascertain  the 
money  equivalent.  In  view  of  these  conditions,  the 
attempt  to  ascertain  the  cost  of  construction  in  such 
detail  was  abandoned  in  1907,  but  in  an  effort  to 
preserve  the  comparative  value  of  the  statistics,  the 
total  cost  of  the  plant  and  equipment  to  date  and 
the  cost  of  construction  during  the  census  year  were 
requested. 


Table  72.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— TOTAL  COST  OF  PLANTS  AND  EQUIP- 
MENT; AVERAGE  COST  PER  KILOWATT  CAPACITY  OF  DYNAMOS  AND  PER  HORSEPOWER  CAPACITY  OF 
ENGINES  AND  WATER  WHEELS;  AND  COST  OF  CONSTRUCTION  DURING  THE  CENSUS  YEAR:   1907  AND  1902. 


Total  cost  of  plants  and  equipment 

Total  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos 

Average  cost  per  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos 

Total  horsepower  capacity  of  engmes  and  water  wheels 

Average  cost  per  horsepower  capacity  of  engines  and  water  wheels 
Cost  of  construction  during  the  census  year 


1907 


1902 


$1,096,913,622  : 

2,709,22s 

$405 

4.098.188  ' 

$268 

$100,912,573 


$504,740,352 

1.212.235 

$416 

1.845,048 

$274 

$41,792,447 


COUUERCIAL. 


1907 


$1,054,034,175 

2,500,209 

$422 

3,776.837 

$279 

$95,740,208 


1902 


$482,719,879 

1,098,855 

$439 

1,685,020 

$286 

$40,050,613 


MUNICIPAL. 


1907 


$42,879,447 

209,016 

$205 

321,351 

$133 

$5, 166. 365 


1902 


$22,020,473 

113,380 

$194 

100.028 

$138 

$1,741,834 


The  total  cost  of  all  central  stations  up  to  the  end  of 
the  census  year  1907  as  compared  with  that  similarly 
reported  for  1902  showed  an  increase  of  $592,173,270, 
or  117.3  per  cent.  In  the  same  period  the  total  cost 
reported  for  the  commercial  stations,  which  in  1907 
represented  96.1  per  cent  of  the  total  cost  of  all  sta- 
tions, and  in  1902,  95.6  per  cent,  increased  118.4  per 
cent.  The  corresponding  increase  for  the  municipal 
stations  was  94.7  per  cent.  The  average  cost  of  plant 
and  equipment  reported  for  all  stations  in  1907  was 
$232,693;  for  commercial  stations,  $304,458;  and  for 
municipal  stations,  $34,249.  In  1902  the  correspond- 
ing averages  were  $139,431,  $172,093,  and  $27,019, 
respectively. 

Many  and  varying  factors  enter  into  the  cost  of 
plants  and  equipment.  Sites  and  rights,  which  in  one 
instance  may  cost  but  little,  in  anotlier  may  be  very 
expensive.  The  installation  and  equipment  of  a  sta- 
tion designed  .and  prepared  to  supply  current  to  a 
large  city  or  thickly  settled  community,  is  quite  unlike 

(70) 


that  of  a  station  transmitting  electricity  considerable 
distances  and  selling  in  bulk  to  but  few  customers. 
These  conflicting  elements  are  encountered  in  any 
attempt  to  arrive  at  an  average  cost  per  station  or  per 
kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamo.  In  endeavoring  to 
arrive  at  an  average  cost  per  dynamo  capacity  there 
is  always  the  uncertainty  as  to  the  extent  of  the  in- 
stallation of  surplus  dynamos,  which  frequently  do 
not,  in  a  true  sense,  represent  the  capacity  of  the 
plant,  but  merely  a  reserve  to  be  brought  into  use  in 
case  of  a  breakdown,  need  for  repairs,  etc.  The  de- 
crease in  the  average  cost  per  horsepower  in  both 
commercial  and  municipal  stations  and  in  average 
cost  per  kilowatt  capacity  of  djmamos  for  commercial 
stations,  may  be  influenced  by  the  fact  that  in  antici- 
pation of  future  demands  upon  them,  plants  have  in 
recent  years  been  constructed  with  a  more  general 
excess  of  both  primary  power  and  dynamo  capacity. 
In  but  1  state,  Utah,  was  the  total  cost  of  plants 
and  equipment  reported  less  in  1907  than  in  1902,  and 


COST  OF  CONSTRUCTION  AND  EQUIPMENT. 


71 


in  this  instance  the  decrease  was  due  to  the  fact  that 
one  of  the  largest  of  the  central  stations  in  the  state 
for  which  statistics  were  secured  in  1902  has  since  that 
date  been  combined  with  an  electric  railway,  so  that 
in  1907  it  was  included  with  the  latter  branch  of  the 
industry. 

There  were  7  states  each  of  which  reported  in  1907 
a  total  cost  of  plants  and  equipment  of  more  than 
$40,000,000.  These  states,  together  with  the  amounts 
thus  reported  and  the  corresponding  totals  for  1902, 
are  shown  in  Table  73. 

Table  73. —  Total  cost  of  -plants  and  equipment  for  ftales  each  of 
which  in  1907  reported  u  total  of  more  than  ^40,000,000:  1907  and 
1902. 


STATE. 

TOTAL  COffr  OF  PLANTS    AND 
EQUIPMENT. 

1907 

1902 

Total  for  United  States 

11,096,913,622 

J504,740,352 

677,617,993 

341,831,031 

252,731,789 
111,780,551 
88,142,233 
73,907,749 
65.219,445 
43,279,228 
42,557,000 

112,998.778 

California                          .                                ... 

36,547,474 

Illinois 

38,329.275 

Pennsylvania                    .          ...                .  . 

41,579,338 

56, 432, 502 

Massachusetts 

29, 662, 267 

Ohio 

26,381,397 

At  both  censuses  the  totals  for  these  7  states  formed 
approximately  the  same  proportion  of  the  correspond- 
ing totals  for  the  entire  United  States,  somewhat  less 
than  two-thirds  in  1907  and  slightly  more  than  two- 
thirds  in  1902. 

Some  of  the  most  notable  increases  in  the  state 
totals  in  the  cost  of  construction  are  shown  in  Table  74. 

Table  14,. — Notable  increases  in  the  total  cost  of  construction  for  20 
selected  states  in  1907  over  the  amount  reported  in  1902. 


TOTAL  COST  OF  PLANTS  AND 
EQUIPMENT. 


1907 


1902 


Total  for  United 
States 11,096,913.622     t504,740.352 


Total  for  20  selected 
states 


853,914,225 


.  Alabama 

California 

Colorado 

Georgia 

IlUnois 

Indiana 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nevada 

New  Yorlt 

Ohio 

Olclahoma 

Pennsylvania... 
South  Carolina.. 
South  Dalvota... 
Washington 


7, 
111. 
23, 

7, 
88, 
25, 
21. 
43. 
37, 
24. 
33, 
17, 

4. 

252, 

42, 

7, 
73, 

8, 

2, 
20, 


293, 876 
780,551 
126,179 
354,286 
142,233 
680, 710 
274,959 
279,226 
001,060 
138,081 
865,760 
950,677 
299.631 
731.789 
557.000 
130, 864 
907,749 
803.382 
806,363 
789,849 


358,809,493 


908,895 

36,547,474 

8,665,826 

1,252,578 

38,329,275 

6.706.510 

7.157.986 

29,562,267 

11,559.169 

9,236.505 

15,679.872 

4,740.807 

301,785 

112.998,778 

26,381,397 

597.516 

41,579,338 

2,442,989 

623,504 

3,537,022 


Actual 
increase. 


$592,173,270 


495,104,732 


6,384,981 
75,233,077 
14,460,353 

6,101,708 
49.812,958 
18,974,200 
14,116.973 
13,716,959 
25,441,891 
14.901.676 
18,185.888 
13,309.870 

3,997,846 

139,7.33,011 

16,175,603 

6,533.348 
32,328.411 

6,360,393 

2,182,859 
17,252,827 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


138.0 


702.5 
205.9 
166.9 
487.1 
130.0 
282.9 
197.2 
46.4 
220.1 
161.3 
116.0 
278.6 

1,324.7 
123.7 
61.3 

1,093.4 

77.8 

260.4 

350.1 

487.8 


The  total  cost  of  construction  for  these  20  states 
formed  more  than  three-fourths  of  the  total  for  the 


United  States  in  1907  and  only  a  little,  less  than  three- 
fourths  in  1902;  the  corresponding  amount  of  increase 
for  these  states  was  nearly  seven-eighths  of  the  total 
increase  for  the  country. 

For  reasons  alreatly  stated,  the  cost  of  the  plants  as 
reported  to  the  Census  Bureau  does  not  represent  the 
actual  cost  of  installing  a  central  station  nor  indicate 
the  actual  relative  costs  of  stations  equipped  with  water 
power  as  compared  with  those  equipped  with  steam 
power.  The  reported  cost  does,  however,  give  an 
approximate  idea  of  the  cost  of  construction,  and  the 
classification  of  the  total  cost  reported  according  to 
the  primary  power  used  in  the  stations  gives  addi- 
tional indication  of  the  relative  importance  of  the  dif- 
ferent classes  of  power.  This  classification  is  made 
in  Tables  75  and  76. 

In  comparing  the  statistics  for  the  different  kinds 
of  primary  power  for  1902  with  those  for  1907,  it 
should  be  remembered  that  stations  which  in  1902 
were  operated  by  either  steam  or  water  power  might, 
because  of  the  extension  of  the  service,  or  for  other 
reasons,  find  the  original  power  inadequate  and  by  the 
addition  of  power  of  another  character,  be  thrown  into 
a  different  group  in  1907.  The  extent  of  these  changes 
is,  however,  a  matter  of  great  uncertainty. 

The  stations  using  steam  exclusively  as  primary 
power  in  1907  reported  57.7  per  cent  of  the  total  cost 
of  plants  and  equipment  for  all  central  stations,  and 
if  to  this  is  added  the  cost  of  the  stations  which  are 
practically  steam  plants  but  have  minor  power  of 
some  other  kind,  the  proportion  reported  by  stations 
using  steam  would  be  64.4  per  cent.  But  even  this 
large  percentage  does  not  fully  represent  the  cost  of 
the  steam  equipment,  since  there  is  also  a  large  amount 
represented  by  the  plants  in  the  class  using  water  and 
steam.  The  remainder,  with  the  exception  of  about 
one-half  of  1  per  cent  of  the  total  cost  contributed  by 
the  plants  equipped  with  gas  as  the  primary  power, 
represents  the  cost  of  plants  using  water  power,  or 
without  primary-power  equipment.  In  1907  the 
plants  using  water  exclusively  reported  11.6  per  cent 
of  the  total  cost,  and  those  equipped  with  water  with 
other  minor  power,  2.8  per  cent.  Thus  14.4  per  cent 
of  the  total  cost  was  represented  by  this  kind  of  power, 
exclusive  of  the  portion  represented  by  stations  in  the 
group  "water  and  steam." 

In  1907  the  North  Central  states  had  about  three- 
sevenths  of  the  total  number  of  stations,  but  the  cost 
of  plants  and  equipment  reported  for  that  division 
was  only  a  little  more  than  one-fourth  of  the  total  for 
all  central  stations;  the  North  Atlantic  division,  on  the 
other  hand,  with  about  one-half  as  many  stations, 
reported  somewhat  less  than  twice  the  amount  for  cost 
of  plants  and  equipment.  The  Western  division  was 
third,  with  a  little  less  than  one-fifth  of  the  total  cost, 
while  the  South  Atlantic  and  South  Central  divisions 
each  reported  about  one-twentieth. 


72 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  76.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— TOTAL  COST  OF  PLANTS  AND  E(iUIP- 

MENT,  BY  KIND  OF  PRIMARY  POWER:   1907  AND  1902. 


KIND  or  POWER. 


Total 

steam  exclusively 

Steam  with  other  minor  power 

Water  exclusively 

Water  with  otlier  minor  power 

Water  and  steam 

Gas  exclusively 

Stations  without  primary-power  equipment 


Cen- 
sus. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Numljer 

of 
stations. 


4,714 
3,620 


3,262 
2,747 


474 
315 


360 

275 


180 
SI 


284 
169 


Cost  of  plants 

ana 
equipment. 


Jl, 096, 913, 622 
504,740,352 

633,050,959 
325,912,662 

73,016,313 
48,904,865 

127,722,346 
38,387,077 

30, 900, 788 
14,879,731 

176,837,370 
65,670,174 

4,634,303 
2,600,377 

50,751,543 
8,385,466 


COMHEBCIAL. 


Numljer 

of 
stations. 


3,462 
2,805 

2,199 
2,008 

80 

41 

413 

281 

59 

19 

337 
266 

137 
38 

237 
152 


Cost  of  plants 

and 
equipment. 


11,054,034,175 
482,719,879 

598,742,435 
306,232,439 

72,260,226 
48,831,365 

124,318,422 
37,319,076 

30,836,527 
14,854,719 

174, 697, 251 
65, 179, 991 

4,040,379 
2,499,534 

49,138,9.35 
7,802,755 


MiraiCIPAL. 


Number 

of 
stations. 


1,252 
815 


1,063 
739 


Cost  of  plants 

and 
equipment. 


$42,879,447 
22,020,473 


34,308,524 
19,680,223 

756,087 
73,500 

3,403,924 
1,068,001 

64,281 
25,012 

2,140,119 
490,183 

593,924 
100,843 

1,612,608 
582,711 


Table  76.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— COST  OF  PLANTS  AND  EQUIPMENT, 
BY  KIND  OF  PRIMARY  POWER  USED  AND  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS:   1907  AND  1902. 


United  States 

North  Atlantic 

Soutii  Atlantic 

Nortli  Central 

South  Central 

Western 


Cen- 
sus. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Num- 
ber of 
sta- 
tions. 


Total. 


4,714 
3,620 


1,070 
913 


390 
251 


2,095 
1,706 


679 
404 


480 
346 


$1,096,913,622 
504,740,352 


484,441,333 
266,548,738 

58,513,594 
19,462,480 

290,238,111 
127,495,351 

59,366,131 

22,328,727 

204,354,453 
68,905,056 


Steam 
exclusively. 


$633,050,959 
325,912,662 


287,302,016 
161,398,717 

40,779,550 
16,406,853 

211,879,482 
109,632,429 

53,947,895 
21,885,209 

39,142,016 
16,589,454 


Steam  with 

otlier  minor 

power. 


$73,016,313 
48,904,865 


61,814,755 
42,101,267 

370,000 


9,657,530 
1,275,982 

837,028 
15,190 

337,000 
5,512,426 


Water 
exclusively. 


Water  with 

other  minor 

power. 


$127, 
38, 


722,346 
387,077 


52, 


219,507 
975,986 

',472,369 
1,041,027 

,606,655 
1,744,421 

325,905 
234,551 

1,097,910 
1,391,092 


$30,900,788 
14,879,731 


3,331,165 
13,752,012 

4.787,410 
597,972 

9,670,351 
108,077 


13,111,862 
421,670 


Water 
and  steam. 


eas 
exclusively. 


$176,837,370 
65,670.174 


45,882,261 
36,565,192 

4,464,121 

207, 100 

31,790,294 
11,786,737 

3.381,268 
109, 510 

91,319,420 
17,001,635 


$4,634,303 
2,600,377 


2,712,242 
2,144,121 


69,578 
51,800 


1,237,379 
324,667 


435,645 
23,414 


179,459 
56.375 


31,179,387 
3,611,443 

570,566 

157,728 

8,396,420 
623,038 

438,390 
60,853 

10,166,780 
3,932,404 


The  cost  of  plants  having  steam  as  the  primary 
power  developed  most  rapidly  in  the  North  Atlantic 
and  North  Central  divisions  and  least  rapidly  in  the 
Western  division.  Measured  by  the  cost  of  construc- 
tion, the  North  Atlantic,  Western,  and  North  Central 
divisions  represented  the  highest  development  of  water 
power,  as  did  the  North  Atlantic  of  stations  equipped 
with  gas  as  the  primary  power. 

The  remarkable  increase  in  the  cost  of  plants  and 
equipment  reported  for  stations  which  are  not 
equipped  with  primary  power  was  altogether  dis- 
proportionate to  the  increase  in  their  number.  The  use 
of  water  power  and  the  ability  to  deliver  the  electric 
energy  at  long  distances  from  the  genei'ating  plant,  and 
at  a  low  cost,  have  brought  about  a  great  change  in   '■ 


the  installation  of  power  machines  and  dynamos  in 
central  electric  stations.  New  stations  have  been 
built  without  such  equipment,  sometimes  not  only 
purchasing  the  current  but  selling  the  same  in  bulk  to 
other  stations  by  means  of  long-transmission  lines. 
Many  stations  originally  equipped  with  generating 
apparatus  have  had  such  apparatus  removed  because 
it  has  been  found  to  be  more  economical  to  purchase 
current  than  to  generate  it.  The  largest  increases  for 
stations  not  equipped  with  primary  power  were  in  the 
North  Atlantic,  North  Central,  and  Western  divisions. 
In  1902  the  cost  of  construction  by  character  of 
ownership  was  not  reported,  hence  comparative  figures 
are  not  available.  These  figures,  however,  are  shown 
for  1907  in  Table  77. 


COST  OF  CONSTRUCTION  AND  EQUIPMENT. 


73 


Table   77. 


-Total  cost  of  plants  and  equipment,   by  character  of 
ownership:  1907. 


CHARACTER  OF  OWNERSHIP. 

Total  cost  of 
plants  and 
equipment. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Total 

$1,096,913,622 

100.0 

6,574,920 

4,019,813 

1,043,439,442 

42,879,447 

0.6 

0.4 

Incorporated  company ' . .                  .  .      .          

95.1 

3.9 

'  Includes  2  establishments  classed  under  the  head  "  -\11  other  forms  of  ownership," 
in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  establishments  may  not  be  disclosed. 

This  table  shows  the  importance  of  corporate  owner- 
ship and  the  comparative  insignificance  of  all  the 
other  forms  of  ownership  so  far  as  they  relate  to  the 
cost  of  electric  stations.     The  total  cost  of  construc- 


tion for  the  municipal  stations  was  slightly  less  than  4 
per  cent  of  the  total,  while  that  for  individuals  and 
firms  combined  was  but  1  per  cent. 

During  the  census  year  1907,  $100,912,573  was 
expended  for  new  stations  and  for  additions  and  exten- 
sions to  those  already  in  existence.  This  amount 
represented  an  increase  of  $59,120,126,  or  141.5  per 
cent,  over  the  amount  reported  as  similarly  expended 
during  1902.  For  the  commercial  stations  the  in- 
crease amounted  to  $55,695,595,  or  139.1  per  cent,  and 
for  the  municipal  stations  to  $3,424,531,  or  196.6  per 
cent.  The  total  cost  of  ne\v  construction  reported  for 
1907,  classified  by  kind  of  primary  power  used  in  the 
respective  stations,  is  shown  by  geographic  divisions 
in  Table  78. 


Table  78.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— COST  OP  CONSTRUCTION  DURING  THE 
YEAR,  BY  KIND  OF  PRIMARY  POWER  USED  AND  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS:  1907. 


DIVISIOS. 

Num- 
ber of 
sta- 
tions. 

Total. 

Steam 
exclusively. 

Steam 

with  other 

minor 

power. 

Water 
exclusively. 

Water 

with  other 

minor 

power. 

Water  and 
steam. 

Gas  ex- 
clusively. 

Stations 
without 
primary- 
power 
equipment. 

United  States 

4.714 

$100,912,573 

$54,505,377 

$4,413,308 

$8,715,446 

$3,532,877 

$13,776,002 

$643,331 

$15,326,232 

North  Vtlantic     

1,070 
390 

2,095 
679 
480 

A, 989,031 
7,023,710 

28,091,301 
5,216,2,38 

18,592,293 

20,462,608 
5,014,384 

19,652,627 
4,784,711 
4,591,047 

3,613,408 
30,855 
610,849 
133. 196 
25,000 

1,872,932 

496,615 

1,999,693 

20.953 

4,325,254 

122,145 
1,287.936 
1.392,634 

"736,' i62" 

4,060,573 
126,857 

2.753,211 
108,725 

6,726,636 

233,018 
2,281 
207.627 
145,961 
54,444 

11,624,347 

64,782 

North  central       .           ..               .       . 

1,474,661 

22,692 

Western       .. ...          ...          .  .      . 

2,139,750 

Tile  cost  of  construction  during  the  year  was  dis- 
tributed among  the  several  geographic  divisions  in 
much  the  same  relative  proportions  as  was  the  total 
cost  of  plants  and  equipment  reported,  and  the  same  is 
true  also  of  the  expenditures  reported  during  the  year 
upon  the  stations  in  most  of  the  different  groups,  by 
kind  of  power  used.  The  Western  division,  however, 
for  the  stations  using  water  exclusively  shows  a  much 
larger  proportion  of  the  total  cost  of  construction  dur- 
ing the  year  for  this  kind  of  power  than  of  the  total 
cost  of  plants  and  equipment  to  date  for  the  same 
kind  of  power,  while  the  reverse  is  true  for  the  stations 
of  the  Western  division  wliich  use  water  as  the  pri- 
mary power  but  have  minor  power  of  some  other  kind. 

In  7  states  and  territories  there  was  a  decrease  in 
the  total  cost  of  new  construction  during  the  census 
year  in  1907  as  compared  with  1902,  namely:  Arizona, 
Iowa,  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire, 
and  Rhode  Island.  In  each  case  the  decline  was  due 
to  decreased  expenditures  on  the  commercial  plants. 


In  2  other  states — Arkansas  and  Florida — decreases 
in  the  cost  of  new  construction  for  the  commercial 
plants  were  more  than  offset  by  increases  in  the  amounts 
expended  by  municipal  stations,  so  that  the  totals  for 
the  two  branches  of  the  industry  showed  increases. 

In  3  states — Delaware,  Kentucky,  and  West  Vir- 
ginia— a  decrease  was  reported  for  municipal  plants, 
although  in  each  instance  the  amount  was  small. 

The  statistics  for  some  of  the  states  in  which  the 
largest  amounts  were  expended  by  commercial  sta- 
tions on  new  construction  during  1907  are  shown  in 
Table  79. 

The  figures  for  commercial  stations  show  that  the 
greatest  expenditure  in  new  construction  during  1907 
for  plants  using  steam  power  occurred  in  the  state  of 
New  York,  Illinois  ranking  second  in  this  respect. 
The  greatest  amounts  for  new  construction  in  connec- 
tion with  plants  using  water  power  exclusively  and 
for  those  using  both  water  and  steam  power  were 
expended  in  California. 


74 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  79.— COMMERCIAL    CENTRAL    ELECTRIC    STATIONS— COST    OF    CONSTRUCTION    DURING    THE    YEAR   FOR 
SELECTED  STATES,  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS  AND  KIND  OF  PRIMARY  POWER:  1907. 


■ 

Total. 

Steam 
exclusively. 

Steam 

with  other 

minor 

power. 

Water 
exclusively. 

Water 

with  other 

minor 

power. 

Water  and 
steam. 

Gas  ex- 
clusively. 

Stations 

without 

primary 

power 

equipment. 

$95,746,208 

150,540,907 

$4,268,353 

$8,261,987 

$3,532,027 

$13,566,719 

$541,003 

$15,035,212 

75,892.395 

39,637,792 

3,761,152 

5,801,188 

1,667,524 

11,043,859 

315,223 

13,675,657 

North  .\tlantic  division: 

4,613,916 
3.834,018 
23,403,555 
6,686,401 

2,914,439 

7,900,051 
3,761,219 
2,632,701 
3,572,162 

1,616,022 

8.849,652 
2,005,800 
1,657,903 
2,444,556 

3,975.826 

504.827 

9,688,551 

5,110,074 

2,871,656 

7,578,177 

1,103,413 

264,729 

3,475,463 

1,362,268 

1,876,787 

1,582,290 

129,265 

114,466 

90,369 

3,297,519 

17,595 

18,190 

21,969 

46,510 
59,844 
12,044 
47,892 

129,220 

20,000 

19, 194 

4,980 

1,353,133 

164,141 

500 

1,514 

193,070 

1,549,551 

776 

7,075 

24,132 

349 

4,476 

180,245 
1, 146, 159 

469,416 

3,025 

1,119,484 

1,053,874 

8,838 

40,026 
997,270 
785,583 

17,717 

39,723 

4,851,493 

26,121 

1,389,400 

241,889 

296 

900 

26,873 

120,024 

58,039 

New  Jersev.      .              .        

15,692 

New  York 

11,173,787 

Pennsylvania                               . .               

219, 749 

South  Atlantic  division: 

Maryland                                                                                

7,000 

North  Central  division: 
Illinois 

4,400 
20,500 

7,414 
28,911 

84,361 

49, 179 

Michigan                           

240,963 

13,380 

Ohio                                                                                     

1,200 

979 

South  Central  division: 
Texas 

450 

Western  division: 

1,914,801 
339,790 
116,951 
143,563 

1,200 
26,996 

185,371 

Colorado                                           . .        

20,744 
800 

9,859 

21,487 

Washington                                 . 

264,916 

1,679,722 

There  were  96  stations  reported  as  under  construc- 
tion during  the  year  1907,  which  were  not  in  actual 
operation  before  the  close  of  the  year.  These  stations 
properly  form  a  part  of  the  new  construction,  but  the 
statistics  for  them  are  shown  separately  from  those 
for  the  plants  that  were  in  operation  during  a  portion 
or  all  of  the  year.  In  presenting  these  statistics  it 
should  be  understood  that  although  an  earnest  effort 
was  made  to  obtain  accurate  information,  both  through 
the  special  agents  in  the  field  and  by  correspondence, 
the  canvass  was  not  so  careful  and  thorough  for  this 
class  of  stations  as  for  those  in  operation;  some  may 
therefore  have  been  overlooked. 

Table  80. — Number  of  stations  under  construction,  December  SI, 
1907,  by  character  of  ownership  and  by  geographic  divisions. 


Ag- 
gre- 
gate. 

STATIONS  WHICH    REPORTED  COST 
TO  DATE. 

STATIONS  WHICH  DID 
NOT   REPORT   COST 
TO  DATE. 

DIVISION. 

To- 
tal. 

86 

Indi- 
vid- 
ual. 

Firm. 

Incor- 
porated 
com- 
pany. 

Munic- 
ipal. 

To- 
tal. 

Incor- 
porated 
com- 
pany. 

Munic- 
ipal. 

United  States...     96 

11 

7 

54 

14 

10 

9 

1 

North  Atlantic- 
South  .Atlantic... 

North  Central 

South  Central 

Western 

21 
10 
24 
12 
20 

18 
17 
23 
12 
16 

3 
4 
3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

14 
10 
10 
G 
14 

""7 
5 
2 

3 
2 

1 

"4 

3 

1 
1 

4 

i 

Of  the  96  stations  under  construction,  86  reported 
the  amount  expended  on  them  to  December  31,  1907, 
and  10  claimed  to  be  unable  to  answer  the  inquiry. 
The  number  of  stations  is  divided  among  the  several 
geographic  divisions  in  a  manner  which  clearly  indi- 
cates that,  although  the  expenditure  for  construction 
and  the  capitalization  may  vary  largely  in  the  geo- 
graphic divisions,  the  construction  of  new  stations, 
regardless  of  size,  is  confined  to  no  special  section,  but 
is  general  throughout  the  country. 


Table  81. — Cost  of  construction  and  equipment  of  stations  under 
construction,  December  31,  1907,  and  capitalization  of  the  incor- 
porated companies,  by  character  of  ownership  and  by  geographic 
divisions. 


DIVISION   AND  CHARACTER  OF  OWNERSHIP. 

Number 
of 

stations. 

Cost  of  con- 
struct ion  and 

eouipment 

to  December 

31,1907.1 

Authorized 
capitalization 

of  the 
incorporated 

companies. 

United  States 

96  i    $28,413,013 

$155,615,400 

11               70,7<0 

7                60,904 

03         25.025.028 

15        3,25o,:mi 

Firm 

Incorporated  company 

Municipal 

■i55;6i5;466 

North  Atlantic 

21  i        1,788,223 

7,570,000 

3  ■              26,0-'0 
1                    2.000 

Firm 

17 
19 

1,760,183 
7.758.175 

7,570,000 

South  Atlantic... 

29,775.000 

Incorporated  company... 

11 

8 

24 

7,610,634 
147,541 

5,197,828 

29,778,000 

Municipal 

9,632,000 

4 

4 

11 
5 

12 

28,400 

16.904 

2.087,724 

3,0«i,800 

245,536 

Firm 

Incorporated  company... 

9,632,000 

Municipal 

South  Central 

860,400 

3 

1 
0 
2 

20 

12, £00 
12.000 
179, MS 
42,000 

13,423,262 

Firm 

Incorporated  company... 

860,400 

Municipal 

Western 

107,778,000 

1 

1 

18 

5,800 

30.000 

13.387,452 

Firm 

Incorporated  company. . . 

'  lin'.iTk.om 

'  Ten  of  the  96  stations  failed  to  report  the  cost  olconstructlon. 

Combining  the  cost  of  the  stations  that  were  under 
construction  at  the  close  of  the  year  and  the  cost  of 
the  new  equipment,  extensions,  etc.,  of  operating  sta- 
tions gives  a  total  of  $129,325,586  as  the  total  cost  of 
new  work  during  1 907.  Incorporated  companies  owned 
the  ma.jority  of  the  new  stations,  and  their  authorized 
capitalization,  which  amounted  to  $155,615,400,  is 
presented  merely  as  some  indication  of  the  magnitude 


COST  OF  CONSTRUCTION  AND  EQUIPMENT. 


75 


of  the  new  enterprises  that  were  in  progress  or  i)ro- 
jected  but  had  not  been  completed  by  December  .31, 
1907. 

Table  82. — Cost  of  constructmi  and  equipment  of  stations  under 
construction,  December  31,  1907,  and  capitalkation  of  the  incor- 
porated companies,  by  kind  of  power  used  and  by  geographic  divisions. 


DIVISION   AND  KIND  OF  POWEH. 

Number 
of 

stations. 

Cost  of 
constriiction 
and  equip- 
ment to 
Deceml)er3i, 
1907.1 

Authorized 
capitalization 
of  the  incor- 
porated 
companies. 

United  States 

96 

$28,413,013 

$155,615,400 

Waters                          

44 
39 
10 
3 

27,500,716 

790, 172 

46,204 

75,921 

153,654,000 

1,636,000 

Gas                           

75.400 

250,000 

North  Atlantic 

21 

1,788,223 

7,570,000 

Water' 

13 
4 
2 
2 

19 

1,583,830 

135,922 

5,800 

62, 671 

7,758,175 

6,779,000 

541,000 

Gas 

25.000 

No  power  equipment 

225,000 

29,775,000 

Water 

9 
10 

24 

7,572.134 
186,041 

5,197,828 

29,730,000 

45,000 

North  Central 

9,632,000 

Water 

Steam 

Gas 

South  Central 

5 
13 
6 

12 

5,016,000 
144.824 
37,004 

245,535 

9,350,000 
232,000 
50,000 

860,400 

Water 

Steam 

Gas 

Western 

1 
9 
2 

20 

15,000 

227,135 

3,400 

13,423,252 

125,000 

735,000 

400 

107,778,000 

Water 

Steam , 

16 
3 

1 

13,313,762 
96,250 
13, 250 

107,670,000 
83,000 
25,000 

'  Ten  of  the  96  stations  failed  to  report  the  cost  of  construction. 
2  Includes  2  stations  having  steam  power  also. 

The  bulk  of  the  expenditure  for  new  construction 
was  reported  for  stations  to  be  operated  by  water 
power,  96.8  per  cent  of  the  total  being  for  plants  of 


that  character,  and  although  classed  as  electric  sta- 
tions there  is  little  doubt  that  many  of  them  are  being 
built  primarily  for  the  generation  of  electrical  energy 
which,  by  means  of  transmission  lines,  will  be  deliv- 
ered in  bulk  to  other  places  from  which  it  will  be 
distributed  for  actual  use.  The  percentages  reported 
for  the  remaining  stations  by  character  of  primary 
power  were  as  follows:  Steam,  2.8  per  cent;  gas,  two- 
tenths  of  1  per  cent;  and  those  not  to  be  supplied  with 
power  equipment,  three-tenths  of  1  per  cent. 

Of  the  6.3  incorporated  companies,  9  did  not  report 
the  cost  of  construction.  The  Western  division  re- 
ported 48.4  per  cent  of  the  total  cost  for  water-power 
stations  under  construction.  The  South  Atlantic 
division  was  second  in  the  construction  of  water-power 
stations,  with  27.5  per  cent  of  the  total  cost  of  con- 
struction; the  North  Central,  tliird,  with  18.2  per 
cent;  the  North  Atlantic,  fourth,  with  5.8  per  cent; 
and  the  South  Central  last,  with  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent 
of  the  total  cost  of  construction  for  stations  which 
were  to  use  water  power. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  character  of 
ownership  of  the  stations  under  construction,  by 
kind  of  power: 

Stations  under  construction,  December  31,  1907 — Number  of  stations, 
by  hind  of  power  and  by  character  of  ownership. 


CHARACTER   OF   OWNERSHIP. 

Total. 

Water.i 

Steam. 

Gas. 

No 
power 
equip- 
ment. 

Total 

96 

44 

39 

10 

3 

Individual 

11 

7 

63 

15 

4 

2 
37 

1 

4 
3 
18 
14 

3 
2 
S 

Firm 

Corporation 

3 

I  Includes  2  stations  having  steam  power  also. 


CHAPTER  VII. 
INCOME  AND  EXPENSES. 


Purpose  of  the  statistics. — The  object  in  view  in  se- 
curing these  statistics  concerning  income  and  ex- 
penses was  to  show  the  magnitude  of  the  industry  and 
to  bring  out  certain  of  its  important  features.  No 
attempt  was  made  to  secure  figures  from  which  the 
profits  or  losses  on  the  year's  business  might  be  deter- 
mined, as  it  was  well  understood  that  conclusions  on 
this  point  could  not  properly  be  drawn  from  informa- 
tion which  failed  to  take  into  consideration  bad  debts, 
discounts,  depreciation,  and  perhaps  other  important 
matters  of  a  similar  character.  As  has  already  been 
explained,  a  small  part  of  the  income  as  given  in  this 
report  does  not  represent  cash  receipts  or  actual  re- 
ceipts of  any  character,  since  in  the  case  of  municipal 
plants  the  estimated  value  of  the  current  furnished 
for  the  municipality  was  classed  as  income,  and  similar 
estimates  were  made  by  the  commercial  stations  for  the 
value  of  the  current  supplied  as  free  service. 

In  1902  there  were  380  commercial  stations  which 
furnished  some  service  or  paid  a  cash  compensation 
in  the  character  of  a  tax  to  the  municipalities  in  which 
they  were  located.  The  value  of  the  free  service  was 
estimated  at  $150,809  and  the  cash  compensation  was 
$199,423,  making  a  total  of  $350,232.  In  1907  the 
inquiry  as  to  compensation  for  franchise  was  aban- 
doned, and  in  its  stead  the  estimated  value  of  current 
furnished    free    was    called    for.     For   the    year   last 


named,  727  commercial  companies  reported  free  serv- 
ice, the  value  of  which  was  estimated  at  $337,810. 
If  to  this  amount  is  added  the  estimated  value  of  the 
current  furnished  by  the  municipal  stations  for  the  use 
of  the  municipahty,  $5,672,785,  a  total  of  $6,010,595 
was  classed  as  income  which  does  not  represent  actual 
receipts. 

GENERAL  STATISTICS  OF  INCOME. 

Although  most  of  the  income,  96.6  per  cent,  was 
derived  from  the  sale  of  current,  a  small  proportion, 
3.4  per  cent,  was  obtained  from  the  sale  of  supplies  and 
fixtures  and  from  sundry  miscellaneous  sources.  So  far 
as  possible,  the  income  from  the  sale  of  supplies  and 
fixtures  was  omitted  from  the  reports,  and  is  included 
only  when  such  sales  were  so  involved  with  the  general 
business  of  the  station  that  they  could  not  be  satis- 
factorily segregated.  The  income  from  miscellaneous 
sources  includes  such  items  as  income  from  steam 
heating,  pumping,  steam  or  water  power,  rentals  of 
machines,  etc.,  wiring  of  houses  and  work  of  a  kin- 
dred character,  interest  on  deposits,  etc.  The  details 
pertaining  to  income  will  be  taken  up  in  the  tables 
which  follow. 

The  chief  items  of  income  for  commercial  and 
municipal  stations  are  shown  in  Table  83. 


Table  83.— COMMERCIAL  AXD  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— GROSS  INCOilE:   1907  AND  1902. 

Census. 

Total. 

Commercial. 

Municipal. 

PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL. 

PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

Commer- 
cial. 

Munici- 
pal. 

Total. 

Commer- 
cial. 

Munici- 
pal. 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

4,714 
3,620 

$175,642,338 
85,700,005 

169,614,691 
84,186,605 

125,755,114 
70,138,147 

28,511,550 
9,910,217 

15,348,027 
4,138,241 

6,027,647 
1,614,000 

3,462 
2,805 

$161,630,339 
78,735,500 

156,000,257 
77,349,749 

112,714,851 
63,389,284 

27,995,177 
9,839,077 

15,290,229 
4,120,788 

5,630,082 
1,385,751 

1,252 
815 

$14,011,999 
6,965,105 

13,614,434 
6,830,856 

13,040,263  1 
6,748,863 

516,373 
70,540 

57,798 
17,453 

397,565 
128,249 

73.4 

77.5 

92.0 
91.9 

92.0 
91.9 

89.6 
90.4 

98.2 
99.3 

99.6 
99:6 

93.4 
91.5 

26.6 
22.5 

8.0 
8.1 

8.0 
8.1 

10.4 
9.6 

1.8 
0.7 

0.4 
0.4 

6.6 
8.5 

30.2 

23.4 

53.6 

Gross  income 

105.0 

105.3 

101.2 

Electric  service 

101.5 

101.7 

99.1 

Lighting 

79.3 

77.8 

93.2 

Stationary  motors 

187.7 

184.5 

632.0 

All  other 

270.9 

271.1 

231.2 

All  other  sources 

298.1 

306.3 

210.0 

Of  the  different  classes  of  income,  that  from  lighting 
shows  the  largest  actual  amount,  although  measured 
by  its  percentage  of  increase  it  was  the  smallest.  The 
earher  work  of  the  central  stations  was  chiefly  in  the 

(76) 


direction  of  hghting,  which  as  a  consequence  was  highly 
developed  in  1902;  while  stationary-motor  service  and, 
to  a  still  greater  extent,  the  sale  of  current  for  miscel- 
laneous purposes  are  of  later  development. 


Map  2.— central  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— GROSS  INCOME:   1907. 


Map  3.— central  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— GROSS  INCOME:    1!)02. 


I         I    LESS  THAN    8  600,000 

S5oo,ooo  TO  ei.oo 
SI, 000, 000   TO  se, 

22   S5, 000, 000    TO    SIO 
111!    SIO, 000, 000    AND  OVER 


(77) 


78 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Although  the  municipal  stations  formed  nearly  27 
per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  central  stations,  their 
proportion  of  the  total  income  was  only  8  per  cent. 
The  business  of  the  municipal  stations  is  practicallj* 
confined  to  electric  lighting.  The  income  of  these  sta- 
tions from  stationary-motor  service  was  less  than 
2  per  cent  of  the  total  for  that  item  for  all  stations, 
while  the  income  from  all  other  electric  service,  which 
embraces  current  sold  to  other  electric  companies  and 
to  railways,  for  charging  automobiles,  etc.,  was  insig- 
nificant, forming  less  than  one-half  of  1  per  cent  of  the 
total  for  this  item. 

The  per  cent  distribution  of  the  gross  income  for 
commercial  and  municipal  stations  is  shown  in  Table 
84. 

It  is  apparent  from  the  table  that  a  considerable 
change  has  taken  place  in  the  relative  importance  of 
the  various  classes  of  income  from  electric  service. 
The  percentage  that  the  income  from  lighting  forms 
of  the  total  income  shows  a  decrease  of  10.2,  while 
the  proportions  for  income  from  stationary-motor 
service  and  all  otlier  electric  service,  and  from  all 
other  sources,  increased  considerably. 


Table  84. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Per  cent  distribxdion  of  gross  income:  1907  and  1902. 


TOTAL. 

COHMEBCIAL. 

mmiciFAL. 

iso; 

1902 

iwn 

1802 

1907 

1902 

Gross  income 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100  0 

Electric  service 

Lighting 

9t).6 
71.6 
16.2 
8.7 

3.4 

98^2 

81.8 

11.6 

4.8 

1.8 

96.5 
69.7 
17.3 
9.5 

3.5 

98.2 
80.5 
12.5 
5.2 

1.8 

97.2 

93.1 

3.7 

0.4 

2.8 

98.2 

Stationary  motors 

.\11  otlier.' 

1.0 

.\ll  other  sources 

1.8 

In  some  instances  there  is  no  real  difference  between 
the  character  of  service  performed  by  the  purely  elec- 
tric stations,  or  those  engaged  only  in  the  generation 
or  sale  of  electricity,  or  both,  and  the  composite  sta- 
tions, which  embrace  those  also  engaged  in  some  other 
business ;  but  in  view  of  the  fact  that  in  many  instances 
the  electric  branch  of  the  industry  for  the  latter  class 
of  stations  was  only  incident  to  anothesr  pursuit, 
they  have  been  given  a  separate  presentation  in  vari- 
ous tables  of  this  report.  The  income  for  the  purely 
electric  and  the  composite  stations  is  shown  in  Table 
85. 


Table  85.— PURELY  ELECTRIC  AND  COMPOSITE  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— GROSS  INCOME:  1907  AND  1902 


Census. 

Total. 

Purely  electric. 

Composite. 

PEE  CENT  OF  TOTAL. 

FEB  CENT  OF  INCEEA.SE. 

Purely 
electric. 

Compos- 
ite. 

TotaL 

Purely 
electric. 

Compos- 
ite. 

Number  of  stations .         

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

4,714 
3,620 

8175,642,338 
85,700,605 

169,614,691 
84,186,605 

125,755,114 
70, 138, 147 

28.511,550 
9,910,217 

15,348.027 
4,138,241 

6,027,047 
1,514,000 

2.648 
2,139 

$107,974,921 
58,603,406 

104,629,574 
57,470,597 

75,678.052 
46,812,428 

18,213.001 
7,100,519 

10,738.521 
3,557,650 

3,345.347 
1,132,809 

2,066 

1,481 

$67,667,417 
27,097,199 

64,985.117 
26,716,008 

50,077,062 
23,325,719 

10,298,549 
2,809,698 

4,609.506 
580,591 

2,682,300 
381, 191 

56.2 
59.1 

61.5 
68.4 

61.7 
68.3 

60.2 
66.7 

63.9 
7L6 

70.0 
-    86.0 

55.5 
74.8 

43.8 
40.9 

38.5 
31.6 

38.3 
31.7 

39,8 
33.3 

36.1 

28.8 

30.0 
14.0 

44.5 
25.2 

30.2 

23.8 


39  5 

105.0 

84.2 

149.7 

Electric  service 

10L5 

82.1 

143  2 

Lighting 

79.3 

6L7 

114.7 

187.7 

156.6 

266.S 

Another 

270.9 

201.8 

694  0 

298.1 

195. 3 

603.7 

That  the  character  of  the  electric  service  of  these 
two  classes  of  stations  taken  as  a  whole  is  becoming 
more  uniform  is  evidenced  by  the  absence  in  1907  of 
the  wide  divergence,  so  noticeable  in  1902,  in  the 
proportions  of  the  several  items  of  income  credited  to 
each.  Both  in  1907  and  in  1902  the  composite  sta- 
tions showed  their  largest  proportion  of  the  income 
from  electric  service  for  lighting,  and  their  smallest 
for  all  other  electric  service;  but  while  the  difference 
in  the  percentage  of  these  two  classes  of  income  which 
was  credited  to  composite  stations  was  19.3  in  1902, 
it  was  only  9.8  in  1907. 


The  actual  increases  for  all  classes  of  income  from 
electric  service  and  for  the  gross  income  were  greater 
for  the  purely  electric  stations,  while  the  composite 
stations  showed  a  slightly  larger  actual  gain  in  the 
income  from  "all  other  sources."  The  percentages 
of  increase,  however,  are  in  every  case  greater  for  the 
composite  stations,  so  that  the  proportions  of  the 
different  classes  of  income  shown  for  this  class  of  sta- 
tions were  considerably  greater  in  1907  than  in  1902. 

The  per  cent  distribution  of  the  gross  income  for 
purely  electric  and  composite  stations  is  shown  in 
Table  86. 


INCOME  AND  EXPENSES. 


79 


Table  86. — Purely  electric  and  composite  central  electric  slations- 
Per  cent  distribution  of  gross  income:  1007  and  1902. 


T0T.4L. 

PURELY  ELEC- 
TRIC. 

COMPOSITE. 

1907 

190-2 

1907 

1902 

1907        1902 

Gross  income 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0  1      100.0 

Electric  service t 

96.6 
71.6 
16.2  , 

8.7  j 

3.4  ! 

98.2 

81.8 

11.6 

4.8 

1.8 

96.9 
70.1 
16.9 
9.9 

3.1 

98.1 

79.9 

12.1 

6.1 

1.9 

96.0 

98.6 

74.0 
15.2 
6.8 

4.0 

86.1 

Stationary  motors 

All  other 

10.4 
2.1 

1.4 

In  1907  the  purely  electric  stations  constituted  a 
smaller  proportion  of  the  total  number  of  establish- 
ments than  in  1902,  and  also  contributed  a  smaller 
percentage  of  the  gross  income.  Table  86  shows  that 
of  the  total  income  from  electric  service,  the  percent- 
age of  income  from  lighting  for  the  purely  electric  sta- 
tions was  smaller  in  1907  than  in  1902,  but  slightly 
greater  for  the  income  from  stationary-motor  service, 
"All  other  electric  service,"  and  "All  other  sources." 

The  gross  income  will  be  presented  by  dynamo 
capacity  of  the  stations  in  several  tables  which  follow. 


Table  87.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS- 

OF  STATIONS:   1907  AND  1902. 


-GROSS  INCOME,  BY  DYNAMO  CAPACITY 


Number  of  stations j    1907 

1902 

Gross  income ;    1907 

I     1902 


Electric  service . 
Lighting.... 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 

Stationary  motors 1907 

i    1902 

All  other 1907 

1902 

All  other  sources i    1907 

1902 


$175,642, 
85,700, 


169,614,1 
84,186,1 


125. 755, 
70,138, 


28,511, 
9,910, 


15,348, 
4,138, 


6,027, 
1,514, 


Under  200 
kilowatts. 


3,038 

2,587 

M40,070 
1,440,351 

>,  344,  745 
1,090,189 

i,  779, 128 
1,741,455 

386,329 
228,578 

179,288 
120,156 

795,325 
350, 162 


200  but 
under  500 
kilowatts. 


821 
586 


$14, 786, 719 
10,409,319 


13,954,088 
10,122,092 


12,547,375 
9,317,862 


1,094,952 
598, 897 


311,761 
205,333 


832,631 
287,227 


9m  but 
under  1,000 
kilowatts. 


$10,465,110 
7,001,486 

10,075,476 
6, 896, 143 

8,267,158 
6,832,733 

1,240,926 
682,445 

567,392 
380,965 

389,634 
105,343 


1,000  but 
under  2,000 
kilowatts. 


169 


$13,149,808 
8,414,307 


12,617,855 
8,175,941 


9,274,623 
6,385,817 


2, 190, 200 
1,263,138 


1,153,032 
626,986 


531,953 
238,366 


2,000  but 
under  5,000 
kilowatts.i 


116 
67 

$21,915,199 
13,839,846 

21,277,402 
13,635,206 

15,355,491 
10,875,989 

4.353,295 
2,034,955 

1,568,616 
724,262 

637,  797 
204,640 


5,000 
kilowatts 
and  oyer. 


74 
32 

$89,930,073 
i  30,027,061 

87,277,832 
29,  756, 206 

58,957,999 
22,964,304 

17,621.388 
4,824,518 

10,698,445 
1,967,384 

2,652,241 
270,855 


Stations 
having  no 
generating 
equipment. 


227 
78 

$8,255,369 
1,568,235 

8,067,293 
1,510,828 

5,573,340 
1,019,987 

1,624,460 
277,686 

809,493 
213,165 

188,066 
57,407 


'  Includes  1  municipal  station  with  a  kilowatt  capacity  of  5,000  or  over. 


Of  the  six  classes  of  stations  grouped  according  to 
dynamo  capacity,  the  largest  income  is  shown  for  the 
class  smallest  in  numbers,  stations  having  a  kilowatt 
capacity  of  5,000  or  over.  In  1907  more  than  one- 
half  of  the  total  income  was  reported  by  this  class, 
which  naturally  embraces  the  stations  in  the  large 
cities.  The  next  largest  income  is  shown  for  the  next 
lower  group  by  kilowatt  capacity  and  the  next  higher 
in  number  of  stations;  but  the  group  ranking  third  in 
the  amount  of  income  reported  is  that  which  com- 
prises the  stations  of  smallest  dynamo  capacity,  which, 
however,  includes  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  total  num- 
ber of  stations.  Almost  5  per  cent  of  the  total  income 
was  reported  by  stations  not  equipped  with  generating 
apparatus.  The  proportions  of  the  total  income  from 
lighting  reported  for  the  different  classes  of  stations 
vary  but  little  from  the  corresponding  proportions  of 
total  income,  but  in  the  case  of  income  from  sta- 
tionary-motor service  and  all  other  electric  service  the 
proportions  show  decided  variations.  This  results 
from  the  fact  that  the  income  from  each  of  these  two 
classes  of  service  increases  as  the  dynamo  capacity  of 
the  stations  grows  larger.  In  1907  the  smallest  sta- 
tions, those  with  a  dynamo  capacity  of  less  than  200 
25142—10 6 


kilowatts,  reported  but  1.4  per  cent  of  the  tt)tal  income 
for  motor  service,  while  the  stations  of  largest  dynamo 
capacity  reported  61.8  per  cent.  In  the  case  of 
income  from  all  other  electric  service  the  correspond- 
ing proportions  were  1.2  per  cent  and  69.7  per  cent. 
From  this  it  is  clear  that  the  business  of  the  small  sta- 
tions is  almost  exclusively  confined  to  lighting,  while 
the  larger  stations  are,  to  a  considerable  extent,  en- 
gaged in  performing  other  services. 

There  is  a  marked  difference  between  the  commer- 
cial and  the  municipal  stations  in  respect  to  the  pro- 
portions of  income  reported  by  large  and  small  plants. 
While  the  commercial  stations  show  their  largest 
proportions  for  the  two  classes  of  highest  individual 
capacity,  the  municipal  stations  show  their  largest 
proportions  for  the  two  of  lowest  individual  capacity. 
The  gross  income  for  the  class  of  smallest  djmamo 
capacity  for  municipal  stations  represented  more 
than  one-third  of  the  total,  while  that  for  the  class 
of  next  higher  dynamo  capacity  was  nearly  as  much 
as  the  total  for  all  the  remaining  classes.  The  two 
classes  together  reported  67.6  per  cent  of  the  total 
income  and  92.6  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of 
stations. 


80 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  88.— COMMERCIAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— GROSS  INCOME,  BY  DYNAMO  CAPACITY  OF  STATIONS: 

1907  AND  1902. 


Number  of  stations 

Gross  Income 

Electric  service 

Lighting 

Stationary  motors 

Another 

All  other  sources 


Census. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Total. 


$161 
78, 


156, 

77, 


112, 
63, 


3.462 
2,805 

630,339 
735,500 

000,257 
349, 749 

714.851 
389,284 

■,995,177 
1,839,677 

1,290,229 
1,120,788 

1,630,082 
,385,751 


Under  200 
icilowattj. 


2,116 
1,890 

,725,245 
1,582,929 

,117,146 
1,309,190 

1,621,562 
1,992,266 

331,416 
210,925 

164,168 
105,999 

608,099 
273,739 


200  but 
under  500 
Icllowatts. 


584 
497 

$10,727,632 
8.980,913 

10,036,132 
8,725,433 

8,837,815 
7,952,853 

908.089 
569,863 

290,228 
202,717 

691,500 
255,480 


500  but 
under  1 ,000 
kilowatts. 


225 
160 

$8,903,772 
6,688,819 

8,539,111 
6.589,544 

6,845,383 
6,533,734 

1,140,919 
675,525 

552,809 
380,286 

364,661 
99,276 


1,000  but    1    2,000  but  6,000 

under  2,000  under  5,000    kilowatts 
kilowatts,     kilowatts,     and  over. 


159 
92 

$12,077,872 
7,922,180 

11,554,325 
7,683,814 

8,328,039 
5,906,000 

2,076,288 
1,251,822 

1,149.998 
626,986 

523, 647 
238,366 


111  I 
64 

$20,568,767 
13,107,024 

19,949,795 
12,916,920 

14,070,217 
10,166,839 

4,313,891 
2,034,819 

1,565,687 
724,262 

618,972 
191,104 


74 
32 

$89,930,073 
30,027,061 

87,277,832 
29,756,206 

58,957,999 
22,964,304 

17,621.388 
4,824,518 

10,698,446 
1,967.384 

2,652,241 
270,855 


Stations 
having  no 
generating 
equipment. 


193 
70 

$7,696,978 
1,426.574 

7,525,916 
1,369,642 

5,053,836 
884,282 

1,603,186 
272,205 

868.894 
213,155 

171,062 
56,932 


Table  89.— MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— GROSS  INCOME,   BY  DYNAMO  CAPACITY   OF   STATIONS: 

1907  AND  1902. 


Census. 

Total. 

Under  200 
kilowatts. 

200  but 
under  500 
kilowatts. 

500  but 
under  1 ,000 
kilowatts. 

1,000  but 
under  2,000 
kilowatts. 

2,000  but 
under  5,000 
kilowatts.' 

Stations 
having  no 
generating 
equipment. 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1,252 
815 

$14,011,999 
6,965,105 

13,614,434 
6,836,856 

13,040,263 
6,748,863 

516,373 
70,540 

57,798 
17,463 

397,565 
128,249 

922 
697 

$5,414,825 
3,857,422 

5,227,599 
3,780,999 

5,157,566 
3,749,189 

54,913 
17,653 

15,120 
14,157 

187,226 
76,423 

237 
89 

$4,059,087 
1,428,406 

3,917,956 
1,396,659 

3,709,560 
1,365,009 

186,863 
29,034 

21,533 
2,616 

141,131 
31,747 

44 
12 

$1,661,338 
312,667 

1,536,365 
306,699 

1,421,775 
298,999 

100.007 
6,920 

14,583 
680 

24.973 
6,068 

10 
6 

$1,071,936 
492,127 

1.063,530 
492, 127 

946,684 
480,811 

113,912 
11^316 

3,034 

5 
3 

$1,346,432 
732,822 

1,327,607 
719,286 

1,285,274 
719,150 

39,404 
136 

2,929 

34 

8 
$558,381 

141,661 
■      541,377 

Lighting 

141,186 
519,504 

135,705 
21,274 

5,481 
599 

8,406 

18.825 
13,536 

17,004 

475 

'  Includes  1  station  having  a  capacity  of  more  than  5,000  kilowatts. 


By  a  reference  to  Tables  90  and  91  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  proportions  of  the  total  income  of  the  purely 
electric  and  the  composite  commercial  stations 
reported  for  the  different  groups  according  to  dynamo 
capacity  are  similar  to  those  shown  for  the  two  classes 
combined.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  proportions 
shown   for   the   purely   electric    and    the   composite  i 

Table  90.— PURELY  ELECTRIC  COMMERCIAL  STATIONS— GROSS  INCOME,  BY  DYNAMO  CAPACITY  OF  STATIONS: 

1907  AND  1902. 


municipal  stations  as  compared  with  those  shown 
for  all  municipal  stations.  It  is  noteworthy  that  in 
1907  the  stations  of  smallest  dynamo  capacity  reported 
a  smaller  proportion  of  the  total  income  both  of  the 
purely  electric  and  of  the  composite  municipal  stations 
than  in  1902. 


Number  of  stations 

Onss  income 

Electilc  service 

Lighting 

Stationary  motors 

Another 

All  other  sources 


Census. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Total. 


2,127 
1,759 

$101,222,267 
54,455,737 

98,056,838 
53,394,158 

69,383,375 
42,804,000 

17,951,940 
7,049,444 

10,721,523 
3,540,714 

3,165,429 
1,061,579 


Under  200 
kilowatts. 


1.314 
1,176 

$7,606,219 
6,695,183 

7,107,234 
6,504,590 

6,777,126 
6,354,694 

211,841 
88,188 

118,267 
61,806 

398,985 
190,503 


200  but         500  but 
under  600    under  1,000 
kilowatts,     kilowatts. 


350 
311 

$5,994,937 
5,316,200 

6,634,988 
6,127,766 

6,009,071 
4,666,079 

465,406 
364,540 

160,511 
108,147 

359,949 
187,434 


$3,874,663 
3,239,669 

3,761,269 
3,183,899 

2,973,428 
2,575,351 

470,393 
337,603 

307,448 
270,945 

123,394 
56,760 


1,000  but   I   2,000  but 
under  2,000   uuder  5,000 
kilowatts,     kilowatts. 


76 
65 

$5,221,022 
6,526,616 

4,952,687 
6,352,780 

3,281,487 
4,036,559 

1,002,524 
907,706 

668,676 
408,516 

268,336 
172,835 


66 
46 

'$12,820,831 
10,003,346 

12,582,827 
9,831,193 

8,630,737 
7,611,473 

3,064,162 
1,653,371 

887,928 
666,349 

238,004 
172,152 


5,000 
kilowatts 
and  over. 


47 
22 

$59,664,130 
22,626,474 

58,006,040 
22,387,101 

38,845,455 
16,996,183 

11,421,189 
3,579,123 

7,739,396 
1,811,795 

1,658,090 
238.373 


Stations 
having  no 
generating 
equipment. 


160 
53 

$6,140,465 
1,051,261 

6,021.793 
1,006,829 

3.866,071 
564,761 

1,316.425 
228,913 

839,297 
213, 165 

118,672 
44,432 


INCOME  AND  EXPENSES. 


81 


Table  91.— COMPOSITE    COMMERCIAL    STATIONS— GROSS    INCOME,    BY    DYNAMO    CAPACITY    OF    STATIONS:    1907 

AND  1902. 


N  umber  of  stations 

Gross  Income 

Electric  sen'ice 

Lighting 

Stationary  motors 

Another 

All  other  sources 


Census. 


19OT 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Total. 


$60 

24: 


1,335 

1,046 

408,072 
,279,763 

r,  943, 419 
1,955,591 

1,331,476 
1,585,284 

),  043, 237 
1,790,233 

1,568,706 
580,074 

1,464,653 
324,172 


I  Under  200 
>  kilowatts. 


802 
714 

$4,219,026 
3, 887, 746 

4,009.912 
3,804,600 

3,844,436 
3,637,672 

119,575 
122,737 

45,901 
44,191 

209,114 
83,146 


200  but      I      500  but 
under  500     under  1,000 
kilowatts,     kilowatts. 


234 
186 

$4,732,695 
3,665,713 

4,401,144 
3,597,667 

3,828,744 
3,287,774 

442,683 
215,323 

129,717 
94,570 

331,551 
68,046 


lU 

74 

$5,029,109 
3,449,160 

4.787,842 
3,405,645 

3,871,955 
2,958.383 

670,526 
337,922 

245,361 
109,340 

241,267 
43,515 


1,000  but 
under  2,000 
kilowatts. 


83 
27 

$6,856,850 
2,396,565 

6.601,638 
2,331,034 

5.046,552 
1,868,447 

1,073,764 
344,116 

481,322 
118,471 

255,212 
65,531 


2,000  but 
under  5,000 
kilowatts. 


45 
18 

$7,747,936 
3, 103, 679 

7,366,968 
3,084,727 

6,439,480 
2,545,366 

1,249,729 
481,448 

677,759 
57,913 

380,908 
18,952 


5,000  kilo- 
watts and 
over. 


27 
10 

$30,265,943 
7,401,587 

29,271,792 
7,369,105 

20,112,544 
5,968,121 

0,200,199 
1,245,395 

2,959,049 
155,589 

994,161 
32,482 


Stations 
having  no 
generating 
equipment. 


33 
17 

$1,556,513 
375,313 

1,504,123 
362,813 

1,187,765 
319,521 

286,761 
43,292 

29.597 


52,390 
12,600 


Table  92.— PURELY   ELECTRIC   MUNICIPAL   STATIONS— GROSS   INCOME,    BY   DYNAMO   CAPACITY   OF   STATIONS: 

1907  AND  1902. 


Number  of  stal  Ions 

Oross  Income 

Electric  service 

Lighting 

Stationary  motors 

Another 

All  other  sources 


Census. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Total. 


521 
380 


$6,752,654 
4,147,669 


6,572,7.36 
4,076.439 


6,294,677 
4,008,428 


261,061 
51,075 


16,998 
16,936 


179,918 
71.230 


Under  200 
kilowatts. 


378 
301 

$2,007,991 
1,672,765 

1,936,1,32 
1,644,044 

1,917.550 
1,622,891 

16,209 
7,513 

2,313 
13,640 

71.859 
28,721 


200  but 
under  500 
kilowatts. 


$1,589, 
921, 

1,525. 
897, 


1,432,399 
869,765 


500  but     I    1,000  but 
under  1,000 1  under  2,000 
kilowatts,     kilowatts. 


$1,021, 
267, 

1,004. 
262, 

925, 
244, 

70, 
6, 


,813 
680 


4 
4 

$336,881 
423,964 

335,928 
423,964 

304,592 
418, 138 

31,000 
5,826 

336 


222 
Oil 


953 


2,000  but 
under  5,000 
kilowatts.' 


5 
3 

346, 432 
732,822 

327,607 
719,286 

285,274 
719,150 

39,404 
136 

2,929 


18,825 
13,536 


Stations 

having  no 

generating 

equipment. 


22 
7 


$449,985 
139,861 


442,733 
139,386 


429,097 
133,905 


13.061 
5,481 


575 


7,252 

475 


■  Includes  1  station  having  a  capacity  of  more  than  5,000  kilowatts. 

Table  93.— COMPOSITE    MUNICIPAL    STATIONS— OROSS    INCOME,    BY    DYNAMO    CAPACITY    OF    STATIONS:     1907 

AND  1902. 


Number  of  stations 

Oross  income 

Electric  service 

Lighting 

Stationary  motors 

All  other 

All  other  sources 


Census. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


731 
435 

$7. 259, 345 
2, 817, 436 

7,041,698 
2,760,417 

6, 745, 586 
2, 740, 435 

255, 312 
19,  465 

40,800 
617 

217, 647 
57,019 


Under  200 
kilowatts. 


544 
396 


$3,406, 
2,184, 

3,291, 
2,136, 

3,240, 
2, 126, 

38, 
10, 

12, 


115, 
47, 


200  but 
under  500 
kilowatts. 


151 
34 

$2,  469,  470 
507,339 

2,392,146 
499, 079 

2,277,161 
495,244 

96, 484 
3,835 


77,324 
8,260 


500  but 

under 

1,000 

kilowatts. 


18 
2 

$639,590 
55,477 

531.839 
64,420 

496,010 
54,420 


6,770 


7,751 
1,057 


1.000  but 

under 

2,000 

kilowatts. 


$735, 
68, 


727, 
68, 


641, 
62, 


7,453 


Stations 
having  no 
generating 
equipment. 


12 
1 

$108,396 
1,800 

98, 644 
1,800 

90,407 
1,800 

8,213 


24 


9,752 


82 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


The  extent  to  wliich  the  income  is  confined  to  a  few 
states  is  illustrated  b}-  showing  the  detailed  income 
for  the  10  selected  states  in  Table  94. 

At  each  of  the  two  censuses  almost  70  per  cent  of 
the  gross  income  for  all  central  stations  was  reported 
by  the  10  states  for  wliich  figures  are  given  in  Table 
94,  the  proportion  in  1907  and  in  1902  varying  but 
three-tenths  of  1  per  cent.  Notwithstanding  the 
large  increases  in  the  income  for  each  state,  there  were 
several  which  in  1907  showed  considerably  decreased 
proportions  of  the  total  income  reported,  as  follows: 


Pennsylvania,  from  11.1  per  cent  to  9.1  per  cent; 
Massachusetts,  from  7.4  per  cent  to  6.1  per  cent; 
Ohio,  from  5.2  per  cent  to  4.4  per  cent ;  and  New  Jersey, 
from  4  per  cent  to  3.4  per  cent.  The  states  which 
increased  their  proportions  were  New  York,  lUinois, 
CaUfornia,  Michigan,  and  Missouri.  "  California  and 
Illinois  show  the  most  pronounced  growth  in  the 
gross  income,  although  the  total  actual  increase  for 
the  2  states  combined  was  only  $54,759  more  than  the 
increase  for  New  York  alone. 


Table  94.— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— GROSS  INCOME  FOR  10  SELECTED  STATES:  1907  AND  1902. 


Total  for  United  Steles.. 
Total  for  10  selected  states.. . 

New  Yort 

Pennsylvania 

Illinois 

California 

Uassacbusetts 

Ohio 

Michigan 

New  Jersey 

Missouri 

Indiana 


Census. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Number 

of 
stations. 


Gross 
income. 


4,714 
3,620 


$175,642, 
85,700, 


338 
606 


2,205 
1,911 


314 
256 


327 
279 


383 
346 


129 
115 


120 
114 


272 
233 


234 
201 


162 
123 


200 
180 


121,418. 
59,469, 


34,859. 
16.  854, 

16,015 

9,486; 

15.465, 

6, 757, 

14, 416, 
5,066, 

10, 749, 
6,340, 

7, 643, 
4,431, 

6,072, 
2;  613, 

■  5,952, 
3,421, 

5,805, 
2,392, 

4,438, 
2,105, 


Lighting. 


Stationary- 
motor 
service. 


$125,755,114 
70, 138. 147 


86, 140. 793 
48,  490,  347 


24,296,438 
12,920.807 

12,081,602 
8, 321, 766 

10,278,668 
5,849,351 

8,111,012 
3, 305, 318 

8. 543, 327 
5,263,113 

6,282,861 
3, 873, 339 

3, 848, 797 
2, 285, 995 

5, 123, 926 
2, 799, 961 

4, 116,  409 

1,954,562 

3,  457,  753 
1,916,135 


$28,511,550 
9,910,217 


19,744,151 
7,136.945 


5,688,401 
2,396,046 

2,101,320 
640,948 

2,445,280 
763,764 

3, 826, 462 
1,228,099 

1, 519, 708 
744,879 

1,054,076 
407,901 

873,081 
173, 881 

682,028 
258.055 

985,596 
402,937 

568,199 
120,435 


All  other 
electric 
service. 


$15. 348, 027 
4,138,241 


11,717,114 
2, 928, 759 


4, 082, 544 
1,425,386 

1,217,878 
348,702 

1,842,824 
79,133 

1,984,554 
412, 673 

539.463 
236,890 

138,043 
66,266 

1,028.569 
56,924 

104,  791 
298,583 

581,790 
2,651 

196,658 
1,551 


All  other 
sources. 


W,  027, 647 
1,614,000 


3, 816, 811 
913,480 


791,787 
112,600 

614,992 
175, 451 

899,221 
64,767 

494, 501 ■ 
120,327 

146,742 
96,062 

169,017 
83,532 

321,563 
97, 012 

41,633 
64,705 

122,033 
31,999 

215,722 
67,025 


The  per  cent  distribution  and  per  cent  of  increase 
of  the  gross  income  for  the  10  selected  states  is  shown 
in  Table  95. 

Table  QH. ^Central  electric  stations — Per  cent  distribution  and  per 
cent  of  increase/or  gross  income  in  10  selected  states:  1907  and  1902. 


STATE. 

PEE  CENT  DISTRI- 
BUTION. 

Per  cent 
of 

1907 

IMS 

increase. 

Total  for  United  States.  . 

100.0 

100.0 

104  9 

Total  for  10  selected  states. . 

69.1 

69.4 

104  2 

New  York 

19.8 
9.1 
8.8 
8.2 
6.1 
4.4 
3.6 
3.4 
3.3 
2.5 

19.7 
11.1 
7.9 
5.9 
7.4 
5.2 
3.0 
4.0 
2.8 
2.S 

106  8 

Illinois 

128  9 

California 

184  6 

Massachusetts    . 

69  5 

Ohio 

72  5 

New  Jersev 

74  0 

Missouri..". 

Indiana 

110  8 

Other  states  not  included  in  Table  94  which  report 
large  incomes  for  1907  for  central  electric  stations  are, 
Texas,  $3,792,203;  Minnesota,  $3,478,009;  Washing- 
ton, $3,410,.542;  Colorado,  $3,410,240;  Iowa,  $2,479,- 
969;  Connecticut,  $2,469,543;  Montana,  $2,469,131; 
and  Wisconsin,  $2,278,637.  The  income  reported  for 
the  state  of  Washington  is  especially  noteworthy, 
being  an  increase  of  $2,626,891,  or  335.2  per  cent,  over 
1902.  Washmgton  is  one  of  the  states  which  relies 
largely  upon  water  for  primary  power,  and  to  the 
abundance  of  this  economical  force  for  the  generation 
of  electricity  may  be  traced  its  relatively  large  use 
in  that  state. 

The  income  of  stations  classified  according  to  kind 
of  primary  power  used  and  the  percentages  of  increase 
are  shown  in  Tables  96  and  97. 


INCOME  AND  EXPENSES. 


83 


Table  96.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— GROSS  INCOME,  BY  KIND  OF  PRIMARY 

POWER  USED:   1907  AND  1902. 


Number  of  stations , 

Gross  inc'flme 

Electric  service 

Lighting 

Stationary  motors. 

Another 

All  other  sources 


Census. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Total. 


4, 
3, 

»175,(>42, 
85,700, 

169,614, 
84,186, 

125,755, 
70,138, 

28,511, 
9,910, 

15, 348. 
4, 138, 

fi,027, 
1,514, 


605 


550 
217 


647 
000 


steam 
exclusively. 


»119, 
64, 


3,262 
2,747 

029,194 
730,694 

i,  428, 251 
1,795,608 

1,462,389 
1,439,357 

i,  934, 961 

1,886,244 

,030,901 
,470,007 

1,600,943 
935,086 


Steam 
with 
other 
minor 
power. 


93 

43 

$7,%7,002 
3,367,962 

7,821,550 
3,237,584 

6,682,067 
2,755,445 

1,007,776 
331,031 

231,707 
151,108 

145,452 
120,378 


Water 
exclu- 
sively. 


474 

315 

$11,098,303 
4,166,605 

10,454,035 
4,035,702 

3,621,562 
2,165,746 

2,986,379 
986,076 

3,846,094 
883,881 

644,268 
120,803 


Water 

with  Water 

other       1       and 
minor  steam. 

power. 


61 
20 

$3,104,158 
1,060,8(>6 

2.946.122 
1,034,880 

1,702,752 
121,058 

918,658 
80,011 

324,712 
833,811 

158,036 
24,986 


360 

276 

$22,700,921 
9, 052, 574 

21.507,904 
8,812,006 

13,152,818 
7,004,961 

6,464,061 
1,246,918 

2,891,025 
560,127 

1,193,017 
240,568 


Gas 
exclu- 
sively. 


180 

51 

$1,010,150 
775,137 

980,910 
769,900 

884,204 
706,036 

82,221 
63,741 

14,485 
123 

29,240 
5,237 


Stations 
without 
primary- 
power 
equipment. 


284 
169 

$10,732,610 
2,667,867 

10,475,919 
2,500,925 

7,349,322 
1,945,544 

2,117,494 
316,197 

1,009,103 
239, 184 

266,691 
66,942 


Table  97.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE  OF  GROSS 

INCOME,  BY  KIND  OF  PRIMARY  POWER  USED:   1907. 


Total. 

Steam  ex- 
clusively. 

Steam 
with 
other 
minor 
power. 

Water  ex- 
clusively. 

Water 
with 
other 
minor 
power. 

Water 

and 
steam. 

Gas  ex- 
clusively. 

Stations 
without 
primary- 
power 
equip- 
ment. 

Number  of  stations : 

30.2 
106.9 
101.5 

79.3 
187.7 
270.9 
298.1 

18.7 
83.9 
80.9 
66.8 
131.4 
378.3 
285.1 

116.3 
137.3 
141.6 
138.9 
204.4 
53.3 
20.8 

60.6 
107.0 
159.0 

67.2 
202.9 
335.1 
433.3 

205.0 
192.9 

184.7 

1,306.0 

1.048.2 

1  61.1 

5,32.6 

30.9 
160.8 
144.1 

87.8 
338.2 
416.1 
395.9 

252.9 
30.3 
27.4 
25.2 
29.0 
11,670.4 

468.3 

68.0 
318.0 
319.0 
277.8 
669.6 
321.9 
283.5 

Gross  income 

Electric  service 

Lighting 

Another 

All  other  sources 

1  Decrease. 


In  another  chapter  of  this  report  reference  is  made 
to  the  fact  that  allowance  must  be  made  for  changes 
from  year  to  year  in  the  equipment  of  existing  stations 
in  respect  to  the  primary  power  employed,  which 
would  result  in  the  transfer  of  stations  from  one  class 
to  another  without  materially  adding  to  the  total 
power  equipment.  The  tables,  therefore,  should  be 
accepted  more  as  representing  the  contlitions  at  the 
two  censuses,  and  as  showing  the  increase  in  the  in- 
come reported  for  the  stations  using  the  different  kinds 
of  power,  rather  than  as  showing  the  actual  growth 
in  the  use  of  any  particular  kind  of  primary  power. 

In  1907  the  income  for  the  steam  plants,  including 
the  stations  exclusively  equipped  with  steam  power 
and  those  which  also  had  other  minor  power,  con- 
stituted 72.3  per  cent  of  the  total.  Even  this  large 
proportion  does  not  fully  indicate  the  relative  impor- 
tance of  the  income  resulting  from  using  steam  as  the 
primary  power,  since  the  stations  which  were  about 
equally  equipped  with  steam  and  with  water  power 
reported  12.9  per  cent  of  the  total  gross  income,  some 
part  of  which  should  rightfully  be  classed  as  resulting 


from  the  use  of  steam.  If  this  amount  w-as  divided 
equally  between  water  and  steam,  approximately 
78.7  per  cent  of  the  gross  income  would  be  credited 
as  income  derived  from  the  use  of  steam  as  the  primary 
power,  leaving  but  little  more  than  one-fifth  of  the 
income  to  be  divided  among  the  three  remaining 
classes,  water-power  stations,  gas-power  stations,  and 
those  stations  having  no  primary  power.  Of  these 
three  classes,  the  stations  using  water  exclusively,  or 
water  with  other  minor  power,  reported  8.1  per  cent  of 
the  total  income,  and  if  to  the  income  for  these  stations 
is  added  half  of  the  amount  reported  for  stations  using 
both  water  and  steam,  the  total  income  derived  from 
the  use  of  water  power  would  represent  approximately 
14.6  per  cent  of  the  total  gross  income  reported.  The 
stations  using  gas  reported  but  six-tenths  of  1  per  cent 
of  the  total  gross  income,  and  those  purchasing  their 
power,  while  showing  large  and  most  consistent  per- 
centages of  increase  in  each  of  the  several  sources  of 
income,  reported  but  6.1  per  cent. 

The  proportion  of  income  derived  from  each  source 
is  shown  for  the  different  classes  of  stations  in  Table  98. 


84 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER   STATIONS. 


Table  98.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION  OF  GROSS 
INCOME  FOR  EACH  KIND  OF  POWER  USED,  BY  SOURCE  OF  INCOME:  1907  AND  1902. 


Gross  Income , 

Electric  service 

Lighting 

Stationary  motors 
Another 

All  other  sources 


Censos. 


19OT 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Total. 


100.0 
100.0 


96.6 
98.2 


71.6 
81.8 


16.2 
11.6 


8.7 
4.8 


3.4 
1.8 


Steam 
exclu- 
sively. 


100.0 
100.0 


97.0 
98.  C 


77.7 
85.6 


13.4 
10.6 


S.9 
2.3 


3.0 
1.4 


Steam 
with 
other 
minor 
power. 


Water 
exclu- 
sively. 


100.0 
100.0  I 


100.0 
100.0 


98.2 
96.4 


82.6 
82.1 


12.6  i 


2.9 
4.S 


1.8 
3.6 


94.2 
97.1 


32.6 
52.1 


26.9 
23.7 


34.7 
21.3 


8.8 
2.9 


Water 
with 
other 
minor 
power. 


100.0 
100.0 


94.9 
97.6 


54.9 
11.4 


29.6 
7.5 


10.5 

78.7 


5.1 
2.4 


Water 

and 
steam. 


100.0 
100.0 


94.7 
97.3 


57.9 
77.4 


24.1 
13.8 


12.7 
6.2 


5.3 

2.7 


Gas 
exclu- 
sively. 


100.0 
100.0 


97.1 
99.3 


87.6 
91.1 


8.1 

8.2 


(') 


2.9 
0.7 


Stations 
without 
primary- 
power 
equip- 
ment. 


HX).0 
100.0 


97.6 
97.4 


68.5 
75.8 


19.7 
12.3 


9.4 
9.3 


2.4 
2.8 


1  Less  than  one-tenth  ol  1  per  cent. 


A  noteworthy  feature  of  the  central-station  industry 
is  tlie  relatively  small  proportion  of  the  total  income 
of  the  stations  using  water  power  which  is  received 
from  lighting.  In  1907  the  proportion  obtained  from 
this  source  was  smallest  (32.6  per  cent)  for  the  stations 
using  water  power  exclusively.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  stations  using  water  power  show  exceptionally 
large  proportions  of  their  income  as  derived  from 
motor  service  and  from  all  other  electric  service. 
These  results  are  in  accordance  with  the  well-known 
fact  that  many  of  the  stations  equipped  with  water 
power  sell  much  of  their  current  to  other  electric 
stations  or  to  establishments  which  use  it  for  motor 
service,  etc.  If  the  proportionate  income  from  lighting 
reported  for  1907  by  the  three  classes  using  water 
power  is  considered  separately  in  relation  to  the  cor- 
responding amounts  for  1902,  unaccountable  differ- 
ences are  found;  but  when  the  three  classes  are  con- 
sidered together  the  discrepancies  disappear.  The 
differences  referred  to  result,  no  doubt,  from  minor 
changes  of  equipment  which  transferred  stations  from 


one  class  to  another,  but  still  kept  them  among  those 
using  water  power. 

The  sale  of  current  in  bulk  has  grown  to  large  pro- 
portions and  constitutes  a  special  branch  of  the  elec- 
trical industry.  Although  a  number  of  stations 
engaged  in  it  were  operated  by  steam  as  the  primary 
power,  most  of  the  stations  that  make  a  specialty  of 
this  form  of  service  are  hydro-electric  plants.  In 
1907  there  were  92  stations,  operated  either  exclu- 
sively or  primarily  by  water  power,  the  chief  business  of 
which  was  the  sale  of  current  in  bulk,  this  current 
being  transmitted  to  greater  or  less  distances  as 
necessity  demanded.  These  92  stations  reported  a 
total  income  of  $13,231,720,  of  which  $8,783,371, 
or  66.4  per  cent,  was  from  current  sold  in  bulk; 
$2,675,852,  or  20.2  per  cent,  from  lighting;  $1,221,408, 
or  9.2  per  cent,  from  all  other  electric  service;  and 
$551,089,  or  4.2  per  cent,  from  sources  other  than  the 
sale  of  electricity. 

Table  99  shows  the  income  of  stations  with  and 
those  without  meters  on  consumption  circuits. 


Table  99.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— GROSS  INCOME  FOR  STATIONS  WITH 
AND  WITHOUT  METERS  ON  CONSUMPTION  CIRCUITS:    1907  AND  1902. 


Number  of  stations 

Oroes  income 

Electric  service 

Lighting 

Stationary  motors 

Another 

All  other  sources 


Census. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Total. 


4,714 
3,620 

1175,642,338 
85, 700, 605 

169,614,691 
84, 186, 605 

125,755,114 
70, 138, 147 

28,511,550 
9,910,217 

15.348,027 
4,138,241 

6,027,647 
1,514,000 


With  meters. 


4, 
2, 

1168.590, 
79,888, 

162,702. 

78,463, 

121,749, 
65,146, 


27,896,922 
9,606,409 

13,056,464 
3,710,896 


Without 
meters. 


5,888, 
1.425, 


194 
083 


629 
901 

.051,454 
1,811,701 

i,  912, 001 
1,722,784 

1,005,810 
1,991,(81 

614,628 
303,808 

1,291,563 
427,345 

139,453 
88,917 


COHHEKCIAL. 


Total. 


3,462 
2,805 

$161,630,339 
78,735,500 

156,000,257 
77,349,749 

112,714,851 
63,389,284 

27,995,177 
9,839,677 

15,290,229 
4,120,788 

5,630,082 
1,385,751 


With  meters. 


3,019 
2,147 

$157,341,176 
75,254,621 

151,818,384 
73,944,448 

111,407,611 
60,696,174 

27,409,632 
9,545,887 

13,001,141 
3,702,387 

5,522,792 
1,310,173 


Without 
meters. 


443 

658 

$4,289,163 
3,480,879 

4.181,873 
3,405,301 

1.307.240 
2,693,110 

585,545 
293.790 

2.289,088 
418,401 

107.290 
75,578 


MUNICIPAL. 


Total. 


1,252 
815 

$14,011,999 
6,965,105 

13,614,434 
6,836,856 

13,040,263 
6,748,803 

516,373 
"0,540 

57,798 
17,453 

397,565  1 
128,249 


With 
meters. 


1,066 
572 

$11,249,708 
4,1)34,283 

10,884,306 
4,519,373 

10,  .341, 693 
4,450,342 

487,290 
60,522 

55,323 
8,509 

365,402 
114,910 


Without 
meters. 


186 
243 

$2, 762. 291 
2,330,822 

2, 730, 128 
2,317,483 

2,698,570 
2,298,521 

29.083 
10,018 

2,475 
8,944 

32,163 
13,339 


INCOME  AND  EXPENSES. 


85 


The  trend  of  the  later  methods  of  electric  service  is 
unquestionably  in  the  direction  of  selling  current  by 
meter  measurement.  The  change  in  this  direction, 
which  has  been  going  on  for  some  time,  has  been  accel- 
erated by  advances  made  in  the  perfection  of  the 
meters.  It  is  to  the  interest  of  the  company  furnishing 
the  current  to  have  these  machines  installed,  not  only 
as  a  matter  of  self-protection  but  because  every  step 
in  the  direction  of  reliability  and  accuracy  is  bound  to 
win  favor  with  the  consumer. 

It  should  be  understood,  in  connection  with  Table 
99,  that  although  the  figures  for  stations  not  equipped 
with  meters  are  complete,  as  reported,  this  condition 
is  not  in  the  same  degree  conclusive  for  those  classed 
as  having  meters.  The  latter  class  of  stations  em- 
braces all  which  reported  meters,  and  included  many 
stations  that  were  not  fully  equipped  in  this  particu- 
lar, but  sold  part  of  the  current  at  contract  or  flat 
rates.  The  figures,  however,  demonstrate  beyond 
question  the  fact  that  the  stations  without  meters  are 
decreasing  in  number,  notwithstanding  the  increase  in 
the  total  number  of  stations.  In  1902,  of  the  total 
number  of  stations,  24.9  per  cent  reported  no  meters 
as  compared  with  only  13.3  per  cent  in  1907.  The 
income  for  the  stations  without  meters  formed  6.8  per 
cent  of  the  total  in  1902  and  but  4  per  cent  in  1907. 
There  was  little  difference  in  the  relative  proportions 
of  the  commercial  and  the  municipal  stations  which 
had  installed  meters,  but  a  considerably  larger  per- 
centage of  the  income  of  commercial  stations  is  cred- 
ited to  those  having  meters  than  is  the  case  with  the 
municipal  stations.  The  municipal  stations  have 
been  somewhat  slower  in  the  adoption  of  meters, 
since  many  of  them,  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  the 
whole  or  the  great  bulk  of  the  current  produced  is 
used  directly  by  the  municipality,  do  not  feel  the 
necessity  for  such  equipment.  In  the  case  of  the 
commercial  stations  the  income  for  stations  without 
meters  formed  4.4  per  cent  of  the  total  for  such  sta- 
tions in  1902  and  2.7  per  cent  in  1907.  The  corre- 
sponding proportions  for  the  municipal  stations  were 
33.5  per  cent  and  19.7  per  cent,  respectively. 

A  comparison  of  the  income  of  the  commercial  sta- 
tions from  the  several  classes  of  electric  service  in 
1907  and  in  1902  shows  that  the  stations  without 
meters  reported  a  decreased  proportioii  of  the  total 
in  1907  for  all  classes  of  income,  except  income  from 
all  other  electric  service,  for  which  there  was  a  decided 
gain.  Of  the  total  income  from  lighting,  the  propor- 
tion for  commercial  stations  without  meters  decreased 
from  4.2  per  cent  to  1.2  per  cent,  while  the  percentage 
of  the  total  income  from  stationary-motor  service  re- 
ported for  this  class  of  stations  fell  from  3  per  cent  to 


2.1  per  cent;  in  the  case  of  income  from  all  other  elec- 
tric service,  however,  the  percentage  increased  from 
10.2  per  cent  to  15  per  cent.  The  increase  in  the  in- 
come for  this  latter  item  is  due  to  the  fact  that  several 
companies  with  long-transmission  lines,  a  business 
largely  created  since  1902,  sold  at  wholesale  large 
quantities  of  current  at  contract  rates.  In  the  case 
of  the  municipal  stations,  on  the  other  hand,  the  part 
of  the  total  income  from  all  other  electric  service  con- 
tributed by  stations  not  equipped  with  meters  shows 
a  falling  off  from  51.2  per  cent  in  1902  to  4.3  per  cent 
in  1907. 

The    income    for    commercial    and    for    municipal 
lighting  is  shown  in  Table  100. 

Table  100. — CommerdM  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Gross  income  from  commercial  and  public  lighting:  1907  and  1902. 


STATIONS. 

Total. 

Commercial. 

Municipal. 

Lighting.  1907 

$125,755,114 
100,337,434 
25,417,680 
70, 138, 147 
50,368,173 
19,769,974 

79.3 
92.2 

28.6 

$112,714,851 
92,942,447 
19,772,404 
63,389,284 
47,259,711 
16, 129, 573 

77.8 
96.7 
16.4 

113,040,263 
7,394,987 
5,646,276 
6,748,863 
3, 108, 462 
3,640,401 

93.2 

Conimcrcial 

Public 

Ligliting,  1902 

Public . 

Per  cent  of  increase: 

Total 

Commercial 

137.  9 

Public.  . 

55  1 

By  public  lighting  in  this  report  is  meant  the  light- 
ing of  streets,  parks,  public  buildings,  and  all  other 
public  places  for  the  illumination  of  which  the  munici- 
pality or  other  governmental  division  exercising 
municipal  functions  is  responsible,  irrespective  of 
whether  such  service  was  rendered  by  commercial 
or  municipal  stations;  while  commercial  lighting 
embraces  all  lighting  which  is  furnished  to  individuals, 
firms,  etc.,  by  either  the  commercial  or  the  municipal 
stations. 

The  income  from  commercial  lighting  formed  79.8 
per  cent  of  the  total  income  for  all  kinds  of  lighting 
in  1907  and  71.8  per  cent  in  1902,  while  the  corre- 
sponding proportions  for  public  lighting  were  20.2 
per  cent  and  28.2  per.  cent,  respectively.  Thus  the 
percentage  for  commercial  lighting  was  larger  by  8 
per  cent  in  1907  than  in  1902  and  the  percentage 
for  public  lighting  correspondingly  smaller.  Both 
the  actual  and  the  percentage  of  increase  were 
much  greater  for  commercial  than  for  public 
lighting.  It  is  apparent  from  Table  100  that 
during  the  period  between  the  two  censuses  com- 
mercial lighting  made  much  more  rapid  progress  than 
public  lighting. 

The  extent  to  which  the  income  from  lighting  is 
confined  to  a  few  states  is  shown  in  Table  101. 


86 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  101.— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— GROSS  INCOME    FROM  COMMERCIAL  AND  PUBLIC  LIGHTING,  FOR 

15  SELECTED  STATES:    1907  AND  1902. 


Total  Jor  United  States. 

Total  for  15  selected  states. 

New  York 

Pennsylvania 

Illinois 

Massachusetts 

California 

Ohio 

New  Jersey 

Missouri 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Texas 

Minnesota 

Colorado 

Washington 

Iowa 


1907 


1125,755,114 


98,183,606 


24,296,438 
12,081,602 
10,278,668 
8,543,327 
8,111,012 

6,282,861 
5,123,926 
4,116,409 
3, 848, 797 
3, 457, 753 

3,066,994 
2, 700, 959 
2,181,310 
2,078,156 
2,015,394 


1902 


J70, 138, 147 


55,045,472 


12,920,807 
8,321,766 
5,849,351 
5,263,113 
3,305,318 

3,873,339 
2,799,961 
1,954,562 
2,285,995 
1,916,135 

1,753,681 
1,615,766 
1,209,760 
586, 274 
1,389,644 


COMMERCIAL  UOHTING. 


1907 


$100,337,434 


78,494,819 


20, 430, 168 
8,790,425 
8,078,661 
6,315,999 
7, 220, 210 

4,577,668 
3,700,863 
3,578,819 
2,958,391 
2,572,206 

2,745,418 
2,193,540 
1,921,459 
1,838,208 
1,572,784 


1902 


»50,368,173 


39, 173, 239 


9,359,493 
6,557,115 
4,094,781 
3,555,731 
2,737,430 

2,480,638 
1,696,783 
1,610,820 
1,631,983 
1,160,712 

1,494,712 

1,267,424 

984,325 

602,148 

1,039,144 


PUBLIC  LIGHTING. 


1907 


$25,417,680 


19,688,787 


3,866,270 
3,291,177 
2,200,007 
2,227,328 
890,802 

1,705,193 

1,423,063 

537,590 

890,406 

885,547 

321,576 
507,419 
259,851 
239,948 
442,610 


1902 


$19,769,974 


15,872,233 


3,561,314 
2,764,651 
1,754,570 
1,707,382 
567,888 

1,. 392, 701 

1,103,178 

343, 742 

654,012 

755,428 

258,969 
348,342 
225,435 
84,128 
350,500 


The  bulk  of  the  income  from  lighting,  78.1  per  cent 
in  1907  and  78.5  per  cent  in  1902,  was  reported  by  the 
stations  in  the  15  states  shown  in  the  table.  So  large 
a  part  of  the  total  income  is  reported  by  these  states 
that  no  great  difference  between  the  rates  of  increase 
for  the  whole  United  States  and  for  the  15  states  to- 
gether is  to  be  expected.  For  the  United  States  the 
increases  were  as  follows:  Total,  79.3  per  cent;  com- 
mercial lighting,  99.2  per  cent;  pubhc  hghting,  28.6  per 
cent.  The  corresponding  increases  for  tlie  15  states 
were  78.4  per  cent,  100.4  per  cent,  and  24  per  cent. 

In  the  report  for  1902  a  statement  was  prepared 
showing  the  total  number  of  arc  and  of  incandescent 
lamps,  together  with  the  separate  income  derived  from 
each  of  the  two  classes  of  service,  and  the  average  in- 
come per  lamp  based  upon  these  figures.  The  material 
for  a  corresponding  statement  for  1907  is  wanting,  on 
account  of  the  fact  that  to  a  great  extent  the  different 
stations  have  discontinued  keeping  accounts  giving 
these  data  because  of  the  general  adoption  of  the  meter 
system  of  selling  electricity  and  the  fact  that  it  is  no 
longer  necessary  for  the  company  to  know  the  number 
of  lamps  served.  Not  only  is  it  often  impossible  to  as- 
certain the  separate  income  for  arc  and  for  incandes- 
cent lamps,  but  there  is  also  no  way  of  finding  out  the 
extent  to  which  the  electric  current  supplied  from  the 
same  wire  and  measured  by  the  same  meters  has  been 
used  for  small  fan  motors  and  for  other  miscellaneous 
purposes.  Furthermore,  the  number  of  lamps  called 
for  in  1907  was  the  number  wired  for  service  on  the  last 
day  of  the  year  covered  by  the  report,  and  not,  as  in 
1902,  the  number  in  service.  In  order  that  some  idea 
may  be  had  of  the  relative  income  per  lamp  at  the  two 
censuses,  however,  a  number  of  reports  in  which 
complete  answers  appear  to  have  been  made  were  se- 
lected and  tabulated,  and  the  results,  together  with  the 
figures  as  published  in  1902  for  all  commercial  central 


stations  in  the  United  States,  are  presented  in  the  fol- 
lowing statement : 

Commercial  central  electric  stations — Average  income  from  lamps  as 
reported  in  1902,  and  as  obtained  from  110  selected  reports  in  1907. 


COMMERCIAL  STATIONS. 

For  110 

selected 

stations  in 

1907. 

For  all 

stations  in 
1902. 

Arc  lamps: 

Commercial  lighting- 

62, 426 

$2, 496, 837 

$40.00 

49,900 

$3,471,622 

$69.57 

8,841,206 

$17,532,593 

$1.98 

112,062 

$426, 202 

$3.80 

168,180 

$8. 220, 154 

Average  income  per  lamp 

$48  88 

Public  lighting- 
Number  of  lamps         

166,723 

$13,871,646 

Average  income  per  lamp 

$83  20 

Incandescent  lamps: 

Commercial  lighting- 
Number  of  lamps 

16.243,853 

$39,039,557 

Average  income  per  lamp 

$2  40 

Public  lighting- 
Number  of  lamps 

372,740 
$2, 267, 927 

Income 

$6,06 

In  selecting  the  110  reports  used  as  a  basis  for  an 
average  in  1907,  ten  reports  were  taken  from  each  of 
the  following  states  as  fairly  representative  of  the  dif- 
ferent sections  of  the  United  States:  California,  IIU- 
nois,  Massachusetts,  Missouri,  New  York,  Ohio,  Penn- 
sylvania, Tennessee,  Texas,  Washington,  and  Wiscon- 
sin. Owing  to  the  incomplete  character  of  the  data 
upon  which  the  figures  for  1907  are  based,  they  should 
not  be  accepted  as  giving  the  exact  price  of  lighting, 
but  merely  as  showing  that  there  is  a  general  and  un- 
mistakable tendency  toward  a  lower  cost  for  electric 
lighting. 

Stationary-motor  service  was  second  in  importance 
as  a  source  of  income,  and  the  states  for  which  in  1907 
an  income  of  over  $500,000  was  reported  are  shown  in 
Table  102. 


INCOME  AND  EXPENSES. 


87 


Table  102. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Gross  income  from  stationary-motor  service,  for  14  selected  states: 
1907  and  1902. 


STATIONARY-MOTOR 
SERVICE. 

1907 

1902 

Total  for  United  States. . . 

$28,511,550 

$9,910,217 

Total  for  14  selected  states      . .     . 

22,728,096 

7,771,683 

New  York 

6,688,401 

3,826,462 

2,445,280 

2,101,320 

1,519,708 

1,054,076 

985,5% 

963,669 

951,83fr 

873, 081 

682,028 

568,199 

536,622 

531,818 

2,396.046 

1,228,099 

Illinois 

763, 764 

640, 948 

Massacliusetts ... 

744, 879 

Ohio 

407,901 

Missouri 

402, 937 

32,881 

Colorado 

343, 559 

173,  881 

New  Jersey 

258,055 

120,435 

Minnesota 

191,  432 

66,866 

Both  for  1907  and  1902  the  income  from  stationary- 
motor  service  for  the  14  states  shown  in  Table  102  was 
approximately  four-fifths  of  the  total  for  all  states  and 
territories,  their  proportion  in  1907  being  slightly 
greater  than  at  the  previous  census.  That  New  York, 
the  leading  state  in  population  and  in  value  of  manu- 
factui-es,  with  its  great  water  power,  should  lead  also 
in  the  income  from  stationary-motor  service  is  not  un- 
expected, but  that  California,  which  at  the  census  of 
1900  stood  only  twenty-first  in  population  and  twelfth 
in  value  of  manufactures,  should  be  easily  second  in 
income  from  this  source  is  surprising,  and  shows  that 
the  use  of  electric  current  is  more  general  in  that  state 
than  elsewhere.  It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  notwith- 
standing the  large  actual  increase  in  the  income  from 
motor  service  for  New  York,  that  state's  proportion  of 
the  total  income  for  such  service  fell  from  24.2  per  cent 
in  1902  to  20  per  cent  in  1907;  while  that  for  California 
increased  from  12.4  per  cent  to  13.4  per  cent  during  the 
same  time.  The  largest  proportional  increases  in  the 
income  from  motor  service  are  those  for  Montana, 
which  increased  more  than  twenty-nine  fokl,  and  for 
Washington,  which  increased  nearly  eightfold. 

Several  states  not  mentioned  in  Table  102  show 
large  increases  in  the  income  from  motor  service  from 
1902  to  1907.  The  figures  for  these  states  in  the  order 
of  their  importance  are  presented  in  the  following 
tabular  statement: 


South  Carolina 
Connecticut... 

Texas 

Oregon 

Maryland 

Maine 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

Kansas 

Kentuclcy 


STATIONART-MOTOE 
SEE  VICE. 


1907 


$432,384 
407,577 
376,897 
375,306 
349,059 
284, 627 
261,202 
253,087 
224,224 
220,061 


1902 


$169, 353 
155,  732 
203,859 
89,942 
91,437 
92,032 
78,180 
75,992 
48,558 
92,401 


There  appears  to  be  no  satisfactory  way  of  ascer- 
taining the  average  cost  per  kilowatt  for  motor  serv- 
ice, since  the  conditions  under  which  the  income  was 
obtained  differed  widely,  not  only  as  to  the  manner  of 
charges,  whether  by  meter,  flat  rate,  or  in  bulk,  but 
because  of  the  variations  in  the  length  of  service,  and 
the  certainty  that  the  total  kilowatts  reported  represent 
a  large  amount  of  idle  or  inactive  dynamo  capacity, 
while  on  the  other  hand  many  stations  selling  a  large 
part  of  the  electrical  energy  in  bulk  were  unable  to 
report  the  kilowatt  capacity  of  the  stationary  motors 
used  by  the  customers  to  whom  the  current  was  de- 
livered. The  capacity  of  the  stationary  motors  both 
in  1907  and  1902  was  reported  in  units  of  horsepower 
which,  by  being  reduced  to  kilowatts,  shows  a  total 
of  1,230,173  in  1907,  and  326,752  in  1902.  Using  the 
figures  as  reported  with  their  known  failure  to  repre- 
sent accurate  totals,  but  assuming,  for  purposes  of 
comparison,  that  the  element  of  error  was  about  equal 
at  the  two  censuses,  the  average  income  per  kilowatt 
capacity  of  stationary  motors  was  less  in  1907  than 
in  1902,  the  actual  figures  being  $23.18  per  kilowatt 
and  $30.33  per  kilowatt  for  the  two  censuses,  respec- 
tively. 

Next  in  order  of  importance  to  income  from  light- 
ing and  from  stationary -motor  service  was  the  income 
from  the  sale  of  current  to  electric  railways  and  to  other 
electric  companies.  In  Table  103  the  income  from 
all  other  electric  service  is  classified  into  that  from  cur- 
rent sold  to  electric  railways,  that  from  current  sold 
to  other  electric  companies,  and  that  from  current 
sold  for  miscellaneous  purposes,  such  as  charging 
automobiles,  operating  fans,  electric  heating,  cook- 
ing, welding,  etc. 


Table  103.— COMMERCIAL  AND 


MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS- 
ELECTRIC  SERVICE:"    1907  AND  1902. 


-GROSS  INCOME  FROM  "ALL  OTHER 


TOTAL. 

COMMERCIAL. 

MtlNICIPAL. 

SODRCE  OF  INCOME. 

1907 

1902 

Per  cent 

of 
Increase. 

1907 

1902 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 

1907 

1902 

Per  cent 

of 
increase 

Total 

$15,348,027 

$4,138,241 

270.9 

$15,290,229 

$4,120,788 

271.1 

$57,798 

$17,45S 

Current  sold  to  electric  railways 

7,841,497 
5,519,746 
1,986,784 

2,304,515 

1,727,112 

100,614 

240.3 

219.6 

1,763.5 

7,829,275 
5, 513,. 302 
1,947,652 

2,301,343 

1,723,427 

96,018 

240.2 

219.9 

1,928.4 

12,222 

G.  444 

39, 132 

3,172 
3,685 
10,590 

285  3 

Miscellaneous  electric  service 

269  3 

88 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


In  1907,  of  the  total  income  from  "All  other  electric 
service,"  87.1  per  cent  was  from  current  sold  to  electric- 
railway  companies  and  to  other  electric  companies  as 
compared  with  97.4  per  cent  in  1902.  It  appears, 
therefore,  that  notwithstanding  the  increase  of  231.4 
per  cent  in  the  total  for  such  sales,  the  gain  was  propor- 
tionately less  than  that  for  the  current  sold  for  miscel- 
laneous purposes.  The  income  from  this  latter  source 
increased  from  $106,614  in  1902  to  $1,986,784  in  1907, 
or  more  than  eighteenfold.  More  than  two-thirds  of 
this  miscellaneous  income  was  reported  by  stations 
in  the  state  of  New  York,  and  most  of  it  represented 
current  sold  for  manufacturing  purposes,  much  of 
which  was  sold  to  manufacturers  using  the  electro- 
lytic process.  The  continued  cheapening  of  electric 
power  and  its  growing  popularity  resulting  from  the 


wide  range  of  uses  to  which  it  may  be  put,  the  ease 
with  which  it  is  made  available,  its  cleanliness  and 
convenience,  and  the  quickness  with  which  it  may  be 
applied  or  discontinued,  together  with  its  constantly 
increasing  uses,  indicate  that  the  next  census  will  show 
a  greatly  increased  use  of  electrical  energy'  for  miscel- 
laneous purposes. 

Both  in  1907  and  in  1902  the  proportion  of  the 
earnings  from  "All  other  electric  service  "  derived  from 
current  sold  to  electric  railways  exceeded  that  from 
current  sold  to  other  electric  companies. 

The  income  from  current  sold  to  electric  railways 
and  to  other  electric  companies  is  shown  in  Table  104 
for  the  12  states,  each  of  which  reported  an  income  of 
more  than  $100,000  for  the  former  character  of  service 
in  1907. 


Table  104.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— GROSS  INCOME  FROM  CURRENT  SOLD 
TO  ELECTRIC  RAILWAYS  AND  TO  OTHER  ELECTRIC  COMPANIES,  FOR  12  SELECTED  STATES:  1907  AND  1902. 


Total  for  United  States 

Total  tor  12  selected  states. 

New  York 

California 

Illinois 

Pennsylvania 

Michigan 

Washington 

Missouri 

Massachusetts 

New  Hampshire 

Texas 

Oregon 

Indiana 


1907 


113,361,243 


11,109,212 


2,748.057 
1,940,894 
1,752,933 
1,174,879 

958,753 
007,980 
573, 478 
532, 692 

290,971 
187,276 
179,518 
155, 781 


1902 


14,031,627 


2,873,422 


1,356,819 
430, 602 
78,513 
370,299 

63,661 

99,600 

2,651 

237,817 

75,684 

100,043 

51,000 

733 


INCOME  FROM  CURRENT 
SOLD  TO  ELECTRIC  RAIL- 
WAYS. 


1907 


$7,841,497 


6,943,834 


1,168,700 

1,396,735 

1,604,328 

901,564 

277,115 
143, 183 

477,784 
288,638 

217,361 
187,276 
167,072 
114,078 


1902 


$2,304,515 


1,549.079 


389,829 

183,986 

64,360 

324,749 

55,830 

86,588 

2,651 

226,547 

71,586 

91,220 

51,000 

733 


INCOME  FROM  CURRENT 
SOLD  TO  OTHER  ELECTRIC 
COMPANIES. 


1907 


4.165,378 


1,579,357 
550, 159 
148,605 
273,315 

681,638 
464,797 
95,694 
244,054 

73,610 


12, 446 
41,703 


1902 


»5, 519.746  11,727,112 


1,324,343 


966,990 

246,616 

14, 153 

45,550 

7,831 
13,012 


11,270 

4,098 
14,823 


Of  the  total  income  for  the  two  classes  of  service, 
83.1  per  cent  in  1907  and  71.3  per  cent  in  1902  was 
contributed  by  the  12  states  for  which  figures  are 
shown  in  the  table.  In  both  years  the  income  from 
current  sold  to  electric  railways  exceeded  that  from 
current  sold  to  other  electric  companies  both  for  the 
United  States  and  for  the  12  states  together.  The  12 
states  increased  their  proportion  of  the  total  income 
from  current  sold  to  electric  railways  from  67.2  per 
cent  in  1902  to  88.6  per  cent  in  1907;  but  the  propor- 
tion of  the  total  income  from  current  sold  to  other 
electric  companies  reported  by  them  declined  from 
76.7  per  cent  to  75.5  per  cent.  Several  of  the  states — 
the  most  notable  of  which  are  Illinois,  California,  New 
York,  Missouri,  and  Indiana — show  remarkable  gains 
in  the  income  from  current  sold  to  electric  railways, 
while  Michigan  and  Washington  show  remarkable  in- 
creases in  the  income  from  current  sold  to  other  electric 
companies. 

Through  the  selection  of  states  with  reference  to  the 
income  from  the  sale  of  current  to  electric  railways, 
several  were  omitted  which  in  1907  reported  an  income 


of  more  than  $100,000  from  current  sold  to  other  elec- 
tric companies,  as  follows:  Georgia,  $204,654;  Utah, 
$203,587;  Montana, $188,529;  Colorado, $154,412;  and 
Connecticut,  $122,973. 

An  analysis  of  the  income  from  miscellaneous  service 
is  given  in  Table  105. 

Table  105- — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Income  from  electric  service  other  than  that  for  lighting,  motor  service, 
and  current  sold  to  railways  and  to  other  electric  companies:  1907. 


KIND   OF  SERVICE. 


Total.. 


Electric  heating,  cooking,  welding,  etc 

Charging  automobiles 

Running  lans 

Heating  irons 

Furnishing  current  for  moving-picture  shows. . 

Charging  batteries,  motor  boats,  etc 

Furnishing  current  for  signs 

Not  specified 

other  miscellaneous ' 


Total. 


SI,  986,784 


271,591 

154,747 

197,736 

17,636 

2,195 

696 

10,121 

231,858 

,100,204 


Commer- 
cial. 


$1,947,652 


265,241 

153,459 

172,746 

14,451 

1,529 

696 

10.121 

230.010 

1,099,399 


Munici- 
pal. 


$39,132 


6,350 

1,288 

24,990 

3,185 


1.848 
805 


1 A  very  small  part  of  this  amount  was  for  current  used  to  operate  motors,  but  the 
income  was  mostly  derived  from  current  sold  to  electrolytic,  electrochemical,  or 
electrothermal  plants  for  the  production  of  aluminum,  carborundum,  carbide  of' cal- 
cium, caustic  soda,  etc. 


INCOME  AND  EXPENSES. 


89 


The  income  from  electric  heating,  cooking,  welding, 
etc. ,  and  the  income  from  charging  automobiles  were  the 
only  items  in  Table  105  which  were  specifically  asked  for 
in  the  schedule,  and  the  remaining  items  represent  a 
tabulation  of  amounts  reported  by  companies  which  in 
answering  the  inquiry  in  reference  to  income  from  all 
other  electric  service  specified  the  exact  nature  of  the 
service.  It  is  not  believed  that  any  of  these  items 
fully  represents  the  actual  earnings  from  the  specific 
service.  The  introduction  of  the  meter  system  of 
measuring  the  current  used  has,  as  before  stated, 
tended  to  render  it  impracticable  to  distinguish  be- 
tween the  use  of  current  for  fighting  and  for  various 
other  purposes  in  cases  where  the  service  is  from  the 
same  wire  and  the  total  amount  of  electrical  energy 
is  recorded  by  the  same  meter. 

EXPENSES. 

The  items  of  expense,  the  statistics  for  which  are 
shown  in  the  following  tables,  include  salaries  and 
wages  of  employees;  supplies  and  materials  used  in 
connection  with  the  operation  of  the  plants;  the  cost 


of  such  supplies  and  materials  as  were  sold  and  the 
proceeds  reported  under  income;  the  cost  of  fuel;  the 
amount  expended  for  the  purchase  of  power;  and  other 
miscellaneous  expenses,  which  include  such  items  as 
taxes,  ordinary  repairs  to  buildings  and  machinery, 
rent  of  stations,  line-wire  supports,  insurance,  injuries 
and  damages,  advertising,  legal  expenses,  interest, 
and  in  fact  all  other  expenses  not  elsewhere  reported. 
It  does  not,  however,  include  interest  on  bonds,  as  did 
the  report  for  1902. 

The  items  of  expense  for  the  commercial  and  munic- 
ipal stations  are  shown  in  Table  106. 

The  proportions  of  the  total  expenses  reported  by  the 
two  classes  of  stations  show  but  little  variation  at  the 
two  censuses.  In  1907  the  commercial  stations  re- 
ported 91.4  percent  of  the  total,  a  decrease  of  one-tenth 
of  1  per  cent  from  the  corresponding  proportion  for 
1902,  while  the  municipal  stations  reported  8.6  per 
cent  of  the  total.  The  percentages  of  increase  were 
greater  for  the  latter  class  of  stations,  except  for  power 
purchased  and  for  rent  and  other  miscellaneous  ex- 
penses. 


Table  106.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— EXPENSES:  1907  AND  1902. 


Census. 

Total. 

Commercial. 

Municipal. 

PER  CENT  OF 
TOTAL. 

PEK  CENT  or  INCREASE. 

Commer- 
cial. 

Munici- 
pal. 

Total. 

Commer- 
cial. 

Munici- 
pal. 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

4,714 
3,620 

$106,205,149 
55,457,830 

35,420,324 
20,646,692 

14,326,351 
9,149,664 

23,057,745 
11,635,509 

7,074,472 
2,130,759 

26,326,257 
11,895,206 

3,462 
2,805 

$97,037,961 
50,716,648 

31,935,309 
18,766,970 

12, 969, 731 
8,296,763 

19,824,962 
10, 189, 685 

6,696,188 
.    2,007,193 

25,611,771 
11,456,037 

1,252 
815 

$9, 167, 188 
4,741,182 

3.485,015 
1,879,722 

1,356,620 
852,901 

3,232,783 
1,445,824 

378,284 
123,566 

714,486 
439, 169 

73.4 
77.5 

91.4 
91.5 

90.2 
90.9 

90.  S 
90.7 

86.0 
87.6 

94.7 
94.2 

97.3 
96.3 

26.6 
22.5 

8.6 
8.5 

9.8 
9.1 

9.5 
9.3 

14.0 
12.4 

5.3 
5.8 

2.7 
3.7 

30.2 

23.4 

53.6 

91.5 

91.3 

93.4 

71.6 

70.2 

85.4 

56.6 

56.3 

59.1 

98.2 

94.6 

123.6 

232.0 

233.6 

206.1 

121.3 

123.6 

62.7 

The  proportion  that  each  item  of  expense  bears  to 
the  total  is  shown  in  Table  107. 

Table  107. — Commercial  and  municipal  central  electric  stations — 
Per  cent  that  each  item  of  expense  is  of  total:  1907  and  1902. 


TOTAL. 

COMMERCIAL. 

MUNiaPAL. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

33.4 
13.6 
21.7 
6.7 
24.8 

37.2 
16.5 
21.0 
3.8 
21.4 

32.9 
13.4 
20.4 
6.9 
26.4 

37.0 
16.4 
20.1 
4.0 
22.6 

38.0 

14.8 

35.3 

4.1 

7.8 

39.6 

Cost  of  supplies  and  materials.. 

18.0 
30.5 

Power  purchased 

2.6 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

9.3 

Table  107  shows  that  salaries  and  wages  formed  the 
largest  proportion  of  the  total  expenses,  being  upward 
of  one-third  of  the  total  at  both  censuses.     Miscella- 


neous expenses,  including  rents,  taxes,  insurance,  etc., 
was  second  in  importance,  forming  nearly  one-fourth 
of  the  total  expenses  in  1907  and  more  than  one-fifth 
in  1902.  The  cost  of  fuel  was  of  nearly  equal  impor- 
tance with  the  last-mentioned  item,  and  represented 
nearly  the  same  proportion  of  the  total  at  each  of  the 
two  censuses.  The  cost  of  supplies  and  materials 
includes  the  amount  expended  during  tlie  year  for 
such  articles  as  meters,  motors,  transformers,  lamps 
and  fittings,  poles  or  other  supports,  and  wire  and 
cable,  etc.,  which  were  used  in  connection  with  the 
operation  of  the  station  or  for  ordinary  repairs  and 
replacements.  It  does  not,  however,  include  the  cost 
of  such  of  these  articles  as  were  used  for  new  construc- 
tion or  for  extension  or  additions  to  the  plant  or 
equipment.  It  also  includes  the  cost  of  such  of  these 
articles  as  were  sold,  and  the  proceeds  reported  by  the 


90 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


company  as  an  income,  rent  of  water  privileges  for 
water  wheels  or  turbines,  and  freight  on  material 
which  was  not  included  in  the  cost.  The  cost  of  power 
purchased  was  the  least  important  class  of  expense, 
representing  only  6.7  per  cent  of  the  total  in  1907,  but 

Table  108.— PURELY  ELECTRIC  AND  COMPOSITE  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— EXPENSES:  1907  AND  1902. 


shows  the  largest  proportionate  increase  of  any  of  the 
items  contained  in  the  table. 

The  distribution  of  expenses  between  the  purely 
electric  and  the  composite  stations  is  shown  in  Table 
108. 


Number  of  stations 

Total  expenses 

Salaries  and  wages 

Cost  of  supplies  and  materials 

Cost  of  fuel 

Power  purchased 

Miscellaneous  expenses 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Total. 


4,ni 
3,620 

$106,205,149 
55,467,830 

35,420.324 
20,646,692 

14,326.351 
9,149,664 

23,057,745 
11,635,509 

7,074,472 
2, 130, 759 

26,326,257 
11,895,206 


Purely 
electric. 


2,648 
2,139 

»63,490,I75 
37,272,578 

20.914,204 
13,891,426 

8,290.513 
6,090,750 

12,476.568 
7, 433, 874 

4,959.519 
1,521,654 

16,849,371 
8,334,874 


Composite. 


t42, 
18, 


2,066 
1,481 

714,974 
185,252 

.,506,120 
i,  755, 266 

1,035,838 
;,  058. 914 

1,681.177 
,201,635 

1,114,953 
609,105 

1,476,880 
1,560,332 


FEB  CENT  OP  TOTAL. 


Purely 
electric. 


56.2 
59.1 


69.8 
67.2 


59.0 
67.3 


57.9 
66.6 


54.1 
63.9 


70.1 
71.4 


64.0 
70.1 


Com- 
posite. 


43.8 
40.9 


40.2 
32.8 


41.0 
32.7 


42.1 
33.4 


45.9 
36.1 


29.9 
28.6 


36.0 
29.9 


PER  CENT  OF  INCBEASE. 


Total. 

Purely 

electric. 

Com- 
posite. 

30.2 

23.8 

39.5 

91.5 

70.3 

134.9 

71.6 

50.6 

114.7 

56.6 

36.1 

97.3 

98.2 

67.8 

151.8 

232.0 

225.9 

247.2 

121.3 

102.1 

166.2 

All  the  items  of  expense  showed  larger  percentages 
of  increase  for  the  composite  stations  than  for  the 
purely  electric  stations,  a  condition  similar  to  that 
which  was  shown  in  Table  85  for  income.  The  pro- 
portion that  the  composite  stations  form  of  the  total 
number  was  greater  in  1907  than  in  1902,  but  the  pro- 
portion of  the  total  expenses  that  was  reported  by  this 
class  showed  a  still  larger  increase.  It  is  noteworthy 
that  the  composite  stations  show  their  smallest  propor- 
tion of  the  total  of  the  various  items  for  power  pur- 
chased. This  is  natural,  as  many  of  them  owe  their 
existence  to  the  fact  that  there  is  a  surplus  of  primary 
power  from  some  other  industry  which  is  harnessed  to  a 
dynamo  for  the  generation  of  electrical  energy.  For 
each  item  of  expense  the  proportion  chargeable  to  the 
purely  electric  stations  was  less  in  1907  than  in  1902. 

The  proportion  that  each  item  of  expense  is  of  the 
total  for  the  purely  electric  and  the  composite  central 
electric  stations  is  shown  in  Table  109. 

Table  109. — Purely  electric  and  composite  central  electric  stations — 
Per  cent  that  each  item  of  expense  is  of  total:  1907  and  1902. 


TOTAL. 

PURELY 
ELECTRIC. 

COMPOSITE. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total  expenses 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Salaries  and  wages 

33.4 
13.6 
21.7 
6.7 
24.8 

37.2 
16.5 
21.0 
3.8 
21.4 

32.9 
13.1 
19.7 
7.8 
26.5 

37.3 
16.3 
19.9 
4.1 
22.4 

34.0 
14.1 
24.8 
5.0 
22.2 

37.1 

Cost  of  supplies  and  materials. . 
Cost  of  fuel.    .. 

16.8 
23.1 

3.3 

Miscellaneous  expenses. . . 

19.6 

The  proportion  of  the  total  expenses  represented 
by  salaries  and  wages,  which  formed  about  one-third 
of  the  total  expenses  for  both  the  purely  electric  and 
the  composite  stations,  and  by  the  cost  of  supplies  and 


materials,  which  formed  rather  more  than  one-eighth 
for  each  class,  shows  a  decrease  in  1907  as  compared 
with  1902.  The  proportionate  cost  of  fuel  remained 
nearly  constant  for  both  classes  of  stations.  For  each 
of  the  two  classes  of  stations  miscellaneous  expenses 
formed  a  greater  proportion  of  the  total  expenses  in 
1907  than  in  1902,  the  gain  being  the  larger  for  the 
purely  electric  stations,  for  which  it  formed  more  than 
one-fourth  of  the  total  expenses  in  1907.  This  latter 
class  of  stations  also  reported  much  the  greater  in- 
crease in  the  proportion  represented  by  the  cost  of 
power  purchased,  which  nearly  doubled  between  1902 
and  1907. 

The  expenses  of  stations,  classified  according  to  the 
kind  of  primary  power  used  and  the  percentages  of  in- 
crease, are  shown  in  Tables  110  and  111. 

Although  the  expenses  of  the  stations  operated  by 
steam  power  exclusively  show  an  increase  of  74.6  per 
cent,  the  percentage  of  the  total  expenses  reported  for 
this  class  of  stations  shows  a  decrease  of  6.8  in  1907  as 
compared  with  1902.  Only  one  other  class  of  stations, 
those  using  gas  exclusively,  showed  a  diminution  in  its 
percentage  of  the  total  expenses  at  the  later  census  as 
compared  with  the  earher.  Although  the  expenses  for 
this  latter  class  of  stations  show  an  increase  of  61.7 
per  cent,  this  was  the  smallest  increase  shown  for  any 
of  the  seven  classes  for  which  figures  are  given  in 
Table  110.  Each  of  the  remaining  classes  of  stations 
increased  its  proportion  of  the  total  expenses  in  1907, 
and  the  stations  using  water  with  other  minor  power 
and  the  stations  not  equipped  with  primary  power 
more  than  doubled  their  proportions.  Of  the  total  in- 
crease in  the  cost  of  power  purchased,  56.9  per  cent  was 
contributed  by  the  stations  without  primary  power, 
which  reported  53.2  per  cent  of  the  total  cost  of  power 
in  1907  as  compared  with  44.5  per  cent  in  1902. 


INCOME  AND  EXPENSES. 


91 


Table  110.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— EXPENSES, 

POWER  USED:    1907  AND  1902. 


BY  KIND  OF  PRIMARY 


Number  of  stations 

Total  expenses 

Salaries  and  wages 

Cost  of  supplies  and  materials 

Cost  of  fuel 

Power  purchased 

Miscellaneous  expenses , 


Census. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Total. 


4, 
3, 

$106,205, 

55,457, 

35. 420. 
20,646, 

14,326, 
9,149, 

23,057. 
11,635, 

7,074, 
2,130, 

26,326, 
11,895, 


324 


Steam 
exclusively. 


»74, 178, 
42, 492, 


Steam  with 

other  minor 

power. 


Water 
exclusively. 


24,120, 
15, 462, 


9,594. 
7.  .360, 


19.480, 
10, 126, 


2,589, 
532, 


18,393, 
9,010, 


$5,147,! 
2,228,( 


1,807. 
798. 


087 
066 


817,! 
.368.1 


1.377. 
596, 


160, 
64, 


984. 
401, 


474 
315 


972.066 
448, 675 


173.107 
193,781 


801.852 
303,496 


26, 844 
5,511 


108,823 
284, 298 


,861,440 
661,589 


Water  with 

other  minor 

power. 


61 
20 

$1,536,930 
342,327 

622,989 
196.698 

175.232 
20,295 

184, 569 
7,602 

10,703 
720 

543,437 
117,012 


Water  and 
and  steam. 


Gas 
exclusively. 


360 
275 

$12,234,923 
5,675,249 

4,630,594 
2,399,751 

2,229,294 
887,737 

1,716,574 
832,601 

433.535 
193,523 

3,224,926 
1,361,637 


Stations 
without 
primary- 
power 
equipment. 


180 
61 


$710,849 
439,650 


166,379 

94,275 
55,845 

192,835 
60,520 

7,597 
107,132 

117,284  ! 
49,774 


$7,423,812 
1,830,733 

1,767,510 
428,906 

613,470 
153,273 

78,826 
6,456 

3,763,365 
948, 184 

1,200,641 
293, 914 


Table  111.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— PER  CENT  INCREASE  OF  EXPENSES, 

BY  KIND  OF  PRIMARY  POWER  USED:    1907. 


Number  of  stations 

Total  expenses 

Salaries  and  wages 

Cost  of  supplies  and  materials. 

Cost  of  fuel 

Power  purchased 

Miscellaneous  expenses 


Total. 


30.2 
91.5 
71.6 
56.6 
98.2 
232.0 
121.3 


Steam 
exclu- 
sively. 


18.7 
74.6 
66.0 
30.4 
92.4 
386.1 
104.1 


Steam 
with 
other 
minor 
power. 


116.3 
131.0 
126.3 
121.7 
131.1 
150.4 
145.5 


Water 
exclu- 
sively. 


60.5 
103.1 

82.0 
164.2 
387.1 
161.7 
181.4 


Water 
with 
other 
minor 
power. 


205.0 
349.0 
216.7 
763.4 
2,327.9 
1,386.5 
364.  4 


Water 

and 

steam. 


30.9 
115.6 

93.0 
151.1 
106.2 
124.0 
136.8 


Gas  ex- 
clusively. 


252.9 
61.7 
79.6 
68.8 
218.6 
I  92. 9 
135.6 


Stations 
without 
primary- 
power 
equip- 
ment. 


68.0 
305.5 
312.0 
312.1 
1,121.0 
296.9 
308.5 


1  Decrease. 


For  the  separate  items  of  expense  the  percentages  of 
gains  or  losses  \&ry  so  surprisingly  that  they  can  only 
be  accounted  for  by  a  transfer  of  stations  from  one 
group  to  another  by  reason  of  changes  in  or  addition 
to  their  primary  power.  There  is  no  doubt  that  many 
changes  of  this  character  have  taken  place  since  1902, 
as  a  result  of  which  stations  reported  in  one  class  at 
that  census  are  shown  in  another  class  in  1907;  and  the 


totals,  therefore,  in  Table  110,  although  showing  exist- 
ing conditions  at  each  census,  may  not  correctly  por- 
tray the  increase  in  the  sense  in  which  this  term  is 
generally  applied. 

The  percentages  which  the  several  items  of  expense 
form  of  the  total  for  each  class  of  stations  are  shown  in 
Table  112. 


Table    112.— COMMERCIAL  AND   MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL   ELECTRIC   STATIONS— PER   CENT   DISTRIBUTION    OF 
TOTAL  EXPENSES  FOR  EACH  KIND  OF  POWER  USED,  BY  ITEMS  OF  EXPENSE:   1907  AND  1902. 


Total  expenses 

Salaries  and  wages 

Cost  of  supplies  and  materials 

Cost  of  fuel 

Power  purchased 

Miscellaneous  e-xpenses 


Census. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Total. 


100.0 
100.0 


33.4 

37.2 


13.5 

16.5 


21.7 
21.0 


6.7 
3.8 


24.8 
21.4 


Steam 
Steam  with 
exclu-  other 
sively.        minor 

power. 


100.0 
lOO.O 


32.5 
36.4 


12.9 
17.3 


26.3 
23.8 


3.5 
1.3 


24.8 
21.2 


100.0 
100.0 


35.1 
35.8 


15.9 
16.6 


26.8 
26.7 


3.1 

2.9 


19.1 
18.0 


Water 
exclu- 
sively. 


100.0 
100.0 


43.7 

48.8 


16.1 
12.4 


0.5 
0.2 


2.2 
11.6 


37.4 
27.0 


Water 

with 

other 

minor 

power. 


100.0 
100.0 


40.5 
67.5 


11.4 
5.9 


12.0 
2.2 


0.7 
0.2 


36.4 
34.2 


Water 

and 

steam. 


100.0 
100.0 


37.8 
42.3 


18.2 
16.6 


14.0 
14.7 


3.6 
3.4 


26.4 
24.0 


Gas  ex- 
clusively 


100.0 
100.0 


42.0 
37.8 


13.3 
12.7 


27.1 
13.8 


1.1 
24.4 


16.6 
11.3 


Stations 
without 
primary- 
power 
equip- 
ment. 


100.0 
100.0 


23.8 
23.4 


8.3 
8.4 


1.1 
0.4 


50.7 
61.8 


16.2 
16.1 


92 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Salaries  and  wages  forms  the  largest  item  of  expense 
for  each  class  of  stations  equipped  with  primary  power. 
That  the  stations  having  steam  as  the  exclusive  pri- 
mary power  showed  the  smallest  proportionate  expense 
for  salaries  and  wages,  is  due  in  a  measure  to  the  fact 
that  the  cost  of  fuel  forms  a  large  item  of  expense  for 
these  stations,  in  addition  to  which  this  class  includes 
a  large  proportion  of  the  municipal  stations  for  which 
the  expense  for  salaries  and  wages  is  small.  The  per- 
centage represented  by  cost  of  supphes  and  materials 
is  reasonably  uniform  for  the  classes  having  primary 
power.  Naturally,  the  stations  having  steam  power 
show  the  largest  proportionate  cost  of  fuel.  That  the 
stations  using  water  power  exclusively  and  those 
classed  as  without  primary  power  report  fuel,  may  be 
explained  by  the  fact  that  a  number  of  stations  which 
had  been  operated  by  steam  in  the  early  part  of  the 
year  had  removed  their  steam  equipment  and  were 
operated  by  water  power  or  wholly  discontinued  the 
use  of  primary  power  at  the  close  of  the  year,  the  date 
for  which  the  stations  are  classified  as  to  kind  of  power 
and  in  other  respects.  The  per  cent  distribution  of 
expenses  for  the  stations  without  primary  power  is 
scarcely  comparable  with  those  for  the  other  classes  of 
stations.  About  half  the  cost  of  operation  of  these 
stations  lay  in  power  purchased. 

Salaries  and  wages. — The  employees  whose  remu- 
neration figures  in  the  expense  tables  of  this  report  in- 
clude all  those  engaged  in  operating  the  plant  and 
keeping  the  equipment  in  proper  condition.  The  num- 
ber and  the  salaries  and  wages  of  employees  engaged 
exclusively  upon  new  work  or  additions  and  extensions 


are  not  included,  since  this  expense  is  reported  as  part 
of  the  cost  of  construction  during  the  year.  If,  how- 
ever, any  of  the  regular  employees  of  the  station  who 
are  ordinarily  engaged  in  the  operation  of  the  plant 
were  engaged  a  part  of  the  time  on  new  construction 
or  additions,  the  amount  paid  such  employees  was  in- 
cluded under  "  Salaries  and  wages."  If  rent,  board,  or 
other  allowance  was  furnished  as  part  compensation  it 
was  included  in  the  total  for  salaries  and  wages.  In  the 
case  of  composite  stations  it  frequently  happens  that 
such  employees  as  general  managers,  clerks,  engineers, 
and  firemen  work  indiscriminately  for  the  electric  sta- 
tion and  for  the  gas  works  or  waterworks,  etc.,  and  in 
these  instances  an  estimate  was  made  of  the  proportion 
of  salaries  and  wages  chargeable  to  the  electric  service. 
No  attempt  has  been  made  in  this  report  to  show  the 
average  wages  of  employees.  One  of  the  reasons  for 
this  is  that  a  number  of  stations  were  in  operation  only 
a  part  of  the  year;  and  since  these  stations  would  show 
the  full  normal  number  of  employees  but  wages  for 
only  that  part  of  the  year  for  which  they  were  em- 
ployed, the  average  wage  as  determined  by  dividing 
the  total  wages  paid  during  the  year  by  the  average 
number  of  employees  would  produce  results  consider- 
ably less  than  the  facts  would  warrant.  The  figures 
given  for  the  average  number  of  wage-earners  repre- 
sented approximately  the  number  necessary  to  conduct 
the  plant  under  normal  conditions,  or  the  average  cal- 
culated from  the  weekly  pay  rolls  of  the  company. 

Detailed  statistics  of  salaries  and  wages  are  presented 
in  Table  113. 


Table  H3.— COMMERCIAL    AND    MUNICIPAL    CENTRAL    ELECTRIC    STATIONS- EMPLOYEES,    SALARIES,    AND 

WAGES:    1907  AND  1902. 


Total: 

Number 

Salaries  and  wages 

Salaried  employees: 

General  officers  of  corpora- 
tions— 

Number 

Salaries 

General   managers,  superin- 
tendents, etc.— 

Number 

Salaries 

Clerks  and  bookkeepers- 
Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners: 
Foremen — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Inspectors— 

A  verage  number 

Wages 

Engineers — 

Average  number 

Wages 

All  other- 
Average  number 

Wages 


47,632 
$35,420,324 


1907 


1,761 
12,202,028 


4,357 
S5, 098, 236 

6,872 
S4, 473, 523 


1,434 
SI,  527, 494 

894 
$697,097 

5,857 
14,453,378 

26,457 
»17,008,568 


1902 


1,416 
$1,465,471 


2,564 
$2,481,278 

3,016 
$1,716,831 


1,000 
$953, 738 

571 
$415,904 

4,587 
$3,259,870 

17,172 
$10,353,600 


42,066 
$31,935,309 


COMMERCIAL. 


1907 


26,909 
$18,766,970 


1,761 
$2,202,028 


3,268 
$4,243,307 

6,346 
$4,293,620 


1,344 
$1,446,048 

860 
$668,465 

4,446 
$3,484,231 

24,041 
$15,597,610 


1902 


1907 


5,666 
$3,485,015 


1,416 
$1,465,471 


1,875 
$2,088,298 

2,755 
$1,652,430 


943 
$910,972 

546 
$397,983 

3,743 
$2,721,127 

15,631 
$9,530,689 


1,089 
$814,929 

526 
$179,903 


90 
$81,446 

34 
$28,632 

1,411 
$969, 147 

2,416 
$1,410,958 


1902 


3,417 

$1,879,722 


$392,980 

261 
$64,401 


57 
$42, 766 

25 
$17,921 

844 
$538,743 

1,541 
$822,911 


FEB  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


Total. 


57.1 
71.6 


24.4 
50.3 


103.9 


127.9 
160.6 


43.4 
60.2 


56.6 
67.6 


27.7 


54.1 
64.3 


Com- 
mercial. 


56.3 
70.2 


24.4 
50.3 


74.3 
103.2 


130.3 
159.8 


42.5 
58.7 


57.5 
68.0 


18.8 
28.0 


53.8 
63.7 


Munic- 
ipal. 


62.9 
85.4 


58.1 
107.4 


101.5 
179.3 


57.9 
90.4 


36.0 
59.8 


67.2 
79.9 


56.8 
71.5 


PER  CENT  OP  TOTAL. 


Commercial. 

Municipal. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

88.3 
90.2 

88.7 
90.9 

11.7 
9.8 

11.3 
9.1 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100  0 

75.0 
83.9 

73.1 
84.2 

92.3 
96.0 

91.3 
96.2 

93.7 
94.7 

94.3 
95.5 

96.2 
95.9 

95.6 
95.7 

75.9 
78.2 

81.6 
83.5 

90.9 
91.7 

91.0 
92.1 

25.0 
16.1 


7.7 
4.0 


6.3 
5.3 


3.8 
4.1 


24.1 
21.8 


9.1 
8.3 


26.9 
15.8 


8.7 
3.8 


5.7 
4.5 


4.4 
4.3 


18.4 
16.5 


9.0 
7.9 


INCOME  AND  EXPENSES. 


93 


Table  113  shows  that  of  the  total  number  of  em- 
ployees of  electric  light  and  power  stations  in  1907, 
the  municipal  stations  employed  11.7  per  cent.  For 
the  same  year  the  proportion  of  the  gross  income 
reported  by  tliis  class  of  stations,  as  given  in  Table  83, 
was  8  per  cent.  Thus  the  number  of  employees  of 
the  municipal  stations  is  greater  in  proportion  to  their 
income  than  in  the  case  of  the  commercial  stations. 
This  does  not  hold  for  all  classes  of  employees,  but  is 
conspicuously  true  for  general  managers,  superin- 
tendents, etc.,  among  the  salaried  employees,  and  for 
the  engineers  among  the  wage-earners.  The  large 
number  of  the  latter  class  is  probably  due  to  the  fact 
that  in  the  small  stations  which  so  largely  predomi- 
nate in  the  municipal  stations  the  same  employee 
often  performs  a  number  of  different  kinds  of  work, 
and  the  man,  among  his  other  iluties,  might  have 
operated  the  engine,  and  hence  would  be  reported  as 
an  engineer. 

A  comparison  of  the  number  of  employees  and  their 
earnings  in  1902  and  1907  shows  a  greater  relative 
increase  in  the  case  of  the  municipal  than  in  that  of 
the  commercial  stations,  although  the  actual  increases 
for  the  commercial  and  for  the  municipal  stations 
should  be  considered  in  connection  with  this  state- 
ment. 


The  commercial  stations  reported  approximately 
seven-eighths  of  the  total  number  of  employees  in 
1907  and  about  nine-tenths  of  the  total  amount 
expended  for  salaries  and  wages.  This  appears  to 
indicate  that  in  general  the  commercial  stations  pay 
their  employees  more  liberally  than  do  the  municipal 
stations.  This  difference  holds  for  both  salaried  em- 
ployees and  wage-earners,  but  is  most  marked  in  the 
case  of  the  former.  In  1907  the  commercial  stations 
reported  87.6  per  cent  of  the  total  salaried  employees 
and  91.5  per  cent  of  the  total  salaries.  There  are  two 
reasons  for  this  difference.  In  the  first  place  there 
are  connected  with  the  municipal  stations  no  corpo- 
ration officials  who,  in  the  commercial  stations,  re- 
ceive the  highest  salaries  of  any  of  the  employees. 
And  secondly,  many  municipal  stations  reported  sal- 
aried employees  whose  time  was  partly  given  to  other 
public  utilities  of  the  municipality,  and  only  a  por- 
tion of  whose  salaries  was  charged  to  the  operation  of 
the  electric  station.  Similar  conditions  are,  to  a  greater 
or  less  extent,  applicable  to  the  wage-earners  of  the 
municipal  stations,  since  many  of  them  give  part  of 
their  time  only  to  the  work  of  the  electric  plant. 

Supplies  and  materials. — Details  of  the  cost  of  sup- 
plies and  materials,  together  with  the  cost  of  power 
purchased,  are  shown  in  Table  114. 


Table  114.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— COST  OF  SUPPLIES  AND  MATERIALS: 

1907  AND  1902. 


■ 

TOTAL. 

COHMERCIAI,. 

MUNICIPAL. 

PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

PER  CENT 

OF  TOTAL. 

Commercial. 

Municipal. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total. 

Com- 
mercial. 

Munic- 
ipal. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1002 

Total  cost 

$21,400,823 

$11,280,423' 

$19,665,919 

$10,303,956 

$1,734,904 

$976,467 

89.7 

90.9 

77.7 

91.9 

91.3 

8.1 

8.7 

Meters: 

31,900 
$426,625 

4,646 
$278,410 

6,762 
$337,706 

$3,191,252 

$762,593 

$1,698,205 

$757,379 

$1,769,109 

$7,074,472 

$386,552 
$4,436,728 

$281,792 

27,632 
$416,994 

602 
$30,099 

13,288 
$365,028 

$1,507,249 

$177,236 

$1,466,852 

$346,587 

$1,152,915 

$2,130,759 

$2, 566,  .341 
$1,120,363 

28,024 
$378,432 

4.522 
$270,661 

5,468 
$288,586 

$3,042,738 

$676,339 

$1,456,927 

$701,081 

$1,623,078 

$6,696,188 

$351,443 
$3, 993, 181 

$187,265 

25,739 
$390,569 

572 
$29,202 

7,843 
$326,407 

$1,426,224 

$154,517 

$1,263,528 

$319,617 

$1,081,380 

$2,007,193 

m 

$2,365,807 
$939,512 

3,876 
$48, 193 

124 

$7, 749 

1,294 
$49, 120 

$148,514 

$86,254 

$241,278 

$56,298 

$146, 031 

$378,284 

$35,109 
$443,547 

$94,527 

1,893 
$26,425 

30 
$897 

5,445 
$38,621 

$81,025 

$22,719 

$203,324 
$26,970 
$71,535 

$123,566 

(=) 
$200,534 

$180,851 

15.4 
2.3 

671.8 
825.0 

149.1 
17.5 

111.7 

330.3 

15.8 
118.5 
53.4 

232.0 

8.9 
■3.1 

690.6 
826.9 

130.3 
111.6 

113.3 

337.7 

15.3 
119.4 
50.1 

233.6 

104.8 
82.4 

313.3 
763.9 

176.2 
27.2 

83.3 

279.7 

18.7 
108.7 
104.1 

206.2 

87.8 
88.7 

97.3 
97.2 

80.9 
85.5 

95.3 

88.7 

85.8 
92.6 
91.7 

94.7 

90.9 
90.0 

66.5 

93.1 
93.7 

95.0 
97.0 

59.0 
89.4 

94.6 

87.2 

86.1 
92.2 
93.8 

94.2 

■■92.'2' 
83.9 

12.2 
11.3 

2.7 
2.8 

19.1 
14.5 

4.7 

11.3 

14.2 
7.4 
8.3 

5.3 

9.1 
10.0 

33.5 

6.9 

6.3 

Motors: 

Number         

5.0 

Cost 

3.0 

Transformers: 

Number 

4i.e 

Cost 

10. « 

Incandpscent  lamps  . . 

5.4 

Lamp  fittings,  etc.  (except  for  arc 
lamps). 

12.8 

Carbons,  globes,  hoods,  and  other 
supplies  for  arc  lamps  and  re- 

13.9 

Poles  and  other  supports  . 

7.8 

6.2 

5.8 

Rent  or  water  privileges  for  water 

All  other  materials 

72.9 
.74.8 

68.8 
180.1 

121.2 
147.7 

7.8 

Freight,  not  included  in  cost  of 

16.1 

1  Decrease. 


'  Not  reported  separately  in  1902. 


The  total  cost  of  supplies,  materials,  etc.,  shows  a 
somewhat  larger  percentage  of  increase  than  do  sala- 
ries and  wages,  and  the  commercial  stations  show  a 
larger  per  cent  of  increase  in  the  total  cost  of  supplies 
and  materials  than  do  the  municipal  stations.     The 


commercial  stations  reported  a  smaller  amount  as 
paid  for  meters  and  transformers  in  1907  than  in  1902. 
The  amounts  reported  for  these  two  items  at  the  two 
censuses  are  of  doubtful  value  for  purposes  of  com- 
parison,  because  of  the  uncertainty  as    to  whether 


94 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


the  questions  were  answered  witli  the  same  under- 
standmg  as  to  their  meaning.  In  connection  with  tlie 
canvass  of  1907  it  was  found  that  many  stations  had 
included,  under  suppHes  and  materials,  the  cost  of 
meters  and  transformers  that  had  been  used  in  connec- 
tion with  new  work  and  which  should  have  been 
reported  under  the  cost  of  construction  during  the 
year.  In  1902,  when  the  first  census  of  electric  sta- 
tions was  taken,  errors  of  this  kind  may  have  been 
overlooked,  for  it  seems  improbable  that,  in  view  of 
the  increased  use  of  meters  and  the  general  replace- 
ment of  small  and  worn-out  transformers  by  larger 
and  better  ones,  the  total  cost  of  these  machines, 
which  could  properly  be  classed  as  "Cost  of  supplies 
and  materials,"  should  be  less  in  1907  than  1902. 

For  purposes  of  comparison  the  amounts  reported  as 
paid  for  freight  in  1907  and  1902  are  of  no  value,  be- 


cause of  the  fact  that  some  stations  keep  a  separate 
account  of  freight  charges  and  others  reckon  these 
charges  in  with  the  cost  of  supplies  received.  Thus 
the  amounts  reported  are  simply  such  part  of  the 
total  freight  charges  as  were  kept  separate  from  the 
cost  of  supplies  and  materials. 

Of  all  the  different  items  included  under  expendi- 
tures for  supplies  and  materials,  the  cost  of  motors 
shows  the  largest  j)ercentage  of  increase.  The  amount 
paid  for  incandescent  lamps  more  than  doubled,  and 
the  amount  paid  for  fittings  for  lamps  of  this  character 
shows  a  still  larger  percentage  of  increase.  The 
amount  paid  for  carbons,  globes,  etc.,  for  arc  lamps 
was  but  little  more  in  1907  than  in  1902. 

Fuel. — The  cost  of  fuel,  which  is  reported  as  a  sin- 
gle item  in  the  foregoing  tables  of  this  report,  is  shown 
in  detail  in  Table  115. 


Table  H5. -COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— COST  OF  FUEL:  1907  AND  1902. 


TOTAL. 

COIIUERCIAL. 

MUNICIPAL. 

PER  CENT  OP  TOTAL. 

Commercial. 

Municipal. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total. 

Com- 
mer- 
cial. 

Munic- 
ipal. 

1907 

1902 

1907 

1902 

Total 

»23,057,745 

$11,635,509 

$19,824,962 

$10,189,685 

$3,232,783 

$1,445,824 

98.2 

94.6 

123.6 

88.0 

87.6 

14.0 

12.4 

Coal          

19,681,212 
2,171,547 

9,943,125 
721,838 
254,269 
28.f.54 
687,623 

16.780,874 

2,043,000 

259,181 

194.816 

547,091 

8,749,394 

700, 136 

220,460 

20,135 

499,560 

2,900,338 

128,547 

40,467 

1,193,731 

21,702 

33,809 

8,519 

188,063 

97.9 
200.8 

17.8 

579.9 

3.3 

91.8 
191.8 

17.6 

867.5 

9.5 

143.0 

492.3 

19.7 

I'ij.i' 

85.3 
94.1 

86.5 
100.0 
77.0 

88.0 
97.0 
86.7 
70.3 
72.7 

14.7 
5.9 
13.5 

■23.0' 

12.0 

3.0 

299,648 
194,816 
710,522 

13  3 

Manufactured  gas 

All  other  fuel 

29.7 

163,431 

27  3 

'  Decrease. 


Both  in  1902  and  1907  approximately  seven  teen- 
twentieths  of  the  total  cost  of  fuel  reported  represented 
the  cost  of  coal.  Crude  petroleum  was  next  in  im- 
portance, the  percentage  which  the  cost  of  this  fuel 
represented  of  the  total  cost  increasing  from  6.2  in 
1902  to  9.4  in  1907.  The  cost  of  the  three  remaining 
classes  of  fuel  shown  formed  but  5.2  per  cent  of  the 
total  cost  of  fuel  in  1907  as  compared  with  8.3  per 
cent  in  1902. 

All  of  the  amount  paid  in  1907  for  manufactured  gas 
was  reported  by  the  commercial  stations,  but  for 
natural  gas  the  proportion  of  the  total  represented  by 
each  of  the  two  classes  of  stations  at  the  two  censuses 
varied  but  little  from  the  proportions  shown  for  coal. 
The  use  of  crude  petroleum  appears  to  have  been 
chiefly  confined  to  the  commercial  stations,  which 
reported  94.1  per  cent  of  the  total  cost  of  this  kind  of 
fuel  reported  in  1907  and  97  per  cent  in  1902. 

The  states  in  which  the  central  stations  reported  an 
exj)enditurefor  coal  amounting  to  more  than  $1,000,000 
were  as  follows:  New  York,  $2,980,946;  Illinois, 
$1,997,418;  Pennsylvania,  $1,899,829;  Massachusetts, 
$1,344,354;  and  Oliio,  $1,215,778.  The  states  in 
which  the  stations  reported  more  than  $100,000  as 
spent  for  crude  petroleum  were:  California,  $945,251; 
Texas,  $728,343;  and  Arizona,  $167,922.  Among  the 
largest  users  of  natural  gas,  with  the  amount  spent 


for  this  fuel  in  1907,  were:  Ohio,  $83,979;  Pennsyl- 
vania, $67,923;  Kansas,  $52,424;  Oklahoma,  $29,557; 
and  West  Virginia,  $29,401.  No  large  amount  was 
reported  by  any.  state  as  spent  for  manufactured  gas, 
except  by  California,  the  stations  in  which  sta*e 
reported  $150,407  or  77.2  per  cent  of  the  total  amount 
reported  for  this  class  of  fuel.  Expenditures  for  "All 
other  fuel,"  while  general  among  the  stations  in  the 
various  states,  were  largest  in  those  states  having  an 
abundance  of  timber. 

Power  purchased. — This  constitutes  the  smallest  of 
the  several  items  of  expense  shown  in  Table  106,  but 
shows  the  largest  rate  of  increase,  232  per  cent. 
Expenditures  for  electric  current  naturally  form  the 
greater  part  of  this  item,  amounting  to  $6,417,237  in 
1907  and  $1,300,925  in  1902,  a  gain  of  $5,116,312,  or 
393.3  per  cent.  The  expenditure  for  other  power — 
steam,  water,  etc. — amounted  to  $657,235  in  1907  as 
compared  with  $829,834  in  1902.  Although  the  re- 
ported expenditure  for  other  power  was  less  in  1907 
than  in  1902,  it  is  probable  that  there  was  no  actual 
decrease,  since  the  amount  for  1902  included  the  cost 
of  water  for  water  wheels  and  turbines,  which  was,  in 
1907,  not  included  with  the  cost  of  power  purchased, 
and  which  amounted  in  that  year  to  $386,552. 

The  following  states  reported  the  largest  amounts 
for  power  purchased  in  1907:  New  York,  $2,105,944; 


INCOME  AND  EXPENSES. 


95 


Pennsylvania,  $744,378;  California,  $693,953;  Michi- 
gan, $630,532;  Washington,  $365,111;  Missouri, 
$337,859;  Massachusetts,  $295,442;  and  Illinois, 
$263,848. 

In  1907  there  were  414  stations  which  reported  the 
purchase  of  power  as  compared  with  128  in  1902.  Of 
the  number  reporting  in  1907,  165  both  generated  and 
purchased  current,  and  of  the  number  reporting  in 
1902,  41  did  the  same.     Moreover,  a  number  of  sta- 


tions were  found  which,  though  fitted  with  dynamos, 
did  not  operate  them,  but  purchased  the  current  used. 
In  1907  there  were  26  stations  of  this  character,  with 
a  dynajno  capacity  of  15,688  kilowatts,  as  compared 
with  15  stations  in  1902,  with  a  dynamo  capacity  of 
5,035  kilowatts. 

Miscellaneous  expenses. — Details  of  the  expenses 
included  in  the  last  item  of  Table  106  are  shown  for 
the  commercial  and  municipal  stations  in  Table  116. 


Table  116.— COMMERCIAL 


AND    MUNICIPAL    CENTRAL    ELECTRIC 

AND  1902. 


STATIONS— MISCELLANEOUS    EXPENSES:    1907 


1907 


1902 


Total IS26,326,257  811, 893.206 


Rent  of  stations,  line-wire  sup- 
ports, conduits,  etc 

Rent  of  offices 

Taxes. 


Injuries  and  damages 

Insurance 

Ordinary  repairs  of  buildings  and 

machinery 

All  other  expenses  not  elsewhere 

reported 


2,322,753 
577, 193 

6,351,020 
034,991 

1,578,205 

4,300,684 
10,561,411 


1,011,691 
275,007 

2,605,005 
248, 304 
893, 507 

2, 701, 747 

4,099,885 


COMMERCIAL. 


$25,611,771 


1907 


$11,456,037 


2,317,099 
566,472 

6,345,796 
602,523 

1,467,930 

3,986,586 
10,325,359 


MUNICIPAL. 


1902 


1,001,504 
270,446 

2,654,885 
246, 543 
827,926 

2,480,217 

3, 974, 514 


1907 


$714,486 


5,654 
10, 721 

5,224 
32, 468 
110,269 

314,098 

236,052 


1902 


$439, 169 


10,187 
4,561 

10,120 
1,759 

65,641 

221,530 
125,371 


PER  CENT  OP  I.»JCREASE. 


Total. 


129.6 
109.9 
138.3 
155.7 
70.6 

59.2 

157.6 


Com- 
mer- 
cial. 


123.6 


131.4 
109.5 
139.0 
144.4 
77.3 

6a7 

159.8 


Munici- 
pal. 


62.7 


'44.5 

135.1 

"48.4 

1,745.8 

68.0 

41.8 

88.3 


PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL. 


Commercial. 


1907 


97.3 


99.8 
98.1 
99.9 
94.9 
93.0 

92.7 

97.8 


1902 


96.3 


99.0 
9a  3 
99.6 
99.3 
92.7 

91.8 

9&9 


Municipal. 


1907 


2.1 


0.2 
L9 
0.1 
5.1 
7.0 

7.3 


1902 


3.7 


1.0 
t7 
0.4 
0.7 
7.3 


3.1 


•  Decrease. 


More  than  nineteen-twentieths  of  the  total  for  these 
miscellaneous  expenses  was  reported  bj*  the  com- 
mercial stations  and  less  than  one-twentieth  by  the 
municipal  stations.  Of  the  expense  for  ordinary  re- 
pairs of  buildings  and  machinery  and  for  insurance, 
the  proportions  for  the  two  classes  of  stations  were 
practically  the  same  in  1907  as  in  1902,  or  more  than 
nine-tenths  for  the  commercial  stations  and  less  than 
one-tenth  for  the  municijial.  Expenditures  for  ordi- 
nary repairs  are  common  to  the  two  classes  of  stations, 
though  necessarily  varying  in  proportion  to  the  age 
25142—10 7 


and  condition  of  the  plant  and  the  standard  to  which 
it  is  kept  up.  The  proportion  of  "All  other  ex- 
penses not  elsewhere  reported,"  paid  by  the  municipal 
stations  was  relatively  small,  as  might  be  expected, 
since  these  stations  have  much  less  occasion  for  ex- 
penditures for  many  of  the  items  included  under  this 
head,  such  as  advertising,  interest,  law  expenses,  etc., 
than  have  the  commercial  stations.  The  municipal 
stations  also  reported  relatively  insignificant  amounts 
as  paid  for  the  rent  of  stations,  line-wire  supports,  etc., 
office  rents,  and  for  taxes. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 
TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


By  Thomas  Commebfobd  Martin,  Expert  Special  Agent. 


General  conditions. — The  report  on  central  electric 
light  and  power  stations  for  1902  embraced  a  historical 
review  of  their  development  and  discussed  the  appa- 
ratus in  use  at  that  time  for  the  generation  of  electrical 
energy  and  for  its  distribution  and  consumption,  in- 
cluding dynamos,  motors,  transformers,  arc  and  in- 
candescent lamps,  and  other  appliances.  It  is  not 
necessary,  therefore,  to  consider  again  these  phases  in 
the  growth  of  the  electric  light  and  power  industry; 
and  the  present  discussion  will  be  limited  to  the  evolu- 
tion that  has  taken  place  since  1902.  There  have  been 
changes  in  every  branch  of  the  industry,  some  of  which 
have  been  extreme,  and  the  approach  of  a  few  of  which 
was  indicated  in  the  former  report.  In  one  or  two 
instances  the  introduction  of  new  methods  or  appli- 
ances was  unexpected.  The  changes  in  the  technical 
aspects  of  the  industry  have  kept  pace  with  those  in  its 
financial  and  physical  aspects.  Virtually  doubling 
itself  every  five  years,  in  the  latter  respects,  the 
central-station  industry  displays  as  yet  no  symptoms 
of  settling  down  into  a  condition  of  satisfaction  with 
the  present  which  would  be  obstructive  of  improve- 
ment. Indeed,  the  notable  tendency  toward  the  con- 
solidation of  small  individual  stations  into  large 
"systems"  with  extensive  networks  has  brought  with 
it  the  wholesale  "scrapping"  of  plants  and  apparatus 
and  the  installation  of  generating  and  consuming 
appliances  of  far  higher  efficiency  and  economy,  in 
order  to  meet  the  demand  on  the  part  of  the  public 
for  cheaper  and  better  service. 

A  typical  case  is  that  of  the  Boston  Edison  Company, 
whose  system  in  1885  covered  an  area  of  one-eighth  of 
a  square  mile,  and  at  present  covers  an  area  of  509 
square  miles^the  increase  being  due  chiefly  to  expan- 
sion during  the  period  1902-1907.  The  map  presented 
herewith,  showing  some  of  its  circuits,  reveals  the 
details  of  that  vastly  larger  area  in  which  it  is  now 
operating,  within  which  lie  35  cities  and  towns  of 
Massachusetts,  with  a  combined  population  of  approxi- 
mately 1,000,000  inhabitants.  Included  in  this  ter- 
ritory are  2,197  miles  of  streets,  1,016  miles  of  which 
are  covered  by  the  lines  of  the  company  Within  the 
region  are  34,428  customers,  requiring  a  supply  of  cur- 
rent up  to  100,000  kilowatts,  equivalent  to  two  million 
16-candlepower  lamps.  Originally  the  engines  in  the 
(96) 


generating  plant  were  of  90  horsepower,  but  they  have 
been  displaced  by  steam  turbines  of  16,000  horse- 
power each;  while  generators  of  20-kilowatt  capacity 
have  been  succeeded  by  generators  of  12,000-kilowatt 
capacity.  All  this  development  has  taken  place  within 
a  period  of  about  twenty-five  years,  and  similar  develop- 
ment is  shown  in  other  large  centers  of  population, 
such  as  those  served  by  the  Public  Service  Corporation 
in  New  Jersey  and  the  Pacific  Gas  and  Electric  Com- 
pany in  California. 

Another  salient  feature  of  the  period  1902-1907  is  the 
increasing  resort  to  water  power  as  a  source  of  pri- 
mary energy.  The  statistics  in  Chapter  III  on  power 
equipment  show  that  the  number  of  steam  engines, 
including  steam  turbines,  in  central  stations  increased 
from  5,930  in  1902,  with  a  total  of  1,379,941  horse- 
power, to  7,206  in  1907,  with  2,627,450  horsepower. 
Practically  all  these  engines  were  located  within  the 
corporate  limits  of  towns  and  cities,  and  the  increase 
in  capacity  during  the  five-year  period  was  nearly  100 
per  cent.  But  the  development  in  water  power  due 
to  the  establishment  of  perhaps  not  less  than  300 
hydro-electric  power  transmission  enterprises  is  much 
more  striking.  The  water  wheels  reported  show  an 
increase  froml, 390  in  1902  to  2,481  in  1907,  while  their 
capacity  increased  from  438,472  horsepower  to  1,349,- 
087  horsepower,  more  than  threefold.  It  is  not  to  be 
understood  that  all  this  hydro-electric  power  is  spe- 
cifically employed  in  central  station  lighting  and 
power,  as  a  great  deal  of  it  is  furnished  to  electric  rail- 
ways and  isolated  mills  and  mines.  But  the  power- 
transmission  company  is  generically  a  central-station 
plant,  and  all  such  companies  and  systems  are  included 
in  the  present  statistics  where  they  affect  the  totals 
and  the  analytic  deductions  in  many  important  re- 
spects, as,  for  example,  in  the  average  price  obtained 
per  kilowatt  hour.  It  is  obvious,  upon  a  moment's 
consideration,  that  a  transmission  company  can  sell 
its  product  at  a  lower  rate  than  a  central  station  which 
in  its  price  per  kilowatt  hour  to  the  customer  has  to 
include  free  supply  of  lamps,  or  arc  carbons  and  globes, 
labor,  inspection,  etc.  The  apparent  return  per  kilo- 
watt hour  as  given  in  this  report  is  thus  too  low,  from 
the  central-station  standpoint,  and  would  naturally 
be  higher  after  the  deduction  of  a  very  large  but  inde- 


INTERIOR  VIEW  OF  SOUTHERN   POWER   COMPANY'S  HYDRO-ELECTRIC   PLANT. 


HORIZONTAL  LOW-PRESSURE  STEAM  TURBINE  AND   GENERATOR, 


TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


97 


terminate  quantity  of  electrical  energy  sold  in  bulk 
by  the  power  company,  almost  invariably  at  a  price 
below  what  the  same  power  would  cost  the  receiving 
central-station  company,  or  individual  consumer,  if 
it  were  produced  by  steam  at  or  near  the  point  of 
utilization. 

This  development  of  remote  water  powers  for  pur- 
poses of  electrical  transmission  is  recognized  as  one  of 
the  questions  of  the  time,  and  was  given  special  study 
by  the  conservation  conference  held  at  the  White 
House  in  1908,  on  invitation  of  President  Roosevelt. 
In  a  report  ^  to  this  conference,  made  by  Mr.  H.  St. 
Clair  Putnam,  it  was  stated  that  of  the  total  estimated 
power  produced  in  the  United  States  in  1907,  about 
26,000,000  horsepower  was  credited  to  steam  engines, 
800,000  horsepower  to  gas  and  oil  engines,  and 
3,000,000  horsepower  to  water  motors.  It  will  be 
seen  from  these  figures  that  nearly  half  the  utilized 
water  power  of  the  country  is  subject  to  central-station 
conditions  and  control,  and  the  proportion  belonging 
to  hydro-electric  power  is  in  reality  much  larger,  as 
several  hundred  small  electric  plants  not  engaged  in 
the  sale  of  electricity,  but  connected  with  various 
manufactories,  employ  water  power.  Mr.  Putnam 
said : 

During  the  past  few  years  there  has  been  renewed  interest  in  water 
powers  on  account  of  the  practicability  of  their  use  for  the  generation 
of  power  and  the  electrical  transmission  of  this  power  to  distant 
markets.  The  great  hydro-electric  development  at  Niagara  was  the 
first  large  enterprise  of  this  character  and  has  demonstrated  its 
practicability.  The  census  of  1902  gives  a  partial  list  of  long-dis- 
tance hydro-electric  plants  developing  power  aggregating  000,000 
horsepower;  and  this  list  can  now  be  largely  increased.  Our  most 
desirable  water  powers  are  being  absorbed  rapidly,  and  it  becomes 
important,  therefore,  for  us  to  take  stock  of  our  water  resources  and 
formulate  plans  for  their  control  and  proper  utilization. 

The  recognition  of  the  importance  of  water-power 
development  has  grown  since  the  conference  was  held, 
and  the  proper  methods  of  dealing  with  water  powers 
and  maintaining  public  control  and  interest  in  them 
have  become  a  distinct  problem  for  the  National 
Government,  as  well  as  one  of  the  topics  most  agitated 
in  the  press. 

Steam  power. — The  figures  in  Chapter  III  show  strik- 
ing changes  in  the  use  of  steam  power  in  central  sta- 
tions since  the  report  of  1902.  At  that  time,  owing  to 
the  fact  that  steam  turbines  had  not  been  installed  in 
any  considerable  degree,  they  were  not  reported  sepa- 
rately. In  the  present  report  they  are  credited  with 
19.9  per  cent  of  the  total  horsepower  reported  and  31.1 
per  cent  of  all  the  steam  power.  Few  revolutions  in 
the  mechanical  world  have  been  more  rapid  and  sweep- 
ing. The  relative  size  of  the  units  is  also  significant, 
for  while  the  reciprocating  engines  averaged  265  horse- 
power in  1907,  the  turbines  averaged  2,168  horse- 
power, or  eight  times  as  much. 

'  Proceedingsof  a  Conference  of  Governors,  published  by  authority 
of  Congress,  1909,  p.  292. 


Only  one  or  two  of  the  recently  equipped  central 
stations  with  large  generating  units  have  installed 
reciprocating  engines.  The  most  notable  instance  is 
the  Redondo  generating  station  of  the  Pacific  Light 
and  Power  Company  of  California,  which  has  been 
equipped  with  reciprocating  engines  of  the  latest  type. 
The  plant  has  a  nominal  rating  of  15,000  kilowatts  in 
three  equal  units,  which  generate  current  at  the  ex- 
tremely high  electro-motive  force  of  18,000  volts,  for 
which  the  dynamos  are  wound.  There  are  three  34 
and  70  inch  by  56  inch  combined  double  horizontal 
and  vertical  compound  side-crank  automatic  engines, 
each  direct-connected  to  one  of  the  50-cycle  3-phase 
alternators  of  the  fly-wheel  type.  The  fuel  used  is 
crude  petroleum.  On  a  total  output  of  not  less  than 
60,000  kilowatt  hours  per  19.5  hours  running  for  fifteen 
days,  there  being  4.5  hours  of  "stand-by"  idleness  each 
day,  the  contractor  guaranteed  an  output  of  170  kilo- 
watt hours  per  barrel  of  oil  weighing  334  pounds,  each 
pound  delivering  18,500  British  thermal  units.  The 
actual  test  showed  252.8  kilowatt  hours  per  barrel; 
and  a  bonus  of  $363,310  was  earned  by  the  contractor 
as  a  result  of  this  remarkable  economy  and  efficiency. 
It  is  stated  that  the  first  cost  of  the  plant  did  not  ex- 
ceed by  5  per  cent  that  of  a  steam-turbine  plant. 

No  other  large  new  central  station  with  reciprocating 
engines  can  be  named.  The  whole  drift  seems  to  be 
toward  large  steam  turbines  or  large  gas  engines,  where 
water  power  is  not  available,  or  even  as  a  reserve  where 
the  uncertainty  of  water  power  renders  some  auxiliary 
power  necessary.  Cliicago  and  New  York  have  both 
furnished  examples.  The  New  York  Edison  Company 
now  has  both  its  great  Waterside  stations  in  operation 
side  by  side  on  the  East  River,  with  an  aggregate 
maximum  rating  of  330,000  horsepower,  in  24  units  of 
169,500  kilowatts.  Waterside  No.  2  began  operations 
in  November,  1906,  and  although  reciprocating  units 
were  first  contemplated,  it  now  contains  six  8,000- 
kilowatt  vertical  turbo-generators,  two  7,500-kilowatt 
horizontal  turbine  units,  and  two  14,000-kilowatt 
vertical  units,  which  comprise  the  entire  equipment 
of  this  huge  station.  Waterside  No.  1,  which  began 
operations  in  October,  1901,  and  was  intended  to  hold 
sixteen  3,500-kilowatt  reciprocating  engine  units,  has 
now  eleven  such  units,  together  with  three  10,000- 
kilowatt  and  two  5,000-kilowatt  vertical  turbine  units. 

The  new  Quarry  Street  station  of  the  Common- 
wealth Edison  Company  of  (Chicago,  constructed  just 
across  the  south  branch  of  the  Chicago  River  from 
the  Fisk  Street  station,  illustrated  in  the  report  of 
1902,  constitutes,  with  its  initial  rating  of  28,000 
kilowatts  in  two  units,  a  fit  supplement  to  the  latter 
station,  the  pioneer  great  steam  turbine  power  house 
in  this  country.  It  is  significant  of  the  rapid  march 
of  events  that  the  first  four  turbo-generators  in  the 
Fisk  Street  station,  only  five  years  old,  were  replaced 
in  the  summer  of  19(39  by  an  equal  number  of  12,000- 


98 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


kilowatt  units,  which  change  increases  the  Fisk  Street 
station  rating  by  22,000  kilowatts  without  any  addi- 
tion in  the  boiler  room  except  the  extension  of  two 
stacks  and  slightly,increased  grate  surface. 

A  further  development  in  the  use  of  primary  power 
has  been  the  practice  in  high-pressure  steam  generating 
plants  to  resort  to  low-pressure  steam  turbines  which 
run  on  the  exhaust  steam  of  reciprocating  engines, 
and  this  practice  appears  to  have  been  quite  successful. 
In  a  paper  on  the  subject'  read  at  Atlantic  City  in 
June,  1909,  before  the  National  Electric  Light  Asso- 
ciation, Mr.  C.  H.  Smoot  cited  several  instances,  and 
said:  "I  strongly  suggest  that  owners  of  noncon- 
densing  plants  consider  the  opportunity  of  utilizing 
the  exhaust  of  their  reciprocating  engines  in  low- 
pressure  steam  turbines,  and  thereby  adopt  a  method 
of  rejuvenating  their  plants  by  one  of  the  most  efficient 
methods  of  developing  power  from  steam." 

Oil  engines. — The  Pittsfield  (Mass.)  Electric  Com- 
pany has  put  in  regular  service  an  interesting  oil-driven 
plant  to  supplement  its  older  steam  plant,  which 
also  does  a  large  exhaust-steam  heating  business  in 
the  cold  season.  The  fuel  used  is  crude  petroleum. 
A  side  track  of  the  Boston  and  Albany  Railroad 
extends  parallel  to  the  north  wall  of  the  station,  and 
all  the  fuel  oil  is  handled  upon  this  spur.  Oil  is  stored 
outside  the  plant  in  three  6,000-gallon  tanks.  These 
tanks  are  filled  by  gravity  from  the  oil  cars  run  upon 
the  siding,  and  from  the  tanks  the  oil  is  piped  into 
the  basement  of  the  power  house.  Water  for  cooling 
the  jackets  and  bearings  of  the  machinery  in  the 
station  is  drawn  from  a  neighboring  pond  through  an 
18-inch  pipe,  which  terminates  in  a  well  about  60 
feet  inland  from  the  shore.  From  the  well  a  triplex 
pump  in  the  basement  draws  and  delivers  the  water 
as  needed  in  the  plant. 

The  generating  unit  is  a  350-kilowatt,  60-cycle, 
2,300-volt,  2-phase  revolving-field  alternator  mounted 
on  a  shaft  midway  between  two  16-inch  by  24-Lnch 
3-cylinder  oil  engines.  The  normal  speed  of  this  unit 
is  164  revolutions  per  minute.  It  is  governed  by 
by-passing  the  oil  supply  back  into  the  suction  side  of 
the  oil  pump.  In  general  design  and  appearance  the 
engine  follows  the  lines  of  a  vertical  inclosed  type  of 
steam  engine.  The  action  is  on  the  4-stroke  cycle,  but 
the  engine  differs  from  all  previous  internal-combus- 
tion engines  in  compressing  a  full  charge  of  air  to  a 
point  above  the  igniting  point  of  the  fuel,  whether 
liquid  or  gaseous,  and  then  injecting  this  fuel  for  a 
certain  period,  variable  according  to  the  load,  into 
this  red-hot  air,  where  it  burns  under  controlled  limits 
of  temperature  and  pressure.  The  cylinder  operation 
is  therefore  one  of  combustion  rather  than  explosion. 
Each  engine  is  rated  at  225  horsepower,  weighs  80,000 
pounds,  and  has  the  following  over-all  dimensions: 
Floor  space,  9  feet  6  inches  by  16  feet  6  inches;  height, 

'  Proceedings,  National  Electric  Light  Association,  1909,  Vol.  II, 
p.  232. 


12  feet.  Foundation  dimensions:  Width  of  top,  10 
feet;  bottom,  12  feet;  length,  20  feet;  height,  7  feet, 
1  inch.  The  latter  dimensions  include  the  space 
required  by  a  direct-connected  engine-tj'pe  generator. 

Gas  engines. — A  notable  development  in  the  genera- 
tion of  current  has  been  the  resort  in  San  Francisco  to 
very  large  gas  engines  by  the  California  Gas  and  Elec- 
tric Corporation.  Its  three  engines,  each  of  5,333 
horsepower,  connected  to  the  alternating-current  gen- 
erators, have  the  following  dimensions:  Length  over 
all,  70  feet ;  width  over  all,  34  feet ;  weight  of  heaviest 
casting,  60  tons;  diameters  of  cylinders,  42  inches; 
length  of  stroke,  60  inches;  main  journals,  30  inches 
diameter,  54  inches  long ;  main  crosshead  gibs,  27  inches 
wide,  54  inches  long;  diameter  of  center  of  shaft, 
38  inches;  weight  of  fly  wheel,  130,000  pounds;  total 
weight  of  engine,  fly  wheel,  and  generator,  1,200,000 
pounds.  In  general  design  and  detail  the  gas  engines 
resemble  modern  high-grade,  massive  steam  engines. 
They  are  horizontal,  twin-tandem,  double-acting, 
4-stroke  cycle,  giving  two  impulses  to  each  crank  per 
revolution.  Each  of  the  electric  generating  units  can 
deUver  4,000  kilowatts  at  13,000  volts,  25  cycles. 

It  is  recognized  that  the  gas  engine  itself  is  success- 
ful in  large  sizes  for  generating  plants,  but  that  the 
intrinsic  efliciency  of  such  plants  depends  on  the  gas 
producer,  and  upon  the  economical  gasification  of  low 
grades  of  fuel.  As  has  been  said,  the  producer  in  its 
best  form  is  the  means  of  making  available  the  high 
thermal  efficiency  of  the  gas  engine  to  many  central 
stations,  and  is  the  chief  factor  that  warrants  the 
installation  of  this  type  of  prime  mover  at  a  greater 
installation  cost  than  that  of  a  steam  plant.  There 
are  now  producers  on  the  market  that  can  be  relied 
upon  to  produce  a  satisfactory  gas  from  many  of  the 
low  grades  of  coal  available  in  difl^erent  sections  of  the 
country;  and  the  result  is  shown,  in  part,  in  the 
increase  in  the  number  of  gas  engines  from  165  in  1902 
to  463  in  1907,  and  in  their  capacity  from  12,181 
horsepower  to  55,828  horsepower. 

As  an  illustration  of  complex  conditions,  the  Keene 
Gas  and  Electric  Company,  of  Keene,  N.  H.,  may  be 
cited,  which  uses  gas,  steam,  and  water  power  in  three 
separate  plants.  The  company's  gas  plant,  distant 
only  li  miles  from  the  business  center,  contains  two 
250-horsepower  anthracite  gas  producers  and  three 
gas  engines  of  the  vertical  three-cylinder  type,  the  two 
smaUer  engines  being  each  connected  to  an  80-kilowatt 
alternator,  and  the  largest  unit  to  a  110-kilowatt  alter- 
nator. The  fuel  requirements  are  less  than  in  a  steam 
plant  of  equal  capacity,  and  the  fuel  feeding  and  ash 
discharging  for  the  producer  are  accomplished  by  the 
action  of  gravity  alone. 

Water  power. — The  statistics  in  Chapter  III  as  to 
water  power  are  clearly  indicative  of  the  general  trend 
of  practice.  An  immense  increase  is  shown  both  in 
the  number  and  size  of  water  wheels.  In  1902  there 
were  1,390  water  wheels,  having  a  capacity  of  438,472 


_••.  >     '  ' ^  !  I  i  :  <••. 


SWITCHBOARD   ROOM,   QUARRY  STREET  STATION,   COMMONWEALTH   EDISON   COMPANY,   CHICAGO. 


STEAM  TURBINE  GENERATING  PLANT,   FISK   STREET  STATION.   COMMONWEALTH    EDISON   COMPANY,   CHICAGO, 


TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


99 


horsepower,  while  in  1907  there  were  2,481,  having 
1,349,087  horsepower.  Tlius  the  size  per  unit  rose 
from  an  average  of  about  315  horsepower  to  544 
horsepower.  The  units  are  classified  as  "water 
w'heels,"  but  in  practically  every  instance  a  more  cor- 
rect designation  would  be  "turbine."  In  compiling 
the  statistics,  no  attempt  was  made  to  differentiate 
between  impulse  and  reaction  types,  or  between  instal- 
lations as  having  horizontal  or  vertical  shafts;  although 
all  these  features  have  necessarily  an  intimate  relation- 
ship to  the  character  of  the  electrical  generator  asso- 
ciated with  the  driving  wheel. 

The  most  notable  developments  of  the  period  1902 
to  1907  have  been  those  at  Niagara  Falls  and  those  in 
the  Sierras  of  California;  but  in  every  part  of  the  coun- 
try where  water  powers  hi}^  undevelo])ed,  enterprises 
on  a  large  scale  have  been  set  on  foot  for  the  purpose 
of  hj'dro-electric  generation  and  power  transmission. 
In  fact,  the  period  named  may  be  regarded  as  one 
of  great  speculative  activity  in  this  respect,  with  the 
result  that  many  plants  have  come  into  existence  that 
remain  unprofitable,  either  because  the  work  has  been 
too  costly,  because  there  is  little  market  for  the  energy 
when  developed,  or  because  the  problems  of  econom- 
ical and  uninterrupted  transmission  have  not  been 
mastered. 

A  water-power  plant  of  somewhat  unusual  character 
is  that  of  the  Indiana  and  Michigan  Electric  Company, 
on  the  St.  Joseph  River  at  Berrien  Springs,  Mich., 
serving  northwestern  Indiana  and  southwestern  Michi- 
gan. It  was  built  during  the  intercensal  period  and 
placed  in  service  during  1908,  and  is  of  the  low-head 
system,  capable  of  producing  7,200  kilowatts.  The 
company  has  a  total  of  25,000  horsepower  in  its 
steam  and  water  power  plants,  the  four  of  the  latter 
all  being  on  the  St.  Joseph  River.  This  river  has  a 
maximum  flow  of  only  about  twenty-five  times  the 
minimum,  and  the  actual  head  at  Berrien  is  only  21 
feet,  gained  by  backing  up  the  flow  for  more  than  10 
miles  by  a  dam  nearly  one-third  of  a  mile  long,  the 
back  flow  extending  to  the' next  plant  above.  The 
power  house  stands  lengthwise  to  the  dam.  The  low 
head  made  necessary  considerable  compHcation  in  the 
water-wheel  plan.  Each  of  the  four  generators  in- 
stalled is  driven  by  a  group  of  four  pairs  of  wheels 
working  under  a  normal  head  of  20  feet.  The  gener- 
ators, rated  at  1 ,800  kilowatts  each,  60  cycles,  are  driven 
at  150  revolutions  per  minute.  The  river  runs  over  and 
through  a  mass  of  glacial  drift,  with  a  hardpan  bot- 
tom, and  to  prevent  loss  of  water  b}^  flow  under  the 
apparent  bottom  of  the  river,  a  continuous  line  of 
sheet-steel  piling  was  driven  in  clear  across  the  river 
down  to  hardpan,  under  the  upstream  side  of  the  dam; 
while  a  similar  defense  of  mail  was  put  across  the 
downstream  side  to  prevent  any  backwash.  These 
elaborate  precautions  were  taken  primarily  to  prevent 
the  passage  of  water  under  the  dam  or  the  scouring 
of  the  river  bed  below  the  latter,  and  thus  preclude 
any  possibility  of  undermining  the  structure. 


Another  plant  of  somewhat  unusual  character  is 
that  put  in  operation  in  1907  by  the  Patapsco  Elec- 
tric and  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Ellicott  City, 
Md.,  whose  power  house  on  the  Patapsco  River  about 
10  miles  west  of  Baltimore  is  built  entirely  within  the 
dam  and  is  thus  completely  under  water.  The  same 
structure  thus  serves  both  as  dam  and  as  power  house ; 
the  available  fall  is  utilized,  and  with  slight  modifica- 
tions the  suction  force  of  the  spillway  water  as  it 
rushes  over  the  mouth  of  the  tailrace  may  be  employed 
to  increase  the  effective  head  by  lowering  the  water 
level  in  the  race  well.  With  power  houses  as  ordi- 
narily constructed  below  the  dam,  the  contrary  effect 
obtains.  Abundant  natural  light  is  had  through  win- 
dows located  on  the  downstream  side  of  the  dam, 
beneath  the  falls,  and  natural  ventilation  is  also  pro- 
vided. The  generating  alternators  when  under  load 
furnish  sufficient  heat  to  dispel  any  dampness  that 
may  manifest  itself;  and,  although  somewhat  restricted 
as  to  space,  the  power  house  is  as  comfortable  as  any 
other  station  building  of  like  capabilities.  The  plant 
has  a  capacity  of  600  kilowatts,  with  provision  for 
another  300-kilowatt  unit,  and  the  electrical  energy  is 
employed  for  lamps  and  motors. 

The  structure  represents  the  latest  development  in 
dam  design.  Heretofore,  solid  masonry  has  been  con- 
sidered the  only  safe  and  permanent  device  to  impound 
water,  reliance  being  placed  on  the  enormous  weight  of 
the  dam  to  resist  the  water  pressure.  At  Ellicott 
City  the  water  pressure  is  utilized  to  maintain  the 
position  of  the  dam,  the  upstream  side  being  so  pro- 
portioned and  shaped  that  the  weight  of  the  water 
upon  it  equals  the  horizontal-pressure  component. 
The  dam  is  merely  a  shell  in  which  the  necessary 
rigidity  and  strength  are  secured  bv  a  very  small  frac- 
tion of  the  material  needed  in  the  old-style  construc- 
tion. The  deck  and  apron  are  supported  on  buttresses 
and  have  a  section  just  sufficient  to  resist  bending 
under  water  pressure,  a  large  factor  of  safety,  of 
course,  being  allowed.  The  structure  may  be  built  in 
considerably  less  time  than  a  solid  dam,  and  the  inte- 
rior may  be  utilized,  as  in  this  instance,  for  housing  the 
electrical  equipment.  In  1907  two  plants  of  the  same 
character  as  that  at  Ellicott  City  were  begun,  one  at 
Delta,  Pa.,  and  the  other  on  the  Big  Horn  in  Wyo- 
ming— each  having  a  head  of  water  of  about  60  feet 
and  developing  about  1 ,500  kilowatts. 

No  inconsiderable  amount  of  modern  hydro-electric 
development  in  the  West  is  associated  with  irrigation 
work.  One  of  the  most  noteworthy  and  recent  ex- 
amples is  connected  with  the  Custer  reservoir  in  San 
Miguel  and  Dolores  counties,  Colo.,  where  a  dam  110 
feet  high  impounds  756,800  acre-feet  of  water,  to 
be  employed  in  power  development  and  irrigation. 
Another  work  of  this  character,  which  has  been  under 
construction  for  some  time  and  wiJJ  be  completed 
before  April,  1910,  is  the  Orchard  Mesa  irrigation 
project,  extending  from  Grand  Junction  to  Palisade, 
in  the  richest  fruit  district  of  Colorado. 


100 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


During  1906-7  the  municipality  of  Lynchburg,  Va., 
installed  a  plant  which  is  somewhat  typical  of  the 
older  methods,  in  that  the  current  is  not  transmitted  a 
long  distance,  and  that  the  energy  is  employed  for 
ordinaiy  arc-lighting  purposes.  This  plant  utiHzes 
the  flow  of  the  James  River,  and  occupies  an  old 
pumping  station  that  was  part  of  the  municipal  water- 
works before  the  new  gravity  system  was  introduced. 
An  operating  head  of  onlj-  12  feet  has  been  skillfully 
emploj^ed.  The  plant  is  laid  out  for  the  use  of  series 
alternating  current,  to  avoid  the  use  of  transformers 
between  the  generators  and  the  series  circuits.  The 
generating  dynamos  are  2-phase  alternatoi-s  designed 
to  supply  15  amperes  per  phase  at  4,200  volts.  The 
arc  lamps  are  supplied  with  7.5  amperes  at  80  volts. 
This  gives  two  circuits  per  phase,  with  50  lamps  on 
each  circuit,  or  200  lamps  per  generator.  An  induc- 
tive regulator  is  placed  in  each  circuit  which  will  auto- 
matically maintain  a  constant  current  of  7.5  amperes 
through  the  lamps. 

Niagara  remains,  of  course,  the  preeminent  example 
of  hydro-electric  development  in  the  United  States. 
Grouped  around  the  great  falls  are  seven  generating 
stations,  whose  supply  of  electrical  energy  is  in  demand 
over  a  very  large  area  of  consumption.  Figures 
reported  for  1908-9 '  show  that  the  energy  from  Niag- 
ara Falls  is  used  at  the  rate  of  126,800  horsepower  for 
electro-chemical  processes,  56,200  horsepower  for  rail- 
way service,  36,400  horsepower  for  lighting,  and  54,640 
hoi-sepower  for  various  industrial  services,  or  a  total  of 
274,040  horsepower.  Since  the  water  of  Niagara  Falls 
represents  probably  more  than  5,000,000  horsepower, 
it  would  seem  that  only  about  5  per  cent  of  the  avail- 
able power  is  being  utilized  at  present.  As  to  the  pro- 
portion of  energy  from  Niagara  Falls  used  locally  as 
compared  with  that  transmitted  elsewhere,  figures  in 
the  article  referred  to  above  show  that  12,300  horse- 
power is  transmitted  more  than  100  miles;  33,500 
horsepower,  75  miles  and  less  than  100;  3,100  horse- 
power, 50  miles  and  less  than  75;  79,640  horsepower, 
10  miles  and  less  than  50;  while  145,400  horsepower  is 
used  locally  on  the  Canadian  and  New  York  sides  of 
the  falls.  That  is  to  say,  somewhat  more  than  50  per 
cent  of  the  energy  actually  utilized  is  employed  locally, 
and  almost  all  of  tliis  is  used  in  industries  that  have 
been  attracted  to  Niagara  Falls  by  reason  of  the  gen- 
erating stations  located  there.  Electro-chemical  proc- 
esses take  87  per  cent  of  the  energy  that  is  consumed 
locally  and  46  per  cent  of  the  total  amount  utilized. 

What  is  believed  to  be  the  largest  turbine  of  its  type 
ever  built  is  that  put  in  operation  during  1905-6  by 
the  Seattle  and  Tacoma  Company  at  its  Snoqualmie 
Falls  plant,  35  miles  east  of  Seattle,  Wash.,  a  single- 
wheel  turbine  of  10,000  horsepower  capacity.  The 
12,500  horsepower  vertical  turbines  of  the  Electrical 
Development  Cgmpany,  the  10,000  horsepower  horizon- 
tal turbines  of  the  Ontario  Power  Company,  and  the 


'  Electrical  World,  October  21,  1909,  p.  978  et  seq. 


10,000  horsepower  vertical  turbines  of  the  Canadian 
Niagara  Power  Company,  all  of  which  are  at  Niagara 
Falls,  Ontario,  are  duplex  machines,  as  each  unit  has 
two  runners  on  a  single  shaft  driving  a  single  generator. 
The  Snoqualmie  Falls  turbine,  with  but  one  wheel, 
therefore,  represents  by  far  the  largest  concentration 
of  power  yet  accomplished  in  turbine  water  wheels. 
The  turbine  in  question  is  employed  in  an  enlargement 
of  the  Snoqualmie  Falls  plant  to  double  its  original 
capacity. 

Generators. — The  statistics  of  C'hapter  III  are  very 
complete  as  to  the  generator,  or  dynamo,  equipment  of 
American  central  stations  in  1907,  and  reveal  clearly 
the  changes  that  have  taken  place  and  are  still  in 
progress  in  the  manner  of  generating  electric  current. 
At  one  time  the  central  stations  of  the  country  were 
wholly  on  the  basis  of  direct  current  for  incandescent 
lighting,  arc  lighting,  and  motor  supply,  and  direct- 
current  generators  predominated  to  the  exclusion  of 
any  other  type.  Now  the  vast  majority  of  stations 
are  on  the  basis  of  alternating  current,  even  if  they  de- 
liver direct  current  to  the  consumption  devices.  As 
shown  by  Table  34,  there  were  in  use  in  1907  for 
generating  direct  current,  either  of  constant  voltage 
or  of  constant  amperage,  5,365  dynamos  of  a  total 
capacity  of  487,452  kilowatts,  as  compared  with  6,808 
machines  of  2,221,773  kilowatts  capacity  employed  to 
generate  alternating  current.  In  1902  the  alternating- 
current  dynamo  was  already  in  the  lead  as  to  capacity, 
though  somewhat  inferior  as  to  number;  but  the  five 
years  witnessed  a  remarkable  diminution  in  the  num- 
ber and  capacity  of  dynamos  of  constant  amperage 
designed  strictly  for  the  old  arc-lighting  service,  and 
in  reality  capable  of  nothing  else.  The  number  fell  off 
from  3,539  to  1,685,  and  the  capacity  from  145,866 
kilowatts  to  80,992  kilowatts;  and  it  is  probable  that 
during  the  period  in  question  few,  if  any,  new  machines 
of  the  old  type  were  built.  If  there  were  any  new 
machines  intended  specifically  for  arc-lighting  pur- 
poses, they  will  be  found  in  the  alternating-current 
group,  where  their  pres^ce  tended  to  keep  down  the 
average  capacity  per  unit  to  326  kilowatts,  although 
this  is  far  above  the  average  per  alternating  unit 
shown  for  1902,  which  was  below  144  kilowatts. 

Thus  the  interesting  and  significant  fact  emerges  that 
although  the  generator  capacity  in  the  five  years  more 
than  doubled,  rising  from  1,212,235  kilowatts  to 
2,709,225,  the  number  of  dynamos  actually  tleclined 
from  12,484  to  12,173.  How  far  this  concentration 
will  go  it  is  hard  to  say,  but  the  tendency  is  plainly 
visible.  At  the  beginning  of  1908,  for  example,  there 
were  345  central  stations  in  New  York  state.  It  has 
been  conservatively  estimated  that  with  the  methods 
and  apparatus  now  in  use  for  generating,  transmitting, 
and  distributing  current,  the  whole  state  could  be 
much  more  economically  and  eiliciently  supplied 
from  10  stations  eUch  with  a  radius  of  about  50  miles. 
This  being  true,  it  is  obvious  that  hundreds  of  the 
smaller  dynamos  would  disappear  and  their  work  be 


'   «   ^   >   a  !•  •    • 


3.3    ;   J. 


1,500.KILOWATT  ROTARY  CONVERTER, 


GENERATOR  CONNECTED  TO  LARGE   GAS  ENGINE,   SAN   FRANCISCO. 


1  •  :  •  - 


•  •       •     •• 


TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


101 


done  by  relatively  few  machines  of  greatly  increased 
capacity.  Tlie  radical  modifications  of  all  kinds  that 
would  follow  such  a  change  in  generating  methods, 
which  is  entirely  feasible,  lie  beyond  the  scope  of  this 
report. 

Of  late  years  there  has  been  little  development  in  the 
design  of  such  direct-current  machinery  as  is  included 
in  this  report,  and  what  has  been  done  aims  rather  at 
refinement  and  perfection  than  the  adoption  of  new 
ideas.  All  the  real  work  of  development  is  con- 
centrated on  the  alternating-current  types,  especially 
those  driven  at  high  speed  by  steam  turbines.  The 
size  of  3-phase  alternating-current  tlynamos  has  been 
carried  as  high  as  14,000  kilowatts,  with  an  overload 
capacity  50  per  cent  above  normal  rating.  These 
generators  have  a  frequency  of  25  cycles  per  second 
and  produce  current  at  11,000  volts  pressure,  usually 
for  delivery  to  rotary  converters  which  so  manipulate 
it  as  to  make  it  possible  for  lamps  and  motors  on  the 
circuit  to  use  direct  current  at  a  low  safe  pressure. 
Such  a  machine  is  capable  of  energizing  to  full  bril- 
liancy 560,000  tungsten  incandescent  lamps  of  25 
watts  and  20  candlepower,  giving  a  total  light  equal  to 
11,200,000  candles. 

Wlrere  such  a  machine  is  to  furnish  current  for 
lighting  rather  than  for  motors,  it  is  usual  to  employ 
a  frequency  of  60  cycles,  as  with  a  lower  frequency 
there  is  an  appreciable  flicker  in  the  lights.  Dynamos 
of  such  design  are  operated  either  hoiizontally  or 
vertically,  and  either  the  armature  or  the  field  magnets 
may  be  revolved.  A  revolving-field  generator  of 
14,000-kilowatt  capacity  is  among  more  recent  de- 
velopments, operating  at  6,600  volts,  60  cycles, 
3-phase,  direct-connected  to  the  vertical  shaft  of  a 
steam  turbme  running  at  a  speed  of  720  revolutions 
per  minute.  This  huge  machine  has  a  peripheral 
speed  of  18,.300  feet  per  minute  and  an  output  per 
pole  of  1 ,400  kilowatts,  as  comjjared  with  a  peripheral 
speed  of  8,000  feet  per  minute  and  an  output  per  pole 
of  150  kilowatts  in  a  I'eciprocating  engine-driven 
alternator  of  the  same  capacity  and  frequency,  oper- 
ating at  75  revolutions  per  minute.  The  electrical 
and  magnetic  losses  in  the  field  and  armature  of  such 
a  machine  of  14,000-kilowatt  capacity  amount  to 
about  350  kilowatts,  and  to  conduct  this  heat  away 
from  it  in  order  to  prevent  local  high  temperature 
requires  about  140,000  cubic  feet  of  air  per  minute 
at  usual  dynamo-room  temperatures.  In  order  to 
regulate  the  movement  of  the  ventilating  air,  the 
generator  is  entirely  closed,  with  the  exception  of 
the  intake  and  discharge  openings  at  the  top  and 
bottom  of  the  armature.  Thus  when  the  machine 
is  running,  its  revolving  field  operates  as  a  powerful 
fan.  Air  received  through  the  openings  in  the 
ventilating  hood  is  forced  through  passages  provided 
in  the  field  and  the  armature,  and  discharged  at  the 
openings  in  the  base  of  the  generator. 

Now  that  so  much  of  the  current  is  generated  by 
alternators,  a  large  quantity  of  auxiliary  apparatus  is 


required  of  various  forms.  In  the  smaller  plants  the 
transformer  capacity  for  lowering  the  potential  is 
usually  from  50  to  75  per  cent  greater  than  that  of  the 
generating  apparatus,  while  in  many  of  the  larger 
systems,  it  is  stated,  the  combined  capacity  of  the 
converting  and  transforming  apparatus  is  approxi- 
mately three  times  as  great  as  that  of  the  generators. 
Transformers  will  be  dealt  with  later;  but  reference 
may  be  made  here  to  the  apparatus  which  is  of  a 
generating  character  in  design  although  it  adds 
notliing  to  the  capacity  of  the  plant,  simply  rendering 
the  energy  produced  more  available  for  miscellaneous 
use.  Thus  current  is  often  changed  in  voltage  or  phase 
and  frequency  changers  have  been  widely  adopted. 
These  may  be  either  synchronous  or  nonsynchronous, 
depending  upon  the  degree  to  which  exactitude  in  the 
change  of  frequency  is  carried.  One  part  of  the 
macliine  is  motor,  receiving  the  current  to  be  changed, 
the  other  generating  and  delivering  to  the  line  the  cur- 
rent produced  or  "manipulated. "  In  recent  work  the 
vertical  shaft  type  has  been  largely  introduced  in 
capacities  of  from  2,000  kilowatts  upward.  One 
machine  designed  for  the  Commonwealth  Edison 
Company  of  Chicago,  built  wliile  tliis  report  was  in 
preparation,  which  changes  from  25  to  60  cycles,  is  of 
not  less  than  6,666  kilovolt-ampere  capacity,  with  75 
per  cent  load  factor,  and  is  probably  the  largest  of  its 
kind  in  existence. 

Wliile  in  a  few  cities  the  alternating  current  pro- 
duced locally  or  received  from  a  distance  is  used 
without  any  change  to  direct  current,  it  would  appear 
that  in  the  consumption  circuits  and  apparatus  direct 
current  is  still  preferred,  in  the  standard  voltages, 
from  110  up  to  440.  Because  of  this,  the  demand 
for  "rotary  converters,"  as  they  are  called,  is  very 
large.  These  machines,  of  the  synchronous  type, 
have  become  the  standard  form  of  converting  apparatus 
for  low-frequency  substations  delivering  low-pressure 
direct  current  to  line.  They  receive  the  alternating 
current  on  one  side  and  send  out  the  direct  on  the 
other.  Occasionally  their  place  is  taken  by  motor- 
generator  sets  in  which  there  are  two  machines 
driving  on  the  one  horizontal  shaft,  the  motor  part 
of  the  device  receiving  the  alternating  current.  This 
apparatus  is,  however,  more  in  favor  in  Europe  than 
in  America.  Probably  the  great  majority  of  rotarj^ 
converters  enumerated  in  the  present  report  are  of  the 
horizontal-shaft  type,  with  collector  rings  at  one  side 
and  the  com*nutator  on  the  other,  but  to  meet  the 
exigencies  of  limited  floor  space  vertical  shaft  units 
have  been  manufactured,  such  as  those  of  the  6-phase, 
25-cycle,  250-volt,  2,500-kilowatt  capacity  designed 
for  the  New  York  Edison  Company. 

The  extent  to  which  apparatus  of  the  auxiliary 
character  described  above  may  be  needed,  even  for 
systems  withm  city  limits  operating  at  pressures  not 
to  exceed  9,000  volts,  can  be  inferred  from  the  fact 
that  at  the  end  of  1907  the  Commonwealth  Edison 
Company  of  Chicago  had  a  "peak-load"  generating 


102 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


output  of  119,250  kilowatts  in  three  stations.  It 
sent  its  electrical  energy  to  no  fewer  than  33  sub- 
stations of  the  system  witliin  the  corporate  limits 
and  to  11  substations  belonging  to  various  railwity 
companies  taking  current  for  the  operation  of  their 
cars.  The  rotarj'-converter  rating  connected  to  the 
115- volt  and  250- volt  direct-current  network  in  the 
central  part  of  the  city  aggregated  50,700  kilowatts. 
The  alternating-current  motor-generator  frequency- 
changer  sets,  through  which  60-cycle  energy  was 
supplied  to  outlying  districts,  aggregated  21,340 
kilowatts.  To  this  must  be  added  the  similar  auxiliary 
equipment  of  the  railways,  making  the  formidable 
total  of  122,940  kilowatts.  It  might  be  added 
incidentally  that  the  system  also  includetl,  for  discharg- 
ing into  its  direct-ciu'rent  network  in  the  heart  of  the 
city,  storage-battery  plants  fed  through  the  rotaries, 
etc.,  aggregating  over  18,000  kilowatts  in  output  at 
a  one-hour  rate  of  discharge. 

Transmission. — It  has  already  been  intimated  in 
the  preceding  discussion  that  the  development  of 
the  central-station  industry  has  depended  materially 
upon  advances  in  transmission  methods  and  appa- 
ratus. While  this  is  true,  little  that  is  revolutionary 
has  been  developed  during  the  period.  In  fact,  one 
of  the  leading  authorities.  Dr.  Louis  Bell,  discussing 
the  subject  early  in  1908,  said:  "Much  of  the  power- 
transmission  work  of  the  last  five  years  has  been  of 
an  unobtrusive  character,  mere  extension,  without 
material  change  of  what  had  gone  before."  '  Never- 
theless, a  survey  of  the  progress  made  discloses  con- 
ditions that  were  a  few  years  ago  hardly  deemed  to  be 
within  the  range  of  possibility,  and  such  widespread 
extension  of  transmission  systems  as  to  constitute  a 
new  industry  and  a  new  well-defined  branch  of  engi- 
neering to  which  experts  give  their  whole  attention. 

While  the  voltage  of  generators  furnishing  current 
for  either  long  or  short  distance  transmission  has 
remained  around  2,000  to  2,500  volts,  the  pressure  on 
lines  has  been  boldly  carried  from  10,000  volts  up  to 
100,000,  and  the  latter  figure  seems  to  be  by  no  means 
the  limit,  since  far  higher  potentials  are  being  dis- 
cussed or  are  under  experiment,  \vith  serious  thought 
of  their  ultimate  adoption.  The  raising  and  lowering 
transformers  appear  to  be  equal  to  all  the  strains 
thus  far  put  upon  them.  It  has  been  a  common 
practice  to  equip  such  high-voltage  transformers  with 
taps  on  the  high-voltage  side,  so  that  they  may  be 
worked  at  5  or  10  per  cent  below  thei^  full  voltage. 
In  the  earlier  stages  of  the  industry  separate  trans- 
formers were  used  for  each  phase  of  a  2  or  3  phase 
system,  but  now  composite  3-phase  transformers  are 
a  common  type,  and  no  difficulty  has  been  experienced 
in  providing  them  for  pressures  of  100,000  volts  and 
upward. 

The  circuits  are  usually  of  bare  copper,  ami  possi- 
bly the  high  price  to  which  copper  was  carried  in  the 

'  London  Times,  June  3,  1908. 


"boom"  period  lasting  up  to  1907,  about  25  cents  per 
pound,  may  have  had  something  to  do  with  the  eflbrt 
to  reduce  the  amount  of  copper  in  a  line  by  raising 
the  voltage.  Aluminum  has  also  been  tried  with 
success.  The  "pole  lines"  were  originally  of  wood, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  first  Niagara  transmission  to 
Buffalo,  but  steel  poles  and  steel  towers  are  now  very 
general.  The  method  of  holding  up  the  wires  has 
varied.  In  California,  with  its  dry  climate,  large  pin- 
type  porcelain  insulators  have  been  used  with  flaring 
"hoods"  or  "petticoats"  to  shed  moisture,  while 
another  type  is  that  of  the  suspension  insulator.  In 
the  latter  case  several  porcelain  bells  or  drums,  either 
plain  or  with  concentric  "petticoats,"  are  strung 
together  like  reels  on  a  thread,  the  uppermost  insu- 
lator being  carried  by  the  cross-arm,  and  the  lowest 
in  the  series  supporting  the  transmission  wire.  The 
bells,  of  uniform  size,  ranging  usually  from  10  to  15 
inches  in  diameter,  are  tied  together  by  metallic  links; 
and  four  or  five  of  these  bells  in  a  bunch  have  a  re- 
markable ability  for  standing  up  with  very  high  volt- 
age under  all  manner  of  adverse  conditions  of  weather. 
The  circuits  are  now  more  widely  spaced,  the  separa- 
tion averaging  a  foot  per  10,000  volts;  so  that  there 
is  little  risk  of  disturbance  from  anything  except  light- 
ning. Many  of  the  systems  depend  for  lightning  ar- 
resters upon  "horn"  or  curved  projecting  ground 
wires  of  large  dimensions;  but  others  use  multiple  gap 
arresters,  shunted  to  the  ground  from  several  points. 
A  recent  widely  used  type  is  an  electrolytic  lightning 
arrester  which  consists  of  aluminum  cells,  or  jars,  of 
large  surface,  stacked  up  in  series. 

It  has  already  been  noted  that  the  standard  fre- 
quency of  transmission  of  alternating  current  is  60 
cycles.  At  Niagara  Falls  this  frequency  of  transmis- 
sion began  with  25  cycles,  and  is  still  maintained. 
The  vast  heterogeneous  network  of  the  Los  Angeles 
(Cal.)  Edison  Company  operates  at  50  cycles.  In  an 
address '  before  the  National  Electric  Light  Association 
in  1906,  Mr.  R.  H.  Ballard  stated  that  the  Los  Angeles 
system  then  included  110  miles  of  transmission  line 
with  33,000  volts  pressure;  300  miles  of  double-circuit 
transmission  with  10,000  and  15,000  volts  pressure;  and 
750  miles  of  transmission  line  with  2,200  volts  pressure 
in  the  various  cities  and  towns  served  by  the  system; 
and  that  there  were  no  fewer  than  22  communities  to 
which  the  company  gave  electric  service  with  energy 
from  all  manner  (jf  sources,  including  a  plant  on 
the  Kern  River  transmitting  energy  at  75,000  volts 
to  Los  Angeles,  120  iniles  away.  The  longest 
American  transmission  system,  however,  is  that 
in  northern  California,  where  the  circuits  reach 
232  miles,  from  De  Sabla,  in  the  Sierras,  to  San 
Saulito. 

Another  extremely  long  circuit  is  that  from  Niagara 
Falls  to  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  a  distance  of  165  miles.     The 

'  Proceedings,  National  Electric  Light  Association,  1906,  Vol.  I, 
p.  636  et  seq. 


%^ 


I'Ji 


C^n/' 


O    K 


J    UJ 

o  > 


TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


103 


following  description  of  this  circuit  is  based  on  a  paper  * 
read  by  Mr.  Ralph  D.  Mershon  before  the  American 
Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers  in  1907.  The  system 
described  is  that  of  the  Niagara,  Lockport  and  Ontario 
Power  Company,  a  purely  transmission  enterprise, 
buying  its  energy  in  bulk  from  the  Ontario  Power 
Company,  which  has  a  plant  at  the  base  of  the  Horse- 
shoe Falls  on  the  Canadian  side,  where  the  dynamos 
generate  3-phase,  25-cycle  current  at  12,000  volts, 
which  is  transmitted  to  the  transforming  station,  the 
circuits  crossing  the  river  in  the  gorge  below  the  whirl- 
pool. The  potential  is  stepped  up  from  12,000  to  62,500 
volts  for  the  transmission  lines  which  run  on  a  private 
right  of  way  from  Lockport  to  Mortimer,  a  distance  of 
57  miles,  and  have  a  capacity  of  20,000  horsepower. 
From  Mortimer  to  Syracuse,  a  distance  of  81  miles, 
the  line  on  the  company's  private  right  of  way  has  a 
capacity  of  10,000  horsepower.  From  Lockport  to  a 
point  11  miles  east  and  thence  south  on  private  right 
of  way  to  the  West  Shore  Railroad,  and  thence  on  the 
West  Shore  right  of  way  to  Pittsford,  is  another  line 
with  a  capacity  of  20,000  horsepower.  From  Pitts- 
ford  to  Syracuse  on  the  W^est  Shore  right  of  way  is  a 
10,000-horsepower  line.  From  Lockport  south  to 
Buffalo  are  two  transmission  lines  on  private  way, 
each  with  a  capacity  of  30,000  horsepower.  Emphasis 
is  laid  on  the  provision  made  for  isolating  the  circuits 
like  railroad  rights  of  way,  and  thus  insuring  safer  and 
surer  work. 

Steel  towers  are  used  almost  entirely,  generally  what 
is  known  as  the  "windmill  type,"  "tripod"  or  "quad- 
ruped," and  constructed  of  either  lap-welded  pipe,  or 
structural  steel,  galvanized.  The  standard  length  of 
span  between  towers  is  220  feet  in  some  parts,  550  feet  in 
others;  while  an  extreme  length  of  1 ,253  feet  is  reached 
and  an  extreme  height  of  towers  of  75  feet.  Each  line 
of  towers  or  wooden  structures  carries  only  one  3-phase 
system.  The  main  line  conductors  are  of  aluminum, 
except  on  a  portion  of  the  line  between  Mortimer  and 
Syracuse,  where  copper  was  preferred  because  of  the 
long  spans.  Crossing  the  Montezuma  marsh,  the  big 
steel  towers  have  their  feet  deeply  embedded  in  con- 
crete foundations. 

Three  sizes  of  cable  of  "line  wire"  are  used  for  the 
main  transmitting  line.  The  largest  cable  of  alumi- 
num consists  of  19  strands,  having  a  total  of  642,800 
circular  mils,  equivalent  to  400,000  circular  mils  cop- 
per. The  areas  of  cross  section  of  the  other  cables  are 
respectively  two-thirds  and  one-third  that  of  the  large 
one.  The  insulator  used  on  all  main-line  construction, 
designed  by  Mr.  Mershon,  has  unusual  factors  of  safety 
as  regards  flashing,  etc.,  and  consists  of  three  shells  of 
porcelain  nesting  into  each  other  and  cemented 
together  with  neat  Portland  cement,  the  whole  insu- 
lator being  cemented  in  a  similar  manner  to  a  steel  pin 
before  attachment  to  the  tower.     The  insulator  is  19 

'  Transactions  of  the  American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers, 
vol.  26,  Part  II,  p.  1273  et  seq. 


inches  in  total  height  and  the  upper  "petticoat"  has  a 
diameter  of  14.5  inches.  The  lines  are  most  liberally 
provided  with  fuses  to  cut  out  the  circuits  in  case  of 
trouble,  and  with  disconnecting  switches  and  lightning 
arresters.  Speaking  of  the  elaborate  arrangements 
for  protection  against  lightning,  Mr.  Mershon  says: 

Another  feature  out  of  the  ordinary  in  connection  with  this  station 
is  the  lightning-arrester  equipment.  This  equipment  is  also  out  of 
doors  and  consists  of  a  number  of  horn-type  arresters  mounted  on 
wooden  poles,  in  much  the  same  manner  as  such  arresters  are  ordi- 
narily mounted.  The  installation  differs,  however,  *  *  *  in 
tKat,  instead  of  there  being  only  one  pair  of  horns  for  each  conductor, 
there  are  three  such  pairs.  One  pair  is  set  for  a  comparatively  low- 
striking  electro-motive  force  and  has  in  series  with  it  a  high  resist- 
ance; the  next  pair  is  set  for  a  higher-striking  electro-motive  force 
and  has  in  series  with  it  a  lower  resistance.  A  third  pair  is  set  for 
very  high-striking  electro-motive  force  and  has  in  series  with  it  a 
fuse.  The  theory  on  which  these  arresters  are  installed  is  that  for 
ordinary  slight  static  disturbances  in  the  line,  the  arrester  having 
the  lower-striking  electro-motive  force  will  discharge,  and  since  it 
has  in  series  with  it  a  comparatively  high  resistance,  the  resultant 
disturbance  to  the  system  due  to  the  generated  current  which  follows 
the  discharge  will  be  comparatively  slight. 

The  Grand  Rapids-Muskegon  plant  and  system  may 
also  be  cited.  They  were  installed  in  1906-7,  with 
66,000  volt  transmission  in  circuits  totaling  about  75 
miles,  supplying  the  Grand  Rapids  Edison  system, 
various  interurban  and  local  trolley  railways,  and 
several  large  industrial  plants.  In  the  following  year 
35  miles  of  steel-tower  line  were  added,  and  the  poten- 
tial has  since  been  raised  to  80,000  and  100,000  volts 
with  success.  These  later  circuits  use  the  suspension 
type  of  porcelain  insulator.  Five  of  these  insulators 
are  hung,  horizontally,  one  above  the  other,  like 
beads.  Each  is  10  inches  across,  and  the  rated  volt- 
age it  will  withstand  is  23,000  volts  per  "link." 

Distribution. — The  standard  methods  of  distribu- 
tion have  remained  the  same  throughout  the  country, 
with  occasional  interesting  variations  for  some  par- 
ticular purpose.  It  may  be  noted  that  the  new 
metallic  filament  lamps  favor  the  110-115-volt  circuits 
to  which  Americans  have  steadily  adhered  through 
many  years.  In  the  United  States  the  220-volt, 
3-wire  system  is  the  rule,  but  in  Europe,  and  especially 
in  Great  Britain,  the  450-volt,  3-wire  system  is 
equally  the  rule.  One  system  employs  110-volt 
lamps  on  each  side  of  the  neutral,  and  the  other  re- 
quires 225-volt  lamps.  It  is  obvious  that  copper 
economics  are  with  the  450-volt  system,  but  on  the 
other  hand,  the  lamp  efficiencies  are  with  the  220-volt 
system.  In  Europe,  moreover,  the  standard  lamp  is 
8-candlepower  instead  of  16-candlepower,  and  it  is  the 
fact  that  here  again  the  lamp  efficiencies  are  with  the 
110-volt  lamp  of  the  higher  candlepower.  It  would 
seem,  therefore,  that  there  is  no  immediate  prospect 
of  a  change  of  American  distributing  circuits  from  220 
to  450  volts  on  the  3-wire  distributing  networks,  but 
that,  on  the  contrary,  the  new  lamps  will  find  a  wider 
market  than  heretofore  while  confirming  the  practice 
at  110  volts. 


104 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


An  interesting  innovation  is  that  made  by  the 
Toledo  (Ohio)  Gas,  Electric  and  Heating  Company, 
in  the  adoption  of  a  4,600-volt  system  of  alternating- 
current  distribution.  The  transformers  on  the  sys- 
tem are  wound  for  4,600  primary  and  110-220-volt, 
3-wire,  secondary  distribution.  Current  is  generated 
3-phase,  but  the  distribution  is  single-phase.  The 
generators  are  star-connected  with  the  neutral  ground- 
ed. The  transformers  are  delta-connected.  In  the 
construction  unusual  care  has  been  taken  to  avoid 
trees  by  running  the  lines  high.  Insulators  and  fuses 
are,  of  course,  more  expensive  than  for  the  usual 
standard  of  2,300  volts. 

Another  interesting  change  was  that  made  during 
the  intercensal  period  by  the  Denver  Gas  and  Electric 
Company  from  direct  to  alternating  current  in  terri- 
tory just  outside  the  business  district  of  Denver, 
Colo.  The  company  had  for  motor  service  a  220  and 
440  volt,  3-wire,  direct-current  power  distribution, 
most  of  the  energy  being  used  in  and  near  the  down- 
town district.  T4ie  lighting  distribution  of  the  whole 
city  is  by  single-phase  feeder  lines  supplied  from 
3-phase  bus  bars  at  the  power  station.  The  direct- 
current  motor  feeders  were  becoming  so  long  and  the 
number  of  distant  customers  so  large  that  an  excessive 
amount  of  copper  was  called  for.  The  decision  was 
made  to  change  the  motor  service  outside  of  the  down- 
town district  to  3-phase,  and  to  give  customers  new 
3-phase  induction  motors  in  place  of  their  direct-cur- 
rent motors.  Most  of  the  direct-current  motors  were 
sold  at  good  prices.  The  direct-current  copper  taken 
down  was  worth  enough  to  reduce  materially  the  cost 
of  the  change.  A  puzzling  question  was  to  decide 
whether  to  use  220  or  440  volt  motors.  With  220- 
volt  motors  but  one  customer  could  usually  be  sup- 
plied from  a  bank  of  transformers,  whereas  with  440- 
volt  motors  and  secondaries  several  in  one  locality 
could  be  supplied.  The  latter  advantage  was  con- 
sidered to  be  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the  fact 
that  with  220-volt  motors  standard  lighting  trans- 
formers could  be  used.  The  change  was  made  without 
interrupting  any  customer's  service. 

The  central  station  company  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  on 
establishing  its  new  plant  at  Delray,  4  miles  from  the 
business  center,  installed  machinery  for  the  genera- 
tion and  transmission  of  electrical  energy  at  4,600 
volts,  3-phase,  60  cycles,  and  developed  an  extensive 
power  service  to  factories  direct  by  means  of  such 
current.  Incidentally  it  may  be  mentioned  that  one 
of  the  reasons  for  placing  this  plant  at  Delray  on  the 
salt  beds  was  that  by  using  the  exhaust  steam  of  the 
power  plant  to  evaporate  the  brine  from  the  wells  a 
very  economical  and  profitable  day  load  was  secured. 

Transformers. — This  class  of  apparatus,  so  necessary 
to  power  transmission  by  electricity,  is  also  used 
largely  in  distribution  circuits,  and  may  therefore  be 
properly  considered  at  this  point  before  taking  up 
the  "consumption  devices,"  by  which  the  electrical 
energy  is  used   up  in  doing   its  work.     Transformers 


were  fully  described  in  the  previous  report  and  in  the 
reports  on  the  manufacture  of  electrical  apparatus,' 
and  therefore  need  not  be  considered  here  in  great 
detail.  The  most  important  features  in  the  recent 
development  of  transmission  methods  have  been  the 
introduction  of  a  large  number  of  the  modern  trans- 
formers employed  to  "raise"  and  "lower"  the  volt- 
age, and  the  adoption  of  composite  3-phasers  instead 
of  a  separate  transformer  for  each  phase.  The  size  is 
determined,  of  course,  by  the  general  capacity  of  the 
plant  and  the  amount  of  energy  passing  out  or  in 
over  the  respective  circuits.  The  Ontario  Power 
Company,  on  the  Canadian  side  of  Niagara  Falls, 
which  delivers  current  for  use  over  a  large  part  of 
New  York  state  south  of  Lake  Ontario,  employs 
transformers  each  of  which  has  a  capacity  of  3,000 
kilovolt  amperes,  and  weighs,  when  filled  with  its 
insulating  oil,  approximately  50  tons.  The  current 
is  received  from  the  generators  at  12,000  volts,  and 
after  being  raised  to  36,000  volts  in  the  secondary 
winding,  a  line  voltage  of  approximately  62,000  volts 
is  secured  by  connecting  the  transformers  two  in 
series.  At  the  Great  Falls  (South  Carolina)  power 
plant  of  the  Southern  Power  Company  the  trans- 
formers are  rated  as  of  2,000-kilowatt  capacity.  They 
are  oil-insulated  and  water-cooled,  and  take  2,300-volt 
current  from  the  generators,  raising  it  to  44,000  volts 
for  the  line.  By  means  of  multiple  connections 
inside  or  outside  the  transformer  tank,  1,900,  2,000, 
2,100,  10,000,  and  22,000  volts  can  also  be  obtained. 
Oil  for  the  transformers  is  furnished  either  by  gravity 
or  under  pressure.  Circulating  water,  for  trans- 
former-cooling purposes,  is  obtained  by  gravity. 
With  a  rise  in  temperature  not  exceeding  60°  C,  a 
circulation  of  4  gallons  of  water  per  minute  at  full  load 
is  required;  while  with  5  gallons  per  minute  and 
1.25  load,  the  temperature  will  not  exceed,  by  55°  C, 
that  of  the  intake  water  during  continuous  operation. 
All  the  transformers  are  connected  to  a  piping  system 
by  which  carbonic  acid  gas  can  be  admitted  in  case  of 
fire. 

As  shown  in  Table  40  of  Chapter  III,  main-station 
transformers  were  not  enumerated  in  1902,  but  in 
1907  their  number  was  reported  as  1,577,  with 
592,708-kilowatt  capacity,  which  is  in  itself  a  fair 
indication  of  the  amount  of  "transmission"  work 
done  in  the  country.  As  was  remarked  in  that  chap- 
ter, there  was  little  uniformity  among  the  companies 
in  th  -lanner  of  reporting  their  miscellaneous  etiuip- 
mer  this  character.  While  the  main-station  trans- 
formt.6,  therefore,  are  probably  reported  with  fair 
accuracy,  considerable  doubt  attaches  to  the  statistics 
for  what  may  be  called  the  substation  equipment, 
because  here  the  border  line  to  distributing  apparatus 
in  some  instances  is  crossed.  In  Table  41  substation 
transformers  to  the  number  of  4,211  were  reported 
for  1907,  with  x,100,824-kilowatt    capacity,  while  in 

'  Census  Bulletin  245,  Electrical  Apparatus  and  Supplies,  1902, 
p.  10;  Bulletin  73,  1905,  p.  25. 


!  ■■■   '.    -'••, 


>   !  •?  '   '■< 


400-AMPERE,    I  1 6  TO    120  VOLT   METER   UNCASED  TO  SHOW   MECHANISM. 


HIGH-VOLTAGE  TRANSFORMER,  SOUTHERN  POWER  COMPANY. 


MODERN  TYPE  OF  DISTRIBUTION  TRANSFORMER, 


TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


105 


1902  only  1,800,  of  312,848-kilowatt  capacity,  were 
reported.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  substation 
or  receiving  transformers  are  just  about  double  the 
total  capacity  of  the  main-station  transformers. 

Three  of  the  largest  transformers  in  existence  were 
manufactured  during  the  year  1908-9  for  the  Great 
Western  Power  Company  of  California.  The  main 
power  house  of  this  company  is  located  on  the  Feather 
Kiver,  near  Oroville,  in  the  county  of  Butte.  The 
ultimate  head  of  water  developed  is  525  feet,  and 
40,000  horsepower  is  transmitted  at  100,000  volts  to 
points  along  the  coast  165  miles  distant.  The  total 
weight  of  each  of  these  monster  transformers  is 
128,000  pounds,  of  which  40,000  pounds  is  due  to 
the  5,000  gallons  of  oil  used  in  each  machine  for  cool- 
ing and  insulating  purposes.  Each  transformer  is 
shaped  like  a  giant  wash  boiler,  stands  20  feet  above 
the  floor,  and  measures  9  by  18  feet.  When  these 
machines  are  working  they  each  transform  10,444 
kilowatts  of  electrical  energy  from  a  low  voltage  to 
a  high  voltage  at  the  remarkably  high  efficiency  of 
98.6  per  cent.  The  transformers  for  the  Great  Western 
Power  Comijany  are  slightly  larger  than  the  six 
recently  installed  for  the  Great  Northern  Company 
of  Duluth,  Minn.,  which  are  in  successful  operation. 

In  Table  5.3  of  Chapter  IV  the  number  of  "distrib- 
uting" transformers,  or  those  on  customers'  circuits  in 
1907,  is  given  as  299,489,  with  a  total  of  2,058,567- 
kilowatt  capacity.  There  was  a  marked  tendency 
toward  an  increase  in  size.  The  average  capacity  of 
these  transformers  more  than  tloubled  during  the  five 
years  ending  1907,  namely,  from  a  little  over  3  kilo- 
watts to  nearly  7.  There  has  also  been  a  great  im- 
provement in  the  construction  of  such  transformers 
during  the  past  five  yeare.  On  this  subject  Mr.  W.  K. 
Layman'  says: 

Much  of  this  improvement  has  been  the  result  of  a  continuous 
and,  recently,  quite  sharp  improvement  in  the  magnetic  quality  of 
sheet  steel.  The  latest  quality  of  transformer  steel  has  been  ex- 
ploited under  the  various  names  of  silicon  steel,  alloy  steel,  silico 
vanadium,  and  the  like,  with  claims  of  individuality  for  each. 
The  substantial  fact  is  that  these  names  are  synonymous.  They 
all  refer  to  a  quality  of  material  in  which  the  percentage  of  silicon 
has  been  greatly  increa.sed  over  that  previously  prevailing  over  the 
art.  In  chemical  composition,  the  best  material,  as  commonly 
employed  in  use  to-day,  shows  the  following  analysis; 


New 
steel. 

Old 
steel. 

0.070 
0.170 
.0.023 
3.700 
1.314 

0.080 

0.240 

Sulphur        

0.050 

0.094 

0.050 

It  has  been  known  from  a  very  early  date  in  the  history  of  com- 
mercial transformers  that  silicon  improves  the  quality  of  steel  for 
transformer  purposes,  and  some  of  the  early  technical  writers  ex- 
plained the  nonaging  quality  of  impure  steels,  as  compared  with  the 

•Practical  Aspects  of  Recent  Improvements  in  Transformers,  in 
Proceedings,  National  Electric  Light  Association,  Vol.  II,  p.  220 
etseq.,  1909. 


pure,  on  the  score  of  the  presence  of  appreciable  quantities  of  silicon. 
Manufacturing  difficulties  are  said  to  have  held  back  a  quality  of 
steel  with  as  much  as  3  per  cent  of  silicon  until  about  two  years  ago, 
when  European  mills  began  producing  successfully  this  high  silicon 
material,  and  very  quickly  its  manufacture  began  here. 

This  change  in  chemical  composition,  together  with 
special  heat  treatment  by  the  manufacturer,  has  re- 
sulted in  a  marked  improvement  in  the  magnetic 
quality  of  the  steel.  The  saving  in  internal  energy 
losses  with  this  material,  as  compared  with  the  old, 
averages  about  25  per  cent.  With  this  new  material, 
if  the  weight  is  left  the  same,  the  performance  will  be 
greatly  improved.  If  the  performance  remains  un- 
changed, the  weight  is  greatly  reduced.  Manufac- 
turers have  in  general  compromised  between  the  two 
extremes  and  have  built  transformers  lessened  some- 
what in  weight  but  substantially  improved  in  per- 
formance. Distributing  transformers  of  modern  type 
are  usually  for  pole  lines  or  for  manholes,  and  differ 
in  their  adaptation  to  such  specific  use.  If  for  pole- 
line  service,  the  transformer  is  made  as  weatherproof 
as  possible.  If  for  manhole  use,  it  is  made  water-tight 
or  air-tight.  As  to  the  usual  requirements,  Mr.  E.  G. 
Reed  said  in  a  paper'  read  before  the  National  Electric 
Light  Association: 

Standard  transformers  are  made  for  only  two  voltages  on  the  pri- 
mary side — and  in  case  of  particular  requirements  a  special  trans- 
former should  be  secured.  For  this  reason  modern  commercial 
transformers  are  made  for  only  two  voltages  on  the  primary  side — 
that  is,  nominally  1,100  and  2,200  volts — and  two  voltages  on  the 
secondary — that  is,  nominally  110  and  220  volts.  Standard  trans- 
formers must  be  designed  to  operate  at  1,100  volts,  as  well  as  at 
2,200  volts,  since  there  are  still  a  number  of  stations  using  this 
voltage,  though  their  number  is  decreasing.  There  is  a  limited 
demand  for  transformers  with  multiple-ratio  taps  on  the  primary 
winding,  and  sometimes  for  units  having  three  secondary  voltages. 
Such  transformers  can  be  secured  for  prices  slightly  higher  than  for 
the  standard  line.  The  demand  for  transformers  having  three  sec- 
ondary voltages  arises  from  the  convenience  which  at  times  results 
from  having  units  which  are  interchangeable  for  light  and  power 
service.  Lights  are  operated  at  nominally  110-220  volts,  and  motors 
at  nominally  220-440  volts.  The  performance  of  the  transformers 
with  three  secondary  voltages  is  slightly  inferior  to  that  of  the 
standard  lines,  which  will  probably  more  than  offset  the  inter- 
changeable feature.  The  increased  complexity  of  the  transformer 
provided  with  the  numerous  voltage  combinations  renders  more 
likely  a  wrong  connection  when  installing  and  the  more  chance  of 
losing  transformer  by  burn-out. 

Storage  batteries. — This  class  of  apparatus  has  been 
found  a  necessary  adjunct  in  most  central  stations  or 
their  substations  in  large  cities,  and  is  also  found  as- 
sociated with  many  of  the  power-transmission  sys- 
tems. Persons  familiar  with  the  operation  of  storage 
batteries  will  appreciate  the  difficulties  to  be  encoun- 
tered in  securing  data  as  to  number  or  capacity. 
While  some  figures  are  given  in  Table  40,  Chapter  III, 
as  to  number,  which  may  be  accepted  as  reasonably 
accurate,  indicating  a  considerable  increase  in  the 
number  of  cells,  no  effort  has  been  made  to  report  the 

'  Proceedings,  National  Electric  Light  Association,  1909,  Vol.  I, 
p.  581. 


106 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


capacity,  owing  to  the  different  methods  in  vogue  of 
rating  them  or  of  emplojdng  their  capacity. 

At  an  earlier  period  batteries  were  used  to  even  up 
the  load  on  the  generators  in  large  central  stations, 
but  they  are  now  used  principally  for  emergency  or 
"stand-by"  service  in  substations  and  for  carrying 
peaks  of  short  duration.  Their  plates  have  therefore 
been  designed  to  give  the  maximum  output  of  energy 
for  short  and  infrequent  perioils  with  a  minimum  first 
cost,  upkeep,  and  space  requirements.  As  a  result 
the  plates  of  later  typo  will  give  nearly  twice  the  output 
of  the  old  plate,  for  twice  the  time,  with  a  higher 
terminal  voltage.  Another  development  in  such 
emergency  service  has  been  in  connection  with  the 
auxiliary  apparatus.  End-cell  switches  that  travel 
at  high  speed  over  the  bars  and  are  capable  of  carrying 
current  up  to  20,000  amperes  for  short  periods  have 
been  successfully  introduced.  These  switches  can  cut 
in  or  cut  out  from  one  to  three  cells  per  contact  point, 
wliile  carrying  the  maximum  current,  involving  a 
great  reduction  in  the  cost  of  the  copper  conductor 
bars,  since  the  number  of  runs  from  the  end  cells  is 
reduced. 

The  use  of  batteries  has  enabled  central  stations  to 
secure  and  execute  large  contracts  for  power  that  might 
otherwise  have  escaped  them  and  fallen  to  isolated 
plants.  In  this  connection  Mr.  Joseph  Appleton,  in 
a  paper  *  read  before  the  National  Electric  Light 
Association,  says: 

Equally  important  to  the  development  of  the  emergency  or 
stand-by  battery  comes  the  improved  regulating  features  of  storage 
batteries  in  connection  with  fluctuating  direct  and  alternating- 
current  power  loads.  The  electrification  of  steam  roads,  and  the 
increasing  use  of  electrical  energy  in  manufacturing  plants,  where 
large  motors  on  fluctuating  service  are  used,  has  necessitated  the 
development  of  apparatus  that  will  give  a  flexible  control  to  the 
battery  equipment  and  make  it  take  that  portion  of  the  load,  and 
that  portion  only,  which  gives  the  most  efficient  results  as  a  whole 
to  the  substation  or  the  power  plant.  Methods  have  been  per- 
fected which  practically  enable  a  selective  control  to  be  obtained, 
making  the  battery  take  any  portion  of  the  fluctuation  desired  for 
any  predetermined  time.  For  example,  a  battery  equipment  can 
be  adjusted  by  this  method  to  take  the  top  part  of  the  fluctuations 
only,  not  beginning  to  discharge  until  a  predetermined  portion  of 
the  fluctuation  has  been  thrown  on  the  generator  or  substation. 
It  can  be  made  to  take  the  lower  portion  of  the  fluctuation,  stopping 
at  any  desired  point;  or,  further  still,  it  can  be  made  to  take  the  first 
swing  of  the  fluctuation,  and  then  gradually  throw  the  additional 
load  caused  by  the  fluctuation,  up  to  any  desired  point,  on  to  the 
generator  or  substation.  With  this  apparatus  any  combination  can 
be  made  to  suit  the  capacity  of  the  generating  or  rotary  capacity 
with  their  overloads,  so  as  to  give  the  best  net  result  to  the  system. 
This  development  of  battery  regulation  is  especially  suited  for  such 
loads  as  are  found  in  steel  mills,  the  hardest  kind  of  service  for 
electrical  apparatus  which  I  believe  exists. 

It  should  be  noted  here  that  the  storage  battery  is 
constantly  adding  to  the  consumption  of  electrical 
energy  through  its  use  in  veliicles  of  all  kinds.  Such 
batteries,  charged  directly  from  the  circuits  or  through 
the  intervention  of  mercury  arc  rectifiers  and  motor- 

'  Proceedings,  National  Electric  Light  Association,  1909,  Vol.  I, 
p.  195. 


generator  sets,  are  numbered  by  thousands,  and  the 
income  to  the  stations  from  this  source  is  already 
large. 

Arc  lamps. — A  very  full  account  of  the  development 
of  modern  arc  lamps  up  to  1907  will  be  found  in  the 
last  census  report  on  the  manufacture  of  electrical 
apparatus.  Bulletin  73.  But  the  subsequent  develop- 
ment has  been  very  rapid  and  new  types  continue  to 
be  evolved.  The  nature  of  some  of  these  changes  has 
been  quite  fully  discussed  in  Chapter  IV,  and  the 
figures  given  there  indicate  the  extent  to  which  the 
old  form  of  open  arc  was  superseded  by  the  inclosed 
type  during  the  period  1902-1907.  The  evolution  now 
going  on  is  in  the  nature  of  a  partial  reversion  to  the 
open  arc,  and  the  abandonment  of  the  inclosed,  for 
outdoor  service,  while  an  intensified  rivalry  with  new 
metallic  filament  incandescent  lamps  promises  further 
advances  in  the  direction  of  economy  and  eiliciency. 

The  resort  to  "flaming  arcs"  has  been  one  of  the 
most  noteworthy  and  spectacular  of  the  changes  which 
the  mere  figures  do  not  bring  out,  such  lamps  being 
adopted  not  merely  for  advertising  purposes  but  for 
ordinary  street  illumination.  Newark,  N.  J.,  affords 
an  example  that  is  strictly  new  and  up-to-date  in  the 
special  illumination  of  South  Broad  street  with  flaming 
arcs.  This  thoroughfare  is  no  less  than  100  feet  wide, 
and  the  merchants  on  it  were  keen  to  secure  more  pat- 
ronage. They  formed  an  improvement  association 
and  have  carried  out  an  agreement  with  the  Public 
Service  Corporation,  under  which  the  city  makes  an 
allowance  to  the  merchants  equal  to  the  sum  paid  to 
the  company  for  the  former  inclosed  arcs  on  the  street. 
A  system  was  laid  out  of  permanent  flaming  arcs  and  • 
of  special  supplementary  incandescent  lighting  for  the 
first  two  weeks.  The  arcs,  of  which  there  are  35,  re- 
placing 21  alternating-current  inclosed  arcs,  are  rated 
at  10,000  candlepower  each,  and  are  erected  on  poles 
along  three  blocks  of  the  street,  at  a  spacing  of  60  feet. 
The  new  installation  has  been  put  in  on  a  three-year 
basis  oi  contract  under  which  the  lamps  burn  from 
dusk  to  dawn.  The  plan  was  such  a  brilliant  success 
in  all  respects  that  steps  were  immediately  taken  to 
add  two  more  blocks  with  an  additional  15  arcs. 

Flaming  arc  lamps  are  now  being  specified  by  engi- 
neers for  municipalities  and  industrial-plant  lighting, 
and  naturally  the  question  of  maintenance  cost  is  of 
prime  importance.  Two  distinct  types  are  now  on  the 
market,  namely,  the  differential  lamp  and  the  so-called 
"gravity-feed"  lamp.  The  differential  lamp  isgenerally 
adjusted  to  operate  two  lamps  in  series  on  110-volt  cir- 
cuits, taking  10  amperes  for  the  series,  whereas  the 
gravity-feed  lamp,  as  a  rule,  is  adjusted  at  11  or  12 
amperes.  The  differential  lamp  being  taken  as  an  ex- 
ample, the  consumption  of  each  lamp  is  550  watts, 
which  at  an  average  cost  of  2  cents  per  kilowatt-hour 
makes  the  cost  $11  per  1,000  hours  for  current.  The 
net  cost  of  flaming  arc-lamp  carbons  being  taken  as  an 
example,  the  cost  per  trim  per  1,000  hours,  including 
labor,  would  be  $8.50,  making  the  total  cost  of  trim 


■  •        J  >   o  *• 


TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


107 


and  carbons  $19.50  per  1,000  hours.  The  cost  of  re- 
pairs and  globes  per  1,000  hours  may  be  figured  at  $2, 
to  which  S2  per  1,000  hours  must  be  added  for  interest 
on  the  investment  and  depreciation,  making  a  total  of 
$23.50  per  1,000  hours  of  operation.  At  an  average 
yearly  operation  of  about  4,000  hours  the  cost  would 
be  .?94  per  year  per  lamp. 

For  municipal  lighting  the  general  plan  of  installing 
these  lamps  is  to  mount  two  lamps  on  one  pole,  as  it 
simplifies  the  wiring  problem  over  the  plan  of  mount- 
ing one  to  a  pole.  The  height  of  the  lamps  above  the 
sidewalk  should  not  be  less  than  25  feet,  so  as  to  secure 
a  good  distribution  for  their  high  candlepower. 

At  the  annual  convention  in  August,  1908,  of  the 
Ohio  Electric  Light  Association,  Mr.  C.  R.  McKay,  of 
the  Toledo  Railwaj's  and  Light  Company,  read  a  paper 
in  which  he  described  an  installation  of  1,670  luminous 
magnetite  arc  lamps  in  regular  service  for  street  light- 
ing at  Toledo,  Ohio.  All  the  street  lighting  in  Toledo 
is  now  done  by  means  of  such  lamps,  which  for  the 
most  part  are  spaced  approximately  600  feet  apart  in 
the  residence  and  outlying  districts  of  the  city.  In 
some  other  parts  of  the  city,  such  as  the  principal  shop- 
ping district,  two  lamps  are  placed  on  each  jjole  and 
the  poles  are  spaced  80  feet  apart  opposite  to  each  other 
on  each  side  of  the  street.  The  energy  is  generated 
by  25-cycle,  3-phase  turbo-generators.  To  supply  the 
arc  lights,  37  constant-current  transformers  wound  for 
2,200  volts  primary  are  installed,  together  with  a  cor- 
responding number  of  mercury  arc  rectifiers  and  switch- 
board panels. 

The  lamps  are  generally  hung  over  the  center  of  the 
street  intersections,  at  a  height  of  approximately  25 
feet,  by  means  of  suspension  wires,  and  are  lowered  for 
trimming.  The  light  in  this  type  of  lamp  issues  chiefly 
from  the  long  arc  itself  rather  than  from  the  positive  cra- 
ter. It  is  therefore  quite  sensitive  to  rupture  by  drafts 
of  air  unless  thoroughly  protected  by  wind-proof  casing 
and  tight  globes.  Early  difficulties  with  the  upper 
electrode  have  been  remedied  by  using  copper  of  large 
diameter.  The  life  of  the  lower  electrode  has  been  in- 
creased from  110  to  over  160  hours.  The  lamps  aver- 
age from  320  to  324  watts  per  lamp,  including  line 
losses,  as  measured  at  the  direct-current  circuit  termi- 
nal. The  current  is  about  4  amperes.  They  take  38 
per  cent  less  energy  per  lamp  than  the  7.5-ampere  al- 
ternating-current lamps  they  displaced.  The  resi- 
dents of  East  Toledo  gave  unmistakable  testimony  to 
the  superiority  of  the  luminous  arc  over  the  7.5- 
ampere  inclosed-carbon  arc,  by  objecting  publicly  to 
the  u.se  of  the  latter  during  a  temporary  interrui)tion  of 
the  other  circuit.  The  1,670  lamps,  distributed  over 
37  circuits,  are  trimmed  by  three  trimmers,  each 
provided  with  a  horse  and  buggy.  About  1  per  cent 
of  the  lamps  are  usually  in  the  shop  for  adjustment  or 
repairs. 

An  interesting  and  novel  feature  of  arc  work  is  the 
"regenerative"  inclosed  flame,  intended  for  streets 
and  open  spaces.     If  an  ordinary  flame  arc  were  in- 


closed, the  heavy  fumes  evolved  from  the  impregnated 
carbons  would  soon  form  a  deposit  on  the  globe  and 
obscure  the  arc.  In  this  new  lamp  special  means  are 
provided  for  obtaining  a  circulation  of  the  gases  past 
the  arc,  and  the  light  is  produced  mainly  by  raising 
such  gases  to  the  temperature  of  incandescence,  and 
not  merely  by  the  combustion  of  chemicals  in  the  arc. 
The  spectrum  of  the  light  is  a  band-and-band  line 
spectrum,  which  shows  that  the  gases  are  in  various 
stages  of  incandescence.  About  1 5  grams  of  the  associ- 
ated composition  are  volatilized  every  hour,  the  gases 
rising  from  the  positive  crater  through  the  arc.  The 
lower  carbon,  which  is  the  positive,  is  held  in  a  fixed 
support.  Surrounding  the  arc  is  a  clear-glass  cylinder, 
and  outside  this  again  is  a  translucent  globe.  The 
inner  glass  cylinder  is  in  communication  with  two 
metal  tubes,  one  on  each  side  of  the  globe.  There  is 
a  circulation  of  the  hot  gases  up  the  central  cylinder 
and  down  the  other  tubes,  and  the  incandescent  gases 
are  carried  around  and  subjected  to  the  high  tempera- 
ture of  the  arc  several  times  before  finally  condensing 
and  settling  in  the  outer  tubes.  The  inner  glass  cyl- 
inder is  kept  perfectly  clear  of  deposit  for  the  greater 
part  of  its  length,  chiefly  by  the  high  temperature 
which  prevents  the  gases  condensing,  but  also  proba- 
bly by  the  strong  direct  draft  past  the  arc.  The 
upper  negative  carbon  is  an  ordinary  high-grade  car- 
bon. The  lower  stick  is  also  of  high-grade  carbon, 
but  is  star-shaped  in  section.  The  grooves  between 
the  eight  rays  of  the  star  are  filled  with  the  chemical 
composition,  which  is  laid  in  in  the  form  of  a  paste. 
The  rods  are  then  baked,  and  the  paste  expands  into 
the  pores  of  the  carbon  and  fixes  itself  firmly  into  the 
grooves.  '  The  life  of  a  single  pair  of  carbons  is  over 
seventy  hours.  The  light  is  of  a  yellow-white  color,  but 
modifications  can  be  obtained  by  varying  the  nature 
of  the  composition  on  the  positive  carbon.  The  550- 
watt  size,  taking  5.5  amperes  at  100  volts,  gives  a  mean 
hemispherical  candlepower  of  2,200. 

Among  the  arc  lamps  in  actual  service  on  central- 
station  circuits  may  be  mentioned  those  with  carbons 
of  smaller  diameter  than  usual,  the  object  being  to 
obtain  a  whiter  and  more  efficient  light,  as  well  as  its 
better  distribution.  Such  lamps  have  a  special  adap- 
tation to  interior  use,  where  they  compete  directly 
with  incandescent  and  "glower"  lamps.  A  typical 
lamp  of  this  character  has  a  lower  negative  carbon  of 
large  diameter,  and  a  pair  of  upper  positive  carbons 
of  small  diameter,  inclined  at  an  angle  to  each  other. 
The  lower  carbon  is  held  in  a  fixed  position  while  the 
two  small  upper  carbons  are  arranged  to  "draw  the 
arc"  on  starting,  and  feed  downward  as  they  are  con- 
sumed. The  arc  is  thus  centered  in  one  permanent 
position,  making  possible  the  use  of  a  reflector  to  pro- 
ject the  light  entirely  into  the  lower  hemispherical 
plane  of  illumination.  The  arc  is  also  inclosed  by  a 
large  globe  which  restricts  the  access  of  air  and  brings 
about  conditions  similar  to  those  which  insure  the 
long  life  of  the  carbons  in  an  inclosed  arc  lamp. 


108 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Modifications  in  fixtures,  globes,  transformers,  etc., 
to  meet  the  changing  conditions  have  necessarily  been 
made,  but  as  a  general  thing  the  manufacture  of  dyna- 
mos specifically  for  arc  lighting,  as  in  the  early  days, 
has  ceased.  The  lamps  now  derive  their  supply  of 
current  from  generators  which  operate  a  variety  of 
other  devices  at  the  same  time. 

Incandescent  lamps. — Data  are  given  in  Table  45  of 
Chapter  IV  as  to  the  approximate  number  of  incandes- 
cent lamps  on  the  circuits  of  central-station  plants, 
namely,  41,445,997  in  1907,  or  an  increase  over  1902  of 
127.8  per  cent.  A  large  gain  was  shown  also  in  the 
connections  to  electric-railway  circuits,  making  a  total 
of  approximately  45,991,836  lamps  connected.  The 
grand  total  in  the  country  could  be  given,  however,  only 
after  ascertaining  the  data  of  isolated  plants  in  office 
buildings,  factories,  steamships,  and  other  similar  pri- 
vate estabUshnients,  and  such  figures  it  is  impracti- 
cable to  obtain.  Some  authorities  have  assumed  the 
connected  lamps  of  such  plants  to  equal  in  number 
those  of  the  central  stations,  which  seems  rather  im- 
probable; but  even  if  they  do  not,  the  total  of  con- 
sumption, assuming  each  lamp  to  be  renewed  once  a 
year,  is  enormous. 

A  discussion  of  many  features  in  the  development  of 
the  incandescent  lamp  during  the  period  will  also  be 
found  in  Chapter  IV.  Attention  is  there  drawn  to  the 
nature  of  the  data  relating  to  lamps  of  32-candlepower 
and  16-candlepower,  the  latter  being  the  standard  size. 
The  introduction  of  metallic-filament  lamps  and  other 
types  has  changed  the  importance  and  universality  of 
such  units,  but  the  heterogeneity  prevalent  at  the  time 
of  this  report  will  doubtless  settle  down  again  to  a  limited 
number  of  standards  by  1912,  the  probable  year  of  the 
next  electrical  census.  The  varieties  of  one  kind  and 
another  now  run  literally  into  the  thousands,  adding 
seriously  to  the  cost  of  manufacture  and  carrying  in 
stock,  and  it  may  be  questioned  whether  the  consumer 
is  benefited  in  the  end,  by  an  illimitable  freedom  of 
choice,  which  often  affects  the  construction  of  fixtures 
and  the  conditions  of  the  supply  circuits.  What  is 
involved  in  the  transition  may  be  inferred  from  the  fol- 
lowing comment : ' 

So  many  conditions  are  involved  in  a  change  from  one  set  of  funda- 
mental apparatus  to  another,  the  period  of  transition  must  necessarily 
be  long  even  if  the  expected  improvements  make  good.  The  era 
of  electric  traction  is  well  begun,  but  the  steam  locomotive,  and  even 
the  horse  car,  still  prevail.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  it  is  more  interesting 
and  practical  to  watch  the  actual  incipient  changes  than  to  speculate 
on  the  possible  scope  of  a  whole  revolution.  For  instance,  there  is 
an  indication  that  a  change  in  the  art  is  upon  us  in  the  scarcity  of 
old-style  standard  32  and  50  candlepower  lamps,  due  to  the  fact  that 
makers  are  getting  ready  to  discontinue  their  manufacture.  The 
lamp  manufacturers  announced  their  intention  some  time  ago  of 
discontinuing  the  manufacture  of  the  old  common  carbon-filament 
lamps  in  sizes  of  over  100  watts  because  of  the  advent  of  the  new 
graphitized-filament  lamp  now  commonly  known  as  the  "Gem," 


'  Report  of  Committee  on  Progress,  National  Electric  Light  Asso- 
ciation, 1^07. 


which  latter,  because  of  its  higher  efficiency,  would  be  certain  to 
supplant  the  old  standard  lamps  even  if  the  manufacture  of  the  old 
lamps  was  not  discontinued.  But  here  comes  in  one  of  the  prosaic 
points  of  detail.  The  position  of  the  man  who  has  an  installation  of 
standard  32-candlepower  lamps  with  standard  shade  holders  and  who 
must  substitute  the  new  lamp,  which  is  considerably  larger  in  bulb 
and  longer  in  neck  than  the  old  standard  32-candlepower  lamp,  is 
not  a  profitable  one.  The  new  lamp,  as  made,  requires  special 
shade  holders  when  fitted  with  reflectors.  The  old  standard  shade 
holders  leave  the  shade  "high  and  dry"  above  the  lamp  bulb,  de- 
feating most  of  the  purposes  for  which  the  shade  may  be  intended. 
If  the  change  to  larger  bulb  lamps  requiring  different  shade  holders 
causes  the  owner  at  the  same  time  to  change  to  glassware  that  is 
suited  to  the  purpose  of  most  efficient  illumination,  the  change  in 
lamp  sizes  will  have  been  a  good  thing  aside  from  all  questions  of 
lamp  efficiency. 

The  departure  from  the  familiar  form  of  carbon- 
filament  lamp  and  the  present  popularity  of  the 
metallic-filament  lamp  are  well  described  in  a  recent 
article  by  Prof.  Albert  F.  Ganz.'  It  is  pointed  out  that 
the  early  carbon-filament  lamps  required  5  to  6  watts 
per  candle,  but  improvements  in  the  manufacture  of 
the  filaments  had,  by  about  1888,  decreased  this 
specific  power  consumption  to  3.1  watts  per  candle. 
The  high  efficiency  lamps,  having  a  specific  consump- 
tion of  3.1  watts  per  candle,  could,  however,  be  used 
only  on  circuits  having  close-voltage  regulation,  as 
otherwise  the  life  of  the  lamp  was  greatly  reduced. 
No  radical  improvements  in  carbon-filament  lamps 
were  made  for  over  fifteen  years,  until  about  1905, 
when  the  metallizing  or  graphitizing  process  for  treat- 
ing carbon  filaments  was  developed.  This  process 
consists  essentially  in  subjecting  the  carbon  filament 
to  the  high  temperature  of  an  electric  furnace  with  the 
result  that  the  filament  is  partly  or  wholly  graphitized. 
The  filament  is  then  "flashed"  and  subjected  to  the 
electric  furnace  for  a  second  time.  The  graphitized  or 
metallized  carbon-filament  lamp,  known  also  under 
the  trade  name  of  "Gem"  lamp,  has  a  specific  power 
consumption  of  2.5  watts  per  candle,  with  the  same 
normal  life  as  the  ordinary  carbon-filament  lamp.  A 
further  remarkable  alteration  produced  in  the  carbon 
filament  by  the  metaUizing  or  graphitizing  process  is 
the  change  of  the  temperature  coefficient  of  resistance 
from  negative  to  positive,  so  that  the  treated  filament 
behaves  in  this  respect  like  a  metal.  This  positive 
temperature  coefficient  makes  the  lamp  much  less 
influenced  by  fluctuations  in  the  supply  voltage. 

Meantime,  incandescent  lamps  containing  filaments 
of  metal  and  giving  efficiencies  much  higher  than  could 
be  obtained  with  carbon  have  been  introduced.  Plati- 
num was  tried  in  the  early  stages  of  the  manufacture, 
but  was  found  not  entirely  satisfactory.  Osmium  was 
the  first  metal  tried  in  the  newer  work,  and  a  fairly 
satisfactory  lamp,  having  a  specific  power  consump- 
tion of  1.5  watts  per  candle,  was  obtained.  A  number 
of  osmium  lamps  have,  in  fact,  been  used  commercially 
in  Germany,  but  the  very  limited  available  supply  of 

'American  Gas  Light  Journal,  July,  1909. 


r 


TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


109 


this  metal  has  prevented  the  commercial  introduction 
of  this  type  on  a  large  scale. 

About  the  year  1904  lamps  employing  tantalum 
filaments  were  placed  on  the  market,  having  an 
efficiency  of  about  2  watts  per  candle,  with  a  useful 
life  greater  than  that  of  the  carbon-filament  lamp  on 
direct-current  circuits.  Processes  were  developed  for 
producing  pure  ductile  tantalum  which  was  then 
drawn  into  fine  wires  for  use  in  the  lamps,  and  these 
tantalum  lamps  have  come  into  considerable  com- 
mercial use.  A  pecuharity  of  the  tantalym  lamp  is 
that  it  has  a  short  hfe  when  used  on  alternating  cur- 
rent. The  lamp  is  therefore  inherently  a  direct-cur- 
rent lamp. 

The  following  year  incandescent  lamps  having  fila- 
ments of  tungsten  were  made  in  Germany.  They  had 
a  specific  consumption  of  about  1.25  watts  per  candle 
with  a  useful  hfe  claimed  to  be  greater  than  that  of 
the  carbon-filament  lamp,  and  worked  equally  well  on 
both  alternating  and  direct  current.  These  lamps 
were  quickly  introduced  on  a  large  scale.  The  manu- 
facture of  tungsten  lamps  was  also  started  in  America 
about  1907,  and  they  are  now  rapidly  coming  into  use. 
Since  tungsten  is  not  ductile,  the  tungsten  filaments 
can  not  be  drawn  into  fine  wires  as  in  the  case  of  tan- 
talum. The  production  of  a  filament  of  tungsten, 
therefore,  presents  many  difficulties,  with  the  result 
that  several  different  processes  for  producing  these 
filaments  have  been  developed.  Since  the  specific 
resistance  of  tungsten  is  very  much  less  than  that  of 
carbon,  a  filament  of  tungsten  for  a  lamp  to  be  operated 
at  a  given  voltage  must  be  very  much  thinner  and 
longer  than  a  carbon  filament  for  the  same  voltage. 
For  this  reason  tungsten  filaments  are  admirably 
suited  for  heavy-current,  low-voltage  series  lamps  for 
use  on  constant-current  circuits  for  street  lighting. 
Multiple  lamps  for  110-volt  constant  potential  circuits 
are  now  also  manufactured  in  sizes  down  to  20-candle- 
power,  but  the  filaments  in  these  lamps  are  extremely 
small  in  diameter.  When  the  tungsten  filament  is 
incandescent  it  is  extremely  soft,  and  the  loops, 
especially  those  for  high- voltage  lamps,  require  supports 
to  keep  them  in  position.  The  first  tungsten  lamps 
were  for  this  reason  capable  of  operating  only  in  a 
vertical  downward  position.  The  lamps  have  been 
so  improved  that  they  can  now  operate  in  any  posi- 
tion. The  high-voltage  tungsten  filament  is,  however, 
extremely  fragile,  and  liable  to  break  when  subjected 
to  vibration,  so  that  these  lamps  are  not  yet  suitable 
for  places  subjected  to  vibration,  as,  for  instance,  on 
trains  or  boats.  In  these  latter  places,  however,  the 
tantalum  lamp  and  the  low-voltage  tungsten  lamp 
are  frequently  used. 

Both  the  tantalum  and  tungsten  filaments  have  a 
positive  temperature  coefficient,  and  for  this  reason  are 
less  affected  by  fluctuations  in  line  voltage  than  ordi- 
nary carbon  filaments.  The  light  given  by  tantalum 
and  tungsten  lamps  is  also  much  whiter  than  that 


given  by  carbon-filament  lamps,  owing  to  the  higher 
temperature  at  which  these  filaments  are  operated. 
T^Jiother  peculiarity  of  the.se  metal-filament  lamps  is 
that  they  do  not  depreciate  from  their  initial  candle- 
power  until  the  ffiament  finally  breaks.  It  is  at  times 
even  possible  to  repair  a  ruptured  tantalum  or  tungsten 
lamp  filament  by  judiciously  shaking  the  lamp  with 
the  current  on,  until  the  broken  ends  of  the  filament 
come  in  contact  and  are  welded  together  by  the  intense 
local  heat  at  the  point  of  contact.  Such  a  weld  is  fre- 
quently quite  strong,  enabling  the  lamp  to  continue  in 
service  for  a  considerable  time. 

The  report  of  the  lamp  committee  of  the  National 
Electric  Light  Association  for  1909  brings  out  some 
interesting  data  as  to  conditions  in  regard  to  incan- 
descent lamps  in  general  during  the  period  under  re- 
view in  tlie  present  report,  based  upon  data  from  200 
of  the  largest  central-station  companies  in  the  country. 
It  is  remarked  that  as  to  the  general  use  of  different 
types  of  lamps,  the  carbon-filament  lamp  was  still 
the  standard  lamp,  although  the  metallized-filament 
lamps  were  being  used  extensively  by  the  companies, 
more  than  60  per  cent  of  those  reporting  having  al- 
ready used  a  considerable  proportion  of  such  lamps. 
Several  of  the  larger  companies  proposed  to  abandon 
the  standard  carbon  lamp  entirely  and  furnish  the 
metallized  or  Gem  filament  lamps  for  all  their  free 
renewals. 

Tungsten  lamps  had  also  been  in  general  use, 
about  75  per  cent  of  the  companies  reporting  that 
they  had  used  such  lamps,  and  of  these  in  turn 
fully  75  per  cent  made  extensive  use  of  them  and 
encouragetl  their  introduction  generally  in  their  ter- 
ritories. The  reports  indicate  considerable  diffi- 
culties with  the  early  lamps  of  this  type,  but  a  de- 
cided improvement  in  the  later  installations.  The 
opinion  is  almost  unanimous  that  the  tungsten  lamp 
is  the  best  possible  instrument  for  making  satisfied 
customers  and  producing  additional  revenue.  In  the 
matter  of  incandescent  street  lighting,  a  small  pro- 
portion of  the  companies  reported  changes  to  tungsten 
lamps,  with  apparently  satisfactory  results  in  all 
cases. 

The  number  of  companies  using  tantalum  lamps 
was  much  smaller,  about  20  per  cent  only,  and  the 
use  of  tantalum  lamps  was  apparently  becoming  more 
restricted  rather  than  extended.  Free  lamp  renewals 
was  the  general  practice,  except  in  the  case  of  very 
small  companies  and  a  few  of  the  larger  companies. 
Most  of  the  companies  that  had  furnished  carbon 
lamps  on  a  free-renewal  basis  were  extending  that 
policy  to  the  metallized-filament  lamps. 

In  the  matter  of  delivering  lamp  renewals,  about 
half  of  the  companies  required  the  customers  to  send 
for  all  lamps;  about  10  per  cent  delivered  all  renewal 
lamps  ui)on  request  of  customers;  and  about  4  per 
cent  made  deliveries  in  accordance  with  a  definite 
schedule  for  covering  the  territory  .systematically. 
The  other  companies  encouraged  customers  to  send 


110 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


for  lamps,  but  also  delivered  upon  request,  subject  to 
restrictions. 

About  25  per  cent  of  the  companies  making  deliv- 
eries also  placed  the  lamps  in  the  sockets  when 
requested.  About  15  per  cent  of  the  companies  had 
their  free-renew^al  lamps  marked  for  identification. 

Most  companies  recognized  the  difficulty  of  pre- 
venting waste  or  loss  of  lamps  without  placing  annoy- 
ing restrictions  upon  the  furnishing  of  lamps  to  cus- 
tomers! and  about  half  the  companies  reporting  kept 
a  record  of  deliveries  to  indivitlual  customers  and 
attempted,  by  means  of  such  records,  to  avoid  undue 
losses. 

In  the  matter  of  renewing  blackened  and  broken 
lamps,  the  general  policy  seemed  to  be  to  refuse  to 
renew  broken  lamps,  but  to  renew  blackened  lamps. 
In  the  matter  of  reserve  stock,  most  of  the  companies 
carried  a  safe  reserve,  which  in  all  the  companies 
reporting  would  average  about  two  months'  supply. 
The  prices  charged  for  other  than  standard  free- 
renewal  lamps  varied  with  the  different  companies 
from  list  prices  to  cost  prices,  with,  on  the  whole,  little 
uniformity  between  the  companies. 

At  the  Januarj^,  1908,  meeting  of  the  Pittsburg 
Section  of  the  American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engi- 
neers the  physical  properties  of  the  various  forms  of 
lamps  then  in  use  were  summed  up  in  the  following 
table  presented  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Sweet: 


KIND  OF   LAMP. 


Mean 
spher- 
ical 
candle- 

Watts 

per 
candle. 

power. 

13.2 

4.24 

13.2 
81.0 

3.78 
3.26 

40.7 

3.07 

16.0 

2.75 

213.0 

2.03 

152.  0 

2.65 

37.0 

1.62 

1,020.0 

0.431 

Candle 
per 

k:  W. 


Common  50-watt  carbon-filament  incandescent  lamp, 
rated  At  3,5  watts  per  candle,  10  horizontal  candle- 
power 13.2       4.24  236 

Common  50-watt  carbon-filainent  incandescent  lamp 
rated  at  3.1  watts  per  candle,  IB  horizontal  candle 
power 13.2      3.78  264 

3-glower,  2ii4-watt  Nernst  lamp 81. 0      3. 26  307 

Gem.  125.watt.  praphitized  carbon-filament  lamp  of  50 
horizontLiloandlepower - 40.7      3.07  326 

44-watt  tantalum  lamp,  rated  at  22  horizontal  candle- 
power 16.0       2.75  364 

Direct-current,  5.1-arapere  inclosed  arc  on  110-volt  cir- 
cuit, 1 .5-inch  carbons 

Alternating-current  inclosed  5.7-ampere  arc,  taking  388 
watts  on  110-volt  circuit,  0.5-inch  carbons 152.0      2.65  392 

60-watt,  HO-volt  tungsten-filament  lamp,  burning  at 
1.25  watts  per  horizontal  candle  37.0      1.62  617 

Luminous  s-ampere  arc,  440-watt,  two  in  series  on  110- 
voltcircuit 1,020.0       0.431         2,320 


At  the  March,  1908,  meeting  of  the  New  England 
Association  of  Electric  Lighting  Engineers,  Mr.  J.  S. 
Whit!iker,of  the  Rockingham  County  Light  and  Power 
Company,  Portsmouth,  N.  II.,  read  a  paper  on  the  intro- 
duction of  tlie  tungsten  lamp.  Citing  a  life  test  made 
upon  an  80-candlepower,  115-volt  lamp,  he  stated  that 
it  burned  eight  hundred  and  sixty-four  hours  con- 
tinuously, with  no  perceptible  change  in  color  or 
diminution  of  light,  though  no  photometer  test  was 
made.  He  instanced  a  small  dry-goods  store,  which 
had  originally  an  installation  of  incandescent  lamps  and 
gas  arcs  combined.  Tungsten  lamps  were  installed  in 
the  show  windows  and  one  wing,  on  free  trial,  with 
the  result  that  an  order  was  placed  for  a  complete 


tungsten  installation.  The  lighting  cost  to  the  mer- 
chant for  December,  1907,  was  20  per  cent  less  than  a 
year  before.  During  seven  months  Mr.  Wliitaker  pur- 
chased 850  tungsten  lamps;  of  these  27  were  broken 
in  transit,  418  were  installed,  and  143  burned  out.  It 
was  found  that  75  per  cent  of  tlie  early  "burn-outs" 
occurred  in  the  first  one  hundred  hours.  Later  lamps 
were  better  and  more  uniform.  A  charge  of  $1.75  each 
for  100-watt  lamps  was  made  to  the  consumer.  This 
allowed  for  transportation  and  breakage.  The  com- 
pany replaced  all  lamps  not  burning  one  hundred 
hours. 

In  the  discussion  Mr.  Willcox,  of  Lowell,  stated  that 
a  rental  basis  of  25  cents  per  month  had  been  found 
satisfactory  in  meeting  the  gas-arc  competition.  Mr. 
Sands,  of  Haverhill,  stated  that  he  loaned  the  shades 
and  reflectors  in  store  installations  of  tungsten  lamps; 
and  if  one  was  broken  or  lost,  the  customer  paid  for  it. 
Mr.  Cowles,  of  the  Boston  Edison  Company,  said  that 
his  company  had  installed  about  1,200  80-candlepower 
tungsten  lamps,  charging  an  excess  of  $1.10,  the  lamp 
remaining  the  property  of  the  company.  The  life 
appeared  to  be  very  good — thus  far,  at  least  seven 
hundred  hours.  The  company  placed  the  lamps  in  the 
sockets  itself,  pendant  sockets  being  used.  Mr.  Hale, 
of  the  Boston  company,  said  that  most  customers  ap- 
peared to  prefer  the  lamp  installed  with  a  clear  shade, 
even  though  the  company  advised  the  use  of  a  sand- 
blasted globe  and  etched  shade.  In  Peabody,  Mass., 
in  order  to  meet  gas-arc  competition,  100-watt  lamps 
were  installed  at  a  charge  of  $1.50  each,  with  a  guai- 
antee  that  the  annual  cost  of  renewals  should  not  ex- 
ceed $3  per  lamp,  which  was  the  yearlj-  rental  chai-ged 
by  the  gas  company.  In  a  bowling  alley  where 
foi-merly  there  was  one  gas  lamp  between  each  pair  of 
alleys  the  tungsten  lamps  were  placed,  one  over  each 
alley,  with  reflectors  adjusted  to  keep  the  light  out  of 
the  eyes  of  the  patrons,  and  to  direct  it  onto  the  pins. 

It  may  be  added  that  since  the  date  of  the  meeting 
last  mentioned,  all  the  points  in  favor  of  the  tungsten 
lamp  have  been  improved  upon,  including  longer  life, 
lower  price,  and  less  breakage  in  transit. 

The  number  of  cases  of  adoption  of  incandescent 
lamps  for  street  lighting  in  the  period  has  been  remark- 
able, and  the  more  noteworthy  because  a  great  deal  of 
the  new  work  is  due  to  the  efforts  of  merchants  doing 
business  along  the  streets  illuminated  rather  than  of 
the  municipal  authorities.  In  other  words,  it  is  an- 
other example  of  the  stronger  public  spirit  manifested 
in  late  years;  and  it  may  also  be  regarded  as  an  evi- 
dence of  the  local  pride  which  seeks  to  build  up  the 
community  and  its  trade.  Numerous  concerted  efforts 
have  been  made  to  enhance  by  such  action  the  bril- 
liancy and  attractiveness  of  sections  of  particular 
thoroughfares  or  even  of  whole  streets.  This  develop- 
ment is,  moreover,  particularly  interesting  as  being  in 
itself  an  evidence  that  the  general  lighting  at  such 
pomts   is   inadequate.     Causing,   as  it   does,  too,   an 


"•^».  •♦, 


TYPE  OF  ORDINARY   TUNGSTEN   LAMP. 


I.OOO-CANDLEPOWER  TUNGSTEN   LAMP  COMPARED   WITH 
ORDINARY   16-CANDLEPOWER   CARBON   LAMP. 


INCLOSED  ARC   LAMP  WITH  ORNAMENTAL  CASING    FOR 
INDOOR   SERVICE. 


TYPE  OF  FLAMING-ARC   LAMP. 


t   <    ;   * ,  f  <    t 


TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


Ill 


accentuation  of  the  surrounding  gloom,  it  bids  fair  to 
be  a  factor  in  raising  the  general  scale  of  street 
illumination. 

A  plan  of  extra  lighting  that  has  now  become  quite 
common  is  seen  in  arch  lighting,  of  which  there  are 
many  varieties.  For  example.  Canal  street.  Grand 
Rapids,  Mich.,  has  been  specially  illuminated  with 
series  tungsten  lamps,  in  15  spans  across  the  thorough- 
fare, each  with  18  lamps  of  60-candlepower,  75  watts. 
The  spans  are  100  feet  apart,  110  feet  in  length,  and  the 
initial  expense  was  $750  each  for  labor  and  material. 
Merchants  paid  for  the  work,  and  the  cost  of  operation 
is  so  small  that  some  of  them  are  at  an  expense  of  only 
$1  per  month.  The  effect  has  been  marked,  large 
crow(.ls  have  been  drawn,  and,  considered  from  all 
points  of  view,  the  installation  seems  to  be  very  suc- 
cessful. On  Monroe  street,  which  is  about  80  feet 
wide,  12  arches  had  been  erected,  80  to  90  feet  apart, 
with  14  tungstens  on  each;  and  5  more  arches  were  to 
follow. 

Big  Rapids  has  followed  suit  and  has  erected  7 
arches,  with  plans  for  5  more.  Each  arch  has  10 
tungstens  of  60  candlepower  in  series.  Half  a  dozen 
other  small  towns  in  ^lichigan  have  taken  up  the  mat- 
ter. A  popular  differentiation  from  the  pipe  arch  is 
the  stringing  of  a  span  wire  from  ]:)olc  to  pole  or  from 
buikling  to  building,  the  tungsten  lamps  being  sus- 
pended from  the  span.  It  all  means  additional  income 
for  the  station,  but  there  are  objections  made  to  the 
"canopy"  plan.  It  puts  the  lamps  up  so  high  that  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  illumination  is  spent  on 
the  upper  stories  of  the  buildings.  The  overhead  net- 
work of  wiring  is  an  obstruction  to  firemen,  and  there 
is  damage  in  the  case  of  high  winds.  The  contrasting 
method  of  low  posts  close  together  has  its  warm  advo- 
cates, not  merely  because  of  its  more  permanent  char- 
acter and  appearance,  but  as  a  revenue  producer. 
Thus,  at  Minneapolis,  the  Publicity  Club  has  brought 
about  the  lighting  of  Nicolet  avenue,  the  main  street 
of  the  city,  with  64  standards,  8  to  the  block,  4  on  each 
side  of  the  street.  The  cost  has  been  met  by  assessing 
merchants  $2  a  front  foot  to  cover  installation  and 
$1.25  a  year  per  front  foot  for  maintenance.  The 
posts  are  of  cast  iron,  standing  14  feet  above  the 
grountl,  and  are  ornamental.  Each  carries  four  12- 
inch  alabaster  globes  and  one  16-inch,  all  in  a  vertical 
position,  each  containing  one  100-watt  tungsten  lamp. 
The  advantages  of  the  vertical  arrangement  of  the 
lamps  are  minimum  breakage,  greater  cleanliness,  and 
larger  lighting  area.  Each  post  is  connected  to  the 
Edison  3-wire  direct-current  system  of  underground 
lead-sheathed  cable.  The  retail  cost  of  the  posts  in- 
stalled is  put  at  $145  each,  of  which  $85  is  for  foundry 
work  and  .$60  for  wiring,  globes,  lamps,  and  similar 
items.  The  Minneapolis  General  Electric  Company 
runs  the  installation  at  a  total  inclusive  charge  of  $78 
per  post  per  year.  All  five  lamps  are  switched  on  by 
an  electrolier  key  switch  in  the  post  base,  and  after 

25142—10 8 


midnight  only  the  central  lamp  on  top  of  the  post  is 
left  to  burn  until  daylight.  As  compared  with  a  post 
system  installed  earlier  at  St.  Paul,  these  standards 
are  2  feet  higher  and  have  arms  2  feet  longer,  while 
the  tungsten  lamp  has  added  appreciably  to  the  effect- 
ive result  obtained. 

At  Aurora,  111.,  a  somewhat  similar  scheme  has  been 
carried  out,  but  there  the  tungsten  lamps  are  carried 
in  the  downward  burning  position,  except  the  central 
60-watt  one.  No  fewer  than  173  posts  have  been  in- 
stalled, each  carrying  3  lamps,  except  at  each  of  the 
four  corners  of  street  intersections,  where  5  lamps  are 
used.  The  posts  are  50  feet  apart  along  each  side  of 
the  street,  on  the  curb  line,  one  arm  extending  over 
the  sidewalk,  the  other  over  the  roadway.  The  plan 
originated  with  business  men  on  the  west  side  of  the 
city,  who  organized  the  West  Aurora  Improvement 
Company.  Proper  ordinances  were  passed  by  the 
city  council  whereby  the  merchants  could  install  and 
pay  for  the  system  and  then  turn  it  over  to  the  city  for 
maintenance  and  operation.  Similar  movements  were 
started  in  other  parts  of  the  business  distiict,  and  have 
culminated  in  a  thorough  lighting  of  the  downtown 
section  of  the  city.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that 
Aurora,  in  1881,  began  at  the  other  end  of  the  methods 
of  street  illumination,  with  seven  150-foot  towers,  each 
carrying  two  large  open  arcs,  high  in  the  air,  where 
they  were  imagined  to  give  a  "diffused  moonlight," 
most  of  which  in  summer  time  at  least,  was  intercepted 
from  the  sidewalks  and  roads  by  shade  trees. 

During  the  past  four  or  five  years  there  has  been 
considerable  advance  in  the  use  of  electricity  for  the 
lighting  of  public  parks,  especially  since  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  tungsten  lamp.  In  1908  the  New  York 
Edison  and  allied  companies  developed  a  system  of 
park  lighting  with  tungstens  and  soon  after  placed 
large  numbers  of  them  in  Riverside  Park,  on  Riverside 
Drive,  in  Highbridge  Park,  and  in  St.  Nicholas  Park. 
These  lamps  are  carried  on  ordinary  posts  at  a  height 
of  over  10  feet  from  the  ground.  The  lantern  consists 
of  three  hinged  interlocking  sections,  which  provide 
socket  and  globe-holding  devices,  with  means  to  clean 
and  replace  the  lamps  quickly  as  well  as  the  reflectors 
and  globes.  To  reach  the  posts,  conduit  and  buried 
cable  have  been  employed.  The  service  switches  con- 
trol from  16  to  40  units  equally  balanced  over  the 
3-wire  network,  and  with  slight  modifications  the  sys- 
tem could  be  adapted  to  series  altei-nating  supply 
when  used  with  a  series  transformer  in  either  an  arc 
or  incandescent  circuit.  More  recent  modifications  of 
this  service  include  the  lighting  of  Central  Park  with 
tungsten  lamps. 

In  regard  to  street  lighting  it  is  interesting  to  note 
everywhere  a  greater  interest  in  the  beautiful  aspect 
of  the  streets  by  day  and  night,  and  a  desire  not  to 
spoil  trees  by  bad  trimming.  At  Los  Angeles,  Cal., 
the  permits  issued  to  the  public-utility  companies 
have  printed  on  them  in  large  type:  "The  trees  must 


112 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


be  trimmed  so  as  to  preserve  their  symmetry,"  and 
this  has  led  trimmers  to  give  some  attention  to  the 
nature  of  the  tree  and  the  pecuharities  of  its  growth. 
One  of  the  problems  of  suburban  and  rural  develop- 
ment of  lighting  has  been  how  to  connect  up  various 
dwellings  without  excessive  expense  and  without  mar- 
ring the  attractiveness  of  the  streets  and  foliage  trees 
by  pole  lines.  In  some  cities  there  are  alleyways  that 
can  be  utilized,  but  most  cities  are  without  these.  At 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  the  Railway  and  Light  Company 
has  met  the  difficulty  by  erecting  a  pole  line  on  the 
back-yard  boundary  line;  and  the  other  utility  com- 
panies cooperate  in  maintaining  the  system.  The 
company  has  deeded  to  it  by  tlie  owner  the  ground  on 
which  the  pole  is  erected,  together  with  the  right  of 
free  access  at  all  times,  and  in  turn  it  places  on  the 
streets  a  handsome  type  of  arc  lamp  with  standartl  of 
bishop's  crook  or  swanneck  form.  In  running  the 
mains  to  these  back-yard  poles,  high-potential  lines 
are  taken  underground  to  a  transformer  in  the  man- 
hole nearest  the  street,  and  thence  low-potential  cir- 
cuits are  run  to  a  manhole  in  the  street  opposite  the 
pole  lines,  whence  they  branch  and  run  underground  to 
the  end  pole  on  either  side.  The  mains  are  then 
brought  up  through  conduit  to  the  cross-arm.  Serv- 
ice connections  are  made  to  the  mains  and  brought  in 
overhead  to  the  rear  of  the  houses,  and  the  front  of  the 
property  is  left  free  from  unsightly  wires  and  service 
connections.  The  pole  line  extends  from  block  to 
block,  depending  on  the  number  of  liouses  connected. 
No  trouble  has  been  experienced  in  getting  the  neces- 
sary concessions,  as  the  plan  is  a  benefit  to  the  neigh- 
borhood. 

Incidentally  the  tungsten  lamp  has  already  brought 
with  it  a  number  of  auxiliary  and  supplemental  devices 
and  methods,  such  as  socket  adapters,  reflectors,  fix- 
tures, and  small  transformers.  In  the  new  ballroom 
of  the  Hotel  Astor,  New  York,  where  1,200  people  can 
dine  or  2,500  can  dance  at  one  time,  the  lighting  is 
done  with  some  thousands  of  small  low-volt  tungsten 
lamps  associated  with  small  group  transformers 
receiving  current  from  motor-generator  sets.  At  the 
twenty-fiftli  anniversary  dinner  of  the  American  Insti- 
tute of  Electrical  Engineers  in  the  old  ballroom  of  the 
same  house  in  March,  1909,  some  50  large  tables  were 
each  beautifully  illuminated  with  miniature  tungsten 
lamps  fed  by  a  small  storage  battery  set  in  a  low  metal 
vase  on  each  table.  Over  the  battery  and  lamps  was 
placed  a  block  of  glass  simulating  ice,  with  a  number 
of  holes  filled  with  water  in  which  was  set  a  mass  of 
blush  roses  and  maidenhair  fern.  The  softly  brilliant 
effect  obtained  would,  it  is  said,  have  been  impossible 
with  carbon-filament  lamps.  Moreover,  it  was  not 
necessary  to  wire  each  table  for  local  lamps. 

An  evidence  of  the  activity  in  the  electric-lighting 
industry  is  the  constant  stream  of  novelties.  Of  these, 
the  helion  lamp  is  one  for  which  an  early  commercial 
perfection  is  predicted.  The  carbon-silicon  filament 
of  this  lamp  has  been  brought  to  a  point  where  it  can 


be  burned  in  open  air  at  practically  the  specific  con- 
sumption of  an  ordinary  vacuum  carbon  lamp.  An 
interesting  quality  of  tlie  filament  is  its  extraordinary 
liigh  specific  resistance,  which  is  nearly  thirty  times 
that  of  the  carbon  filament  and  several  hundred  times 
that  of  tungsten.  Particles  of  it  are  so  hard  that  they 
will  scratch  glass. 

The  present  report  includes  data  as  to  the  extension 
of  the  use  of  Nernst  or  "glower"  lamps.  The  intro- 
duction of  the  metallic-filament  incandescent  lamp  has 
by  no  means  operated  to  eliminate  this  lamp,  which 
has  many  desirable  features  of  its  own.  The  vogue  of 
the  glower  lamp  is  also  due  to  the  fact  that  new  units 
have  been  developed,  considerably  better  in  efficiency 
than  the  old.  Coincident  with  the  improvements  in 
the  glower  came  the  development  of  the  single-glower 
renewal  screw  burner,  making  the  renewal  of  the  lamp 
the  same  practically  as  in  standard  incandescent  prac- 
tice. This  has  resulted  in  the  introduction  of  the 
screw-burner  principle  into  chandeliers;  and  the  new 
fixtures  of  that  type  are  characterized  by  economy  of 
space  and  high  illuminating  power.  A  number  of 
large  stores  and  other  establishments  have  adopted  the 
glower  form  of  illuminant.  The  Marsliall  Field  store 
in  Chicago,  with  25  acres  of  floor  space,  is  an  example, 
the  details  of  the  lighting  of  which  were  made  public  in 
October,  1907,  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Pearson,  electrical  engineer 
of  the  dry-goods  company,  from  which  report  the  fol- 
lowing is  taken: 

Tests  of  various  lighting  systems  were  carried  on  over 
a  period  of  eighteen  months.  While  the  illumination 
calculated  from  the  photometric  curves  of  individual 
lamps,  as  well  as  measurements  of  illumination  at  the 
counter  level  in  the  actual  installations,  was  made  use 
of  in  comparing  results,  far  more  value  was  attached 
to  visual  tests  made  by  comparing  the  general  appear- 
ance of  large  rooms  or  sections  of  rooms  lighted  in 
different  ways.  To  show  the  multiplicity  of  require- 
ments, it  is  stated  that  there  were  350  sections  in  the 
store,  nearly  every  one  of  which  had  a  different  class  of 
goods,  and  therefore  presented  somewhat  different 
requirements.  It  was  therefore  necessary,  if  uniform- 
ity throughout  the  store  was  to  be  secured,  to  select  a 
compromise  system  which  would  meet  fairly  well  all 
requirements.  The  general  plan  of  testing  the  differ- 
ent illuminating  systems  offered  by  the  (Ufferent 
manufacturers  was  to  take  a  large  room  about  150  by 
250  feet,  and  equip  one-half  of  it  with  one  fighting 
system  and  the  other  half  with  another.  This  was 
thought  to  be  the  best  way  to  bring  before  the  non- 
technical public  and  the  sales  managers  the  relative 
effects  and  efficiencies  of  the  various  systems.  Glower 
lamps  on  shoit  chain  pendants  were  finally  selected  for 
fighting  the  establishment,  with  an  average  illumina- 
tion in  the  foot-candles  as  follows:  All  above  the  first 
floor,  2.5  to  3;  the  first  basement,  3.5  to  4;  second  and 
third  basements,  shipping  and  packing  departments, 
2.25  to  2.5.     Arc  lamps  were  not  seriously  considered, 


,     t     J    w    '•    ,      t 


TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


113 


because  it  was  stated  that  not  10  of  the  350  section 
managers  wanted  to  sell  goods  under  tliem.  The  se- 
lection of  the  glower  lamp  was  made  because  of  low 
maintenance  cost,  color,  and  good  general  effect,  as 
indicated  by  the  preference  of  the  management  and 
the  section  managers. 

The  Moore  tube  system  of  vacuum  lighting  has  also 
made  progress,  not  only  in  the  design  of  apparatus,  but 
in  the  use  of  the  tubes  when  provided  with  carbon 
dioxide,  and  is  valuable  in  business  estabUshments 
where  color  values  are  a  main  consideration.  The 
long-loop  tube  system  has  been  standardized  into  a 
"hair-pin"  form,  and  there  has  also  been  developed  a 
"straight-run"  form,  i.  e.,  one  end  of  the  tube  does  not 
reenter  the  terminal  box.  The  entire  mezzanine  floor 
of  the  Xew  York  Post-Office  has  been  very  successfully 
fitted  up  with  tubes  in  35  parallel  rows,  each  114  feet 
long,  placed  immediately  against  the  ceiling. 

Where  the  peculiar  color  is  not  objectionable,  a 
large  amount  of  miscellaneous  lighting  has  been  done 
with  the  mercury  vapor  lamp,  which  was  in  1901  in- 
troduced to  public  notice  by  Dr.  Peter  Cooper  Hewitt. 
He  has  since  developed  the  same  principle  in  the  mer- 
cury arc  rectifier,  now  also  used  largely  to  rectify  alter- 
nating current  into  direct  for  various  services,  and 
especially  for  charging  storage  batteries.  The  lamp 
is  a  glass  tube  about  1  inch  in  diameter,  on  110-volt 
circuits  about  4  feet  in  length,  and  the  light  is  ob- 
tained by  vaporizing  with  the  current  the  small  quan- 
tity of  mercury  that  the  lamp  holds.  Dr.  Louis  Bell 
gives  a  specific  consumption  of  0.6  to  0.8  watt  per 
equivalent  caiidlepower  for  these  lamps.  The  light  is 
practically  without  red  rays,  but  is  strongly  actinic 
and  is  therefore  largely  in  use  for  photographic  pur- 
poses. Mercury  vapor  lamps  have  been  constructed 
with  tubes  bent  into  a  circular  form,  so  as  to  fit  in  a 
diffusing  globe,  and  in  some  cases  incandescent  lamps 
have  been  added  in  the  fixture  for  the  purpose  of  sup- 
plying the  red  rays  missing  in  the  mercury  vapor  light. 
A  prominent  example  of  commercial  lighting  by  units 
combining  a  mercury  vapor  lamp  with  a  tungsten 
incandescent  lamp  is  found  in  the  editorial  offices  of 
the  New  York  World,  where  36  such  units  have  been 
in  use  since  May  1,  1908.  Each  combination  consists 
of  a  mercury  vapor  tube  bent  into  circular  form  of 
about  10  inches  diameter,  with  a  tungsten  lamp  in  the 
center.  The  vapor  tube  and  tungsten  lamp  are 
attached  to  an  ornamental  metal  fixture  provided 
with  a  white  corrugated  reflector  and  surrounded  by  a 
16-inch  holophane  hemispherical  globe.  The  combi- 
nation lamp  is  designed  to  operate  on  the  120-volt  cir- 
cuit, and  to  take  a  current  of  2  amperes,  thereby  con- 
suming 240  watts.  The  vapor  tube  and  tungsten 
lamps  are  connected  in  series,  the  vapor  tube  taking 
about  52  volts  and  the  tungsten  lamp  about  58  volts. 
The  remaining  10  volts  are  taken  up  by  steadying 
inductance.  An  automatic  device  consisting  of  an 
inductance  coil  with  a  quick  mercury  break  in  vacuum, 


called  a  "shifter,"  is  placed  in  the  fixture  for  starting 
the  lamp.  Tests  of  the  illumination  produced  by  this 
installation,  made  by  means  of  a  luminometer,  and  of 
the  power  consumed,  show  that  the  candlepower  of  the 
tungsten  lamp  is  about  80  and  of  the  vapor  lamp  about 
200.  With  a  power  consumption  of  240  watts,  this 
gives  an  equivalent  specific  power  consumption  of  0.86 
watt  per  equivalent  candle. 

The  quartz  mercury  vapor  lamp  has  also  become  a 
commercial  success  and  is  in  use  in  Germany.  Its  for- 
midable powers  of  competition  may  be  inferred  from 
the  fact  that  with  the  mercury  arc  playing  in  a  quartz 
tube  it  is  possible  to  raise  the  temperature  very  much 
higher  than  can  be  done  in  a  glass  tube.  The  maxi- 
mum is  reached  at  about  1  watt  per  candle,  and  after- 
wards the  specific  consumption  decreases  rapidly  down 
to  about  0.16  watt  per  candle. 

Electric  power. — As  the  statistics  show,  the  inter- 
censal  period  witnessed  a  phenomenal  development  in 
electric-power  supply,  or  motor  service.  If  it  were 
not  for  their  motor  day  load,  many  central-station 
companies  would  doubtless  find  themselves  in  diffi- 
culties. One  problem,  of  course,  is  to  prevent  over- 
lapping of  the  lighting  and  the  motor  loads,  and  this 
has  been  worked  out  in  one  way  under  the  Gossler  sys- 
tem as  adopted  in  Montreal,  Canada,  and  in  various 
cities  of  the  United  States.  In  1894  the  Royal  Elec- 
tric Company  of  Montreal  was  supplying  the  equiva- 
lent of  14,700  16-candlepower  lamps  and  50  horse- 
power in  motors;  while  the  total  number  of  its  cus- 
tomers did  not  exceed  300,  and  none  of  the  various 
heating  appliances  were  heard  of.  In  1907  the  Mon- 
treal Heat,  Light  and  Power  Company  had  connected 
to  its  system  the  equivalent  of  450,000  1 6-candlepower 
lamps,  about  37,000  horsepower  in  motors,  and  up- 
ward of  1,000  appliances  for  heating,  cooking,  refrig- 
erating, and  so  forth.  The  company  served  upward  of 
13,000  consumers  of  electricity  and  about  50,000  con- 
sumers of  gas,  or  a  total  of  nearly  70,000  consumers. 
The  nonpeak  users  under  this  system  are  encouraged 
by  a  special  concession  of  rates.  It  was  found  that 
about  40  per  cent  of  the  company's  customers  could 
be  shut  off  from  obtaining  energy  at  the  time  of  peak 
load  without  detriment  to  them.  Among  the  loads 
were  3,500  horsepower  in  cotton  mills,  which  in  order 
to  obtain  the  concession  start  operation  at  7  a.  m. 
instead  of  8,  allow  only  half  an  hour  for  lunch,  and  are 
thus  able  to  stop  work  at  4.30  p.  m.  The  operatives 
in  many  instances  prefer  to  work  during  these  hours 
and  go  home  early  than  to  begin  later  and  finisli  later. 
Among  the  off-peak  customers  were  the  various  morn- 
ing and  afternoon  newspapers,  to  which  the  company 
supplied  upward  of  400  horsepower.  Another  class  of 
customers  were  the  brickyards,  which  required  a  sum- 
mer service  exclusively,  and  secured  a  50  per  cent 
reduction  from  the  regular  rates  on  seven  months'  op- 
eration. The  amount  of  horsepower  involved  was  600 
to  700,  used  in  driving  casting  machines,  mixers,  and 


114 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


conveyors.  Other  nonpeak  users  were  the  local  water- 
power  company,  whicli  used  1,200  horsepower  in  pump- 
ing drinking  water;  a  railway-appliance  company, 
which  used  500  horsepower;  cement  works,  which  in 
1909  used  from  5,000  to  6,000  horsepower;  and  various 
wood  3-ards.  In  the  wood  yards  all  tlie  cutting  was 
done  during  two  or  three  hours  of  each  day.  The  non- 
peak  rates  were  given  to  customers  consuming  rela- 
tivety  large  amounts  of  power.  An  installation  of  20 
to  25  horsepower  would  be  about  the  limit  below  which 
the  nonpeak  rate  would  not  be  granted.  Extensions 
of  the  system  have  been  carried  out  since  the  above 
data  were  obtained. 

The  extent  to  which  electrical  energy  is  now  sold  for 
power  purposes  is  illustrated  by  the  railway  contracts 
made  by  the  Commonwealth  Edison  Company  of  Chi- 
cago, which  has  been  particularly  energetic  in  reaching 
out  for  this  class  of  business.  Under  the  ten-year  bulk 
contract  with  the  Chicago  City  Railway,  for  example, 
the  energy  is  supplied  by  the  power  company  to  the 
railway  company  in  the  form  of  a  3-phase,  25-cycle, 
9,000-volt  current.  The  railway  company  pays  a  min- 
imum, primary,  readiness-to-serve  charge  of  $1.25  per 
kilowatt  of  demand  per  month.  The  kilowatts  de- 
manded are  taken  as  21,000  as  a  minimum  for  the  first 
year  of  the  contract  and  as  much  more  as  may  be 
demanded.  For  the  remaining  nine  years  of  the  con- 
tract the  railway  company  pays  according  to  the  fol- 
lowing provisions  for  determining  the  maximum 
demand :  The  railway  company's  maximum  demand  in 
kilowatts  for  each  month,  upon  which  the  primary 
charge  is  made,  is  determined  by  taking  three  consecu- 
tive days  in  the  month,  out  of  which  there  are  selected 
two  hours,  of  which  one  is  the  hour  of  greatest  output 
in  kilowatt  hours  in  the  first  half  of  the  day  and  the 
other  the  hour  of  greatest  output  in  the  second  half  of 
the  day.  The  combined  output  for  the  six  hours 
selected  in  the  manner  thus  indicated  must  be  greater 
than  the  combined  output  of  six  hours  similarly  selected 
from  any  other  three  consecutive  days  in  the  month. 
One-sixth  of  the  aggregate  number  of  kilowatt  hours 
consumed  by  the  railway  company  during  the  six  hours 
selected  is  considered  as  the  number  of  kilowatts  con- 
stituting the  railway's  maximum  demand.  If  the  rail- 
way's maximum  demand  exceeds  21,000  kilowatts 
during  the  first  year,  the  railway  is  to  pay  $1.25  per 
kilowatt  of  demand  for  each  month  for  all  in  excess  of 
the  amount  named. 

The  applications  of  electric  motors  on  central-sta- 
tion circuits  are  now  so  numerous  that  it  is  useless  to 
attempt  to  enumerate  them  all.  The  motors  find 
employment  in  every  industry  and  have  seriously 
modified  methods  in  some  classes  of  work.  A  notable 
instance  of  their  use  outside  of  manufacture  is  fur- 
nished by  the  electrically  operated  liigh-pressure  water 
systems  for  fire  protection  in  the  boroughs  of  Manhat- 
tan and  Brooklyn,  New  York,  for  which  the  city 
appropriated  over  $5,000,000  for  the  whole  work.     The 


pumps  are  operated  by  induction  motors,  the  aggre- 
gate rating  for  those  installed  in  the  four  stations  being 
15,000  horsepower.  Either  salt  or  fresh  water  can  be 
used,  although  up  to  the  present  time  only  the  latter 
has  been  admitted  to  the  mains.  The  systems  are  very 
extensive,  that  on  Manhattan  Island  comprising  about 
63  miles  of  mains  varying  in  diameter  from  12  to  24 
inches.  The  five  pumping  units  in  each  station  will 
deliver  5,000  gallons  per  minute  against  a  discharge  head 
of  300  pounds  per  square  inch  when  operating  at  750 
revolutions  per  minute,  with  a  suction  lift  not  exceed- 
ing 20  feet.  The  pumps  can  be  brought  from  stand- 
still up  to  full  speed  in  thirty  seconds;  and  the  company 
is  under  a  contract  penalty  of  $500  per  minute  if  it 
fails  in  three  minutes  after  an  alarm  is  given  to  furnish 
the  proper  and  adequate  motor  service.  The  readi- 
ness-to-serve charge  is  $24  per  year  per  kilowatt  of 
the  kilowatt  rating  of  the  motors  and  1^  cents  per 
kilowatt  hour  for  energy  actually  used. 

The  Brooklyn  Edison  Company  receives  $3,660  per 
month  for  its  readiness  to  serve  and  1^  cents  per  kilo- 
watt hour  for  current  used.  The  cost  of  the  two 
Brooklyn  stations  and  equipment  was  about  $300,000. 
The  interest  on  the  city  investment  and  cost  of  main- 
tenance will  approximate  $78,000  yearly,  while  the 
reduction  in  insurance  premiums  in  this  borough  is 
placed  at  $300,000  per  annum.  It  is  work  like  this 
that  gives  an  idea  of  the  loads  that  are  being  taken  up 
to-day  by  large  central-station  systems  throughout  the 
country ;  and  the  $500-per-minute  fine  does  not  appall 
them,  so  reliable  have  such  systems  become. 

A  special  example  of  the  development  of  motor 
service  from  central  stations  during  the  intercensal 
period  is  found  in  its  use  for  refrigerating,  where  the 
motor  drives  the  localized  cooling  apparatus  and  the 
use  of  ice  is  dispensed  with.  Several  plants  of  this 
kind  are  being  operated  in  Philadelphia,  ranging  in 
capacity  from  a  quarter  ton  of  ice,  driven  by  a  1-horse- 
power  motor,  up  to  35  tons,  driven  by  a  75-horsepower 
motor;  and  in  some  instances  there  are  several  units 
in  the  same  plant.  During  1907  the  connected  load 
of  this  character  oh  the  circuits  of  the  Philadelphia 
Electric  Company  increased  217  per  cent,  represented  by 
over  230  ice-tons  capacity  of  refrigerating  machinery. 
In  the  year  named  the  company  was  operating  refrig- 
eration machines  in  saloons,  grocery  stores,  residences, 
drug  stores,  dairies,  butcher  shops,  and  restaurants, 
and  it  has  since  added  to  this  list  the  establishments  of 
florists,  candy  makers,  ice-cream  makers,  fish  and 
game  dealers,  pork  packers,  hospitals,  bottlers,  and 
fruiterers,  and  the  equipment  for  cooling  drinking 
water  in  office  buildings.  The  yearly  bill  has  been 
found  to  vary  from  4.3  to  9.2  times  that  for  the  highest 
month  and  from  5.5  to  14.8  times  that  for  the  month 
of  June.  This  relation  is  modified  somewhat  by  the 
differences  in  temperature  of  the  different  localities. 
Electricity  is  also  employed  to  operate  brine  pumps 
and  deep-well  pumps,  and  the  auxiliary-motor  service 


TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


115 


of  this  kind  connected  in  1907  showed  an  increase  of 
284  per  cent. 

Early  in  1907  one  of  Pliiladelphia's  leading  firms  of 
florists  decided  to  adopt  mechanical  refrigeration. 
They  had  a  display  case  16.5  feet  long,  9  feet  high,  and 
42  inches  wide,  embracing  about  500  cubic  feet,  with 
three  shelves,  drawers  below,  and  an  ice  bunker  above. 
The  flower  jars  and  vases  held  probably  200  to  300 
pounds  of  water,  which  was  renewed  daily.  Four  16- 
candlepower  lamps,  placed  so  as  not  to  be  seen  by  the 
observer,  were  kept  burning  in  the  case  above  and  in 
front,  in  order  to  illuminate  the  display  properly. 
Openings  in  the  floor  of  the  main  case  permitted  the 
cold  air  to  circulate  down  to  and  arountl  the  smilax 
and  other  green  stuff  kept  in  the  drawers  below.  Both 
doors  and  drawers  were  opened  frequently,  averaging 
probably  four  times  per  hour  each.  Under  these  con- 
ditions it  was  found  necessary  to  use  500  to  700  poimds 
of  ice  each  day  to  maintain  a  temperature  of  44  or  45 
degrees.  The  annoyance  and  inconvenience  of  han- 
dling were  great,  and  the  ice  bill  for  one  year  was  $501 . 
A  1-ton  plant  driven  by  electric  motor  was  installed 
at  a  cost  of  $1,000,  and  the  first  year's  saving  direct 
was  $34. 

Refrigeration  suggests  ventilation  and  the  motor 
fan.  Central-station  companies  have  generally  ceased 
to  make  any  attempt  to  enumerate  the  fans  on  their 
ciiTuits,  though  in  some  cities  the  figures  are  kept.  In 
1908  the  companies  in  New  York  City  reported  that 
they  had  about  250,000  fans  on  their  circuits,  which 
furnished  an  appreciable  and  profitable  day  "load" 
during  the  summer  months.  The  Philadelphia  Elec- 
tric Company  estimated  the  number  on  its  circuits  at 
about  10,000,  and  a  summer  income  from  them  of 
more  than  $20,000.  St.  Louis  claimed  at  least  10,000 
on  central-station  circuits;  Providence,  5,000;  Buffalo, 
2,000;  and  Denver,  1,500. 

The  automobile  load  is  a  class  of  business  in  which, 
more  or  less  directly,  the  modern  central  station  sup- 
plies current  to  motors,  several  thousand  machines 
now  being  operated  by  charging  from  the  circuits.  A 
typical  example  of  what  can  be  done  is  found  in  Toledo, 
Ohio,  where  the  Railways  and  Light  Company  makes 
a  charge  of  3  cents  per  kilowatt  hour  to  all  public 
garages  and  repair  shops,  and  5  cents  to  private  indi- 
viduals, or  a  minimum  bill  of  $3  per  month  to  both 
classes.  The  result  is  that  in  Toledo  there  were  in 
1908  about  500  electric  automobiles,  and  9  public 
garages  and  85  private  ones  using  electricity.  The 
company  sold  mercury  arc  rectifier  sets  at  $230  for 
30  amperes,  including  installation,  and  made  a  reduc- 
tion of  $20  when  the  owner  installed  the  rectifier  him- 
self. The  rectifier  is  said  to  cause  an  average  reduc- 
tion of  about  40  per  cent  in  kilowatt  hours  consumed 
as  compared  with  charging  through  a  rheostat.  The 
income  to  the  company  was  about  $48  per  year  per 
vehicle  in  use  in  the  city.  One  of  the  garages  in  the 
city  could  charge  48  vehicles  at  once,  and  60  to  75 


were  charged  by  it  in  a  single  night.  Its  rates  were 
$22.50  per  month  for  charging,  keeping,  washing,  and 
delivering  an  electric  coup6.  Another  garage  had 
some  80  vehicles  on  its  regular  list.  It  charged  $20 
per  month  for  keeping  up  an  open  vehicle  and  $22.50 
for  a  closed  one. 

Electric  heating  and  cooJcing. — Great  advances  were 
made  during  the  inte recusal  period  1 902- 1 907  in  the  arts 
of  electric  heating  and  cooking,  although  the  present 
report  is  practically  without  data  of  a  statistical  char- 
acter in  regard  to  the  extent  to  which  the  various  de- 
vices for  these  purposes  have  found  a  place  on  central- 
station  circuits.  For  many  years  such  apparatus  was 
costly,  easily  deranged,  and  very  uneconomical  in  its 
consumption  of  current;  but  these  defects  have  been 
removed.  WTiile  electric  heating  and  cooking  can  not 
yet  compare  in  general  cheapness  with  older  methods, 
including  the  use  of  gas,  electricity  has  already  made 
a  place  for  itself  in  innumerable  special  instances  and 
over  a  wide  variety  of  industrial  and  domestic  work. 
Moreover,  the  high  efficiency  metallic-filament  incan- 
descent lamps,  by  their  smaller  consumption  of  cur- 
rent, have  put  central-station  managers  on  the  alert 
to  dispose  of  the  surplus  plant  and  electrical  energy 
thus  left  idle  on  their  hands.  As  a  result  there  has 
been  a  really  enormous  stimulation  of  activity  in  this 
newer  field.  The  progress  that  is  being  made  may 
best  be  ascertained  from  the  statements  of  some  of 
the  central-station  operators  who  have  studied  the 
novel  problems  involved.  One  great  advantage  of 
electrical  apparatus  of  this  class  is  that  it  can  be  used 
with  equal  success  on  either  direct  or  alternating  cur- 
rent. It  needs  only  to  be  fed  with  the  proper  amount 
of  curjent  from  the  supply  circuits,  without  any  par- 
ticular adjustments  except  those  for  protection  against 
fire  and  other  accidents. 

At  the  Ohio  Electric  Light  Convention,  hold  during 
the  summer  of  1907,  Mr.  M.  E.  Turner  gave  some  inter- 
esting data  about  the  use  of  electrical  apparatus  for 
cooking  in  Cleveland.  He  stated  that  it  was  not 
possible  to  obtain  complete  figures  from  all  users,  but 
the  following  reliable  data  were  collected  from  11 
homes  using  complete  cooking  outfits : 


ELECTRIC  COOKING. 


Total,    exclusively 
and  in  part 


Exclusively. 
Exclusively. 
Exclusively. 
Exclusively. 

In  part 

In  part 

In  part 

In  part 

In  part 

In  part 

In  part 


Total  exclusively. 
Total  in  part 


Number 
of  resi- 
dence. 


Full 
months 
of  use. 


Average 
number  of 

people 
cooked  for. 


62 


-Vverage 

kilowatt 

hours  used 

per  month. 


Average 

per 
month 

per 
person. 


20 


237 
85 
62 

171 
34 
47 
ti8 
4b 
34 

380 
71 

555 

654 


'34 

28 

«21 

24 

11 

9 
10 
10 

6 
45 

8 

28 
16 


'  Includes  laundry  ironing  and  water  beating. 
'  Includes  laundry  Ironing. 


116 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


These  figures  indicate  that  with  the  growth  of  this 
branch  of  the  business  an  increased  energy  consump- 
tion of  from  100  to  200  kilowatt  hours  per  residence 
per  month  may  be  expected.  In  Cleveland  a  two-rate 
method  is  used  for  billing  residences,  and  the  users  of 
electric  heating  generally  received  the  benefit  of  the 
secondary  or  lower  rate.  In  fact,  the  cooking  in  all 
the  11  residences  cited  was  done  at  a  5-cent  rate. 
The  expense  under  these  conditions  compares  favor- 
ably with  that  for  manufactured  gas,  and  the  fact  that 
over  1,100  electiical-heating  devices  were  sold  in 
Cleveland  by  the  local  illuminating  company  alone 
during  the  twelve  months  preceding  June,  1907,  illus- 
trates how  popular  electrical-energy  consuming  de- 
vices were  becoming  in  the  home.  These  sales  were 
made  through  newspaper  advertising  and  through  the 
efforts  of  one  salesman,  and  toward  the  close  of  the 
period  named  over  100  such  devices  a  month  were 
being  sold  without  any  direct  solicitation.  The  re- 
sults from  June,  1907,  down  to  the  date  of  writing  are 
equally  striking. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Northwestern  Electrical 
Association  in  Milwaukee  during  the  spring  of  1908, 
Mr.  E.  I.  Callahan  presented  the  advantages  of  an 
electric-heating  load,  and  suggested  some  methods  of 
securing  it.  He  knew  of  no  easier  way  by  which  com- 
panies could  secure  the  desired  result  of  getting  more 
revenue  with  existing  investment  than  by  pushing 
the  use  of  heating  devices.  Many  of  these  devices, 
he  claimed,  were  simple  enough  to  be  used  in  nearly 
every  room  in  the  house,  by  anyone,  and  could  be 
connected  to  the  usual  receptacles  provided.  The 
central  stations  could  usually  supply  75  per  cent  of 
the  load  demand  without  providing  increased  trans- 
former, meter,  or  plant  capacity.  He  suggested  that 
central  stations  not  operating  day  circuits  follow  the 
example  set  by  several  managers,  and  for  a  trial  start 
day  circuits  to  operate  all  day  on  Tuesday,  ironing 
day.  Small  motor  loads  would  then  spring  up  and 
the  plants  would  soon  be  forced  to  operate  every  day 
in  the  week.  As  to  soliciting  business,  he  suggested 
that  personal  soUcitation,  although  the  most  expensive 
advertising,  was  by  far  the  most  productive.  He 
gave  the  results  of  cooking  by  electricity  in  his  own 
home,  in  which  for  a  period  of  a  year  the  watt  hours 
per  person  per  meal  averaged  264,  with  a  maximum 
demand  of  about  2.8  kilowatts.  Mr.  J.  R.  Cravath, 
from  his  own  experience,  confirmed  these  figures,  and 
stated  that  his  maximum  demand  was  about  3  kilo- 
watts, inclusive  of  ironing.  Mr.  Korst,  of  Janesville, 
Wis.,  stated  that  about  half  of  the  residence  cus- 
tomers of  his  company  had  flatirons,  and  that  a  very 
good  revenue  was  derived  from  this  source,  especially 
during  the  summer  months.  He  found,  however,  that 
when  the  bills  crept  up  in  the  winter  time,  customers 
were  apt  to  use  their  old  irons  heated  on  the  coal 
ranges.  In  the  summer  many  customers'  bills,  ex- 
clusive of  the  ironing,  would  fall  below  the  $1  minimum 


per  month.  The  use  of  the  electric  flatiron  would 
bring  the  bills  a  little  above  $1,  which  would  give  the 
company  more  revenue,  and  better  satisfj"^  the  cus- 
tomer because  he  thereby  avoided  paying  for  some- 
thing he  did  not  get.  The  fiatiron  also  induced  persons 
who  were  not  previously  customers  to  have  their 
houses  wired.  Mr.  II.  N.  Kimball,  of  Kenosha,  Wis., 
said  he  had  at  first  attempted  to  introduce  flatirons  by 
having  a  demonstrator  in  the  office,  but  that  he  did 
not  get  much  business  that  way.  The  demonstrator 
was  then  sent  out  to  canvass  the  residences,  and  the 
results  were  very  much  better.  Fully  75  per  cent  of 
the  irons  sent  out  on  trial  were  kept  and  not  returned 
to  the  office. 

At  its  Grand  Rapids  convention  in  September,  1908, 
the  Michigan  Electric  Association  received  the  report 
of  a  special  committee  which  had  canvassed  the  cen- 
tral stations  of  the  state  as  to  the  results  obtained 
with  electric  heating  and  cooking.  In  general,  the 
data  as  to  progress  were  similar  to  those  given  above. 
Next  to  the  fiatiron  in  popularity  and  as  income 
earners  were  the  toasters,  water  heaters,  and  luminous 
radiators.  Most  stations  reported  the  toasters  and 
luminous  radiators  as  equal  in  popularity,  some 
of  them  having  as  many  as  150  of  each  on  their 
fines.  The  sale  of  chafing  dishes,  percolators,  heat- 
ing pads,  and  other  devices  seemed  to  be  limited, 
either  by  reason  of  their  first  cost  or  infrequency 
of  use. 

Another  field  of  operations  reported  on  by  the  com- 
mittee named  was  that  of  the  commercial  heating  of 
such  appliances  as  gluepots,  solder  pots,  soldering  irons, 
and  branding  irons.  Perhaps  the  greatest  drawbacks 
to  the  introduction  of  electrical  devices  for  the  work 
indicated  have  been  the  high  initial  cost  and  the 
frequent  burn-outs.  Very  few  of  the  stations  reported 
any  great  advances  in  the  introduction  of  cooking 
outfits.  For  this  the  initial  cost  of  the  outfits  and 
devices  seemed  to  be  mainly  responsible,  since  even 
with  such  a  rate  inducement  as  2.5  cents  per  kilowatt 
hour,  as  established  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  no  great 
amount  of  business  was  reported  in  this  fine.  Other 
drawbacks  to  the  electric-cooking  outfit  were  its 
limited  reserve  capacity  for  the  average  family,  and 
the  inability  of  any  yet  known  devices  to  heat  enough 
water  for  the  average  household  at  anywhere  near  a 
reasonable  price.  The  committee  thought  that  before 
the  electric-cooking  outfit  could  be  a  success  it  would 
be  necessary  to  furnish  to  the  pubhc  devices  that 
were  not  only  fireproof,  but  more  efficient,  longer 
lived,  and  of  lower  initial  cost.  Tests  had  shown  con- 
siderable saving  by  the  use  of  the  tireless  cooker  in 
connection  with  electric  outfits,  and  many  of  the 
stations  were  already  introducing  and  recommending 
them.  Indeed  the  whole  art  was  declared  to  be  in  a 
state  of  such  rapid  transition  and  improvement  that 
criticisms  valid  at  one  time  soon  become  of  little 
weight. 


*■.    •    * 


'  .*  "     « 


TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


117 


Electric  meters. — According  to  the  data  given  in 
Chapter  IV  on  line  equipment,  there  were  1,683,917 
meters  on  central-station  consumption  circuits  in  1907 
as  compared  with  582,689  in  1902,  the  gain  being  not 
less  than  189  per  cent.  If  meters  on  electric-railway 
lighting  systems  are  included,  the  number  in  1907  was 
1,897,803,  representing  a  gain  for  the  intercensal 
period  of  196.9  per  cent.  Such  figures  furnish  a  clear 
indication  of  the  rapidity  with  which  the  old  practice 
of  selling  electricity  on  a  flat-rate  basis  is  being  aban- 
doned. It  is  true  that  a  great  deal  of  electricity  is  still 
sold  by  rough  estimate,  at  an  arbitrary  price  per  lamp 
per  year,  or  per  horsepower  of  motor,  and  it  is  also 
true  that  modified  flat-rate  systems  of  payment  have 
enjoyed  some  degree  of  favor;  nevertheless,  it  is  prob- 
able that  no  progressive  central  station  of  any  size 
can  be  found  that  does  not  employ  customers'  meters, 
and  the  customers  themselves,  as  a  general  rule,  prefer 
to  buy  current  that  is  measured.  To  show  the 
importance  attached  to  the  subject,  it  may  be  men- 
tioned that  the  report  of  the  meter  committee  of  the 
National  Electric  Light  Association,  presented  in  1909, 
was  a  document'  of  over  300  pages;  and  to  that 
exhaustive  report  special  students  of  the  subject  are 
referred.  The  report  was  based  on  information 
received  from  the  member  companies,  and  included 
descriptive  data  concerning  meters  in  general  use  on 
central-station  consumption  circuits.  ' 

The  statistics  in  Chapter  IV  do  not  distinguish 
between  types  of  meters  or  attempt  to  give  their 
capacity.  The  answers  given  by  the  companies 
showed  that  some  of  them  are  still  using  the  older 
commutator  type  of  watt-hour  meter,  as  well  as  the 
induction  type  of  ampere-hour  meter  on  alternating 
circuits.  It  was  formerly  considered  that  the  commu- 
tator type  of  watt-hour  meter  was  equally  suitable  for 
both  direct  and  alternating  current  circuits ;  and ,  indeed, 
when  the  meter  was  properly  "compensated,"  it  did 
register  with  equal  accuracy,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  on 
both  kinds  of  service.  At  the  present  time  the  commu- 
tator type  of  meter  is  considered  as  a  direct-current 
meter,  while  the  induction  watt-hour  meter  is  regarded 
as  preferable  for  alternating-current  consumption  cir- 
cuits. It  was  found  that  while  the  ratio  of  meter 
capacity  to  connected  load  varied  among  the  member 
companies,  yet,  considered  as  a  whole,  it  was  not  far 
from  1  to  1 — that  is,  1  kilowatt  of  meter  capacity  is 
installed  for  each  kilowatt  capacity  of  connected  load. 
It  is  but  seldom  that  the  peak  load  exceeds  30  to  60 
per  cent  of  the  connected  load  and  the  generators 
seldom  exceed  70  per  cent  of  the  connected  load.  It 
would  appear  from  the  following  table  that,  on  the 
average,  the  smaller  companies  had  installed  about 
1.4  kilowatts  of  meter  capacity  for  each  kilowatt  of 
generator  capacity : 

'  Proceedings,  National  Electric  Light  Association,  1909,  Vol.  I, 
p.  257. 


Number 
of  meters. 

METERS  INSTALLED. 

KIND  OF  SERVICE. 

Average 
cost  per 
meter. 

Average 
capacity 
per  meter 
in  kilo- 
watts. 

Average 
cost  per 
kilowatt 
of  meter 
capacity. 

flOO 
3,000 
10,000 

til.  75 
13.35 
14.20 

0.91 
1.1)9 
3.C6 
3.4U 

$12.91 

7.90 

4.(i3 

General 

20,000 

13.00 

3.93 

Assuming  the  cost  of  generators  for  smaller  plants 
to  average  $12  per  kilowatt  and  the  cost  of  meters  $8 
per  kilowatt,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  cost  of  meters  is 
not  far  below  the  cost  of  generators. 

As  an  evidence  of  the  effect  of  improved  meter 
practice  upon  the  average  accuracy  of  meters,  and  the 
consequent  influence  on  the  revenue,  the  following 
table,  received  from  a  member  company,  was  pre- 
sented in  the  report  referred  to  above.  This  company^ 
supplying  both  alternating  and  direct  current,  replaced 
in  all  direct-current  meters  the  stationary  shunts  with 
adjustable  shunts,  equipped  all  direct-current  meters 
with  diamond  jewels,  replaced  all  commutator  meters 
on  alternating-current  circuits  with  induction  meters, 
substituted  modern  meters  for  many  of  the  older  type, 
and  improved  its  system  of  testing,  with  the  following 
results: 


VE.\R. 

Meters  in 
service  De- 
cemljer  31. 

Tenth  load 
accuracy, 
percent. 

neavy  load 
accuracy, 
per  cent. 

Number 

of  meters 

tested. 

Per  cent 

of  meters 

tested. 

1902     

3,400 
4,165 
4,952 
5,861 
6,964 
8,060 
9,276 

84.4 
81.5 
84.2 
87.9 
90.3 
92.2 
94.1 

92.0 
94.0 
95.1 
96.1 
97.1 
97.5 
98.1 

1,868 
2,980 
3,556 
4,044 
4,086 
6,942 
10,558 

53.5 

1003                        

71.5 

71.8 

1905                       

6!)  0 

58.0 

1907                      

86.1 

1908 

113.8 

As  indicative  of  the  condition  of  meters  not  tested 
for  from  two  to  five  years,  the  following  table,  showing 
the  results  of  testing  the  192  meters  of  a  small  com- 
pany was  also  presented: 


Total. 


,\bove  20  fast 

Between  10  and  20  fast 

Between  4  and  10  fast 

Between  2  and  4  fast 

Between  2  slow  and  2  fast. 

Between  2  and  4  slow 

Between  4  and  10  slow 

Between  10  and  20  slow. . . 

Over  20  slow 

Not  recording 


LIGHT  LOAD. 


Number 
ofmeters. 


192 


Percent. 


100.0 


0.5 
1.6 
2.1 

12.5 
6.7 

18.7 

22.9 
9.4 

25.6 


FULL  LOAD. 


Numlier 
ofmeters. 


192 


Per  cent. 


100.0 


1.0 
1.6 

4.2 
3.1 
28.3 
23.3 
19.8 
6.2 
2.6 
9.9 


It  is  evident  from  the  above  tables  that  the  financial 
success  of  a  company  may  be  vitally  dependent  upon 
the  testing  of  its  meters,  and  it  is  obvious  that  the 
consumer  has  an  equally  large  interest  in  securing  the 
highest  possible  accuracy  in  the  apparatus  upon  which 
alone  the  cost  of  service  to  him  depends. 


118 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


In  Massachusetts  a  customer  of  an  electric-light 
company  or  the  company  itself  may  apply  to  the 
Board  of  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Commissioners  for  an 
examination  and  test  of  any  meter  in  use,  the  board 
furnishing  the  applicant  with  a  certificate  of  the  result 
of  the  test  and  the  expense  attached  thereto.  If  the 
meter  is  inaccurate,  the  board  may  order  the  company 
to  repair  it  or  substitute  an  accurate  one.  All  fees 
for  examinations  and  tests  are  paid  by  the  applicant, 
but  if  the  examination  is  made  at  the  request  of  the 
customer  and  the  meter  is  found  to  register  too  fast, 
the  electric-light  company  is  responsible  for  the  fees. 
The  meter  is  deemed  to  be  correct  if  it  does  not  vary 
more  than  5  per  cent  from  the  standard  approved  by 
the  board.  The  inspector  employed  by  the  board 
receives  a  salary,  together  with  necessary  traveling 
and  other  expenses.  The  aggregate  amount,  however, 
must  not  exceed  $3,000  in  any  year.  Should  the 
amount  of  compensation  and  expense  exceed  the 
amount  of  fees  received,  the  excess  is  assessed  upon 
and  recovered  from  the  electric-light  companies.  The 
board  establishes  rules  and  regulations,  fixes  stand- 
ards, prescribes  fees,  and  employs  such  means  and 
methods  for  making  examinations  and  tests  of  meters 
as  in  its  judgment  are  most  practicable,  expedient,  and 
economical.  The  fees  charged  for  testing  of  various- 
sized  meters  in  1907-8  in  New  York,  Massachusetts, 
and  Canada  are  given  in  the  accompanying  table. 


METER  BATIKG. 


3  amperes 

5  amperes 

10  amperes... 
15  amperes... 
25  amperes... 
50  amperes . . . 
75  amperes... 
100  amperes . . 
150  amperes.. 
200an!i)eres.. 
300  amperes . . 
45<)  amperes.. 
600ami)eres.. 
1,200  amperes 


KATES  FOB  TESTtNG  WATT-HOUB  METEBS. 


New  York. 


SI.  00 
1.00 
1.50 
2.00 
2.50 
3.00 
4.50 
5.50 
8.00 
10.50 
15.50 
23.00 
30.50 
60.50 


Massachu- 
setts. 


$1.50 
1.50 
1.50 
2.00 
2.50 
3.00 
3.50 
3.50 
4.00 
4.50 
4.50 
5.00 
5.00 


Canada. 


Lamps. 


$0.75 

0.75 

1.25 

1.75 

2.75 

3.50 

5.00 

B.50 

9.00 

11.50 

16.50 

24.00 

31.50 

61.50 


Meters. 


$3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
6.00 
6.00 
9.00 
12.00 
18.00 
27.00 
32.00 
72.00 


It  will  not  be  out  of  place  here  to  note  that  by  the 
provisions  of  the  Canadian  law  a  meter  must  be  tested 
and  stamped  every  five  j-ears.  The  meters  to  be  tested 
are  brought  to  the  government  inspection  office,  or  in 
small  towns  and  villages  the  test  is  conducted  on  the 
premises  of  the  electric-light  company.  When  a  cus- 
tomer wants  his  meter  tested,  he  notifies  the  electric- 
light  company  and  requests  it  to  send  a  qualified  per- 
son to  detach  the  meter  from  the  mains  so  that  it  may 
be  taken  to  the  inspector's  office.  The  inspector  files 
with  either  the  electric-light  company  or  the  customer, 
on  pajmient  of  the  proper  fee,  a  certificate  stating  the 
result  of  the  inspection,  with  such  particulars  as  he 
may  deem  right  to  insert  for  the  information  and 
guidance  of  the  persons  concerned.  Electrolytic  me- 
ters in  use  may  be  continued  unless  objected  to  by  the 


purchaser,  but  all  renewals  of  meters  must  be  made 
by  the  substitution  of  direct-reading  types.  No  meter 
is  passed  which,  when  working  at  its  full  rating,  varies 
more  than  3  per  cent  from  the  legal  standard  unit  of 
electricity,  in  favor  of  either  the  electric-light  company 
or  the  consumer.  Whenever  a  reading  of  a  meter  is 
taken  by  the  electric-light  company,  the  company 
must  give  a  duplicate  of  such  reading  to  the  consumer. 
In  every  case  the  owner  must  keep  the  meter  in  good 
repair  and  is  responsible  for  the  due  inspection  thereof. 

Legishitjon  in  this  general  direction  has  been  made 
effective  in  the  control  over  meters  given  to  such 
new  "public-service  commissions"  as  those  in  Wis- 
consin and  New  York,  and  .steps  have  been  taken  by 
these  commissions  for  the  full  examination  of  all 
meters  and  meter  complaints.  A  report  made  public 
in  1909  by  the  New  York  commission  of  the  first  dis- 
trict of  tests  conducted  in  New  York  City  showed  a 
remarkably  satisfactory  state  of  affairs  as  to  the 
general  accuracy  of  meters  in  the  district.  Under 
the  public-service  laws  of  New  York  an  electric  meter 
is  allowed  a  variation  of  4  per  cent  either  wa}-,  while 
a  gas  meter  is  allowed  only  2  per  cent. 

The  latest  rules  of  the  public-service  commission 
for  the  city  of  New  York  relative  to  testing  electric 
meters  are  embodied  in  printed"  forms.  Forms  are 
included  for  reports  on  complaint,  periodic,  and  office 
tests  of  meters.  The  complaint  test  is  defined  as  a 
test  made  by  an  electrical  corporation,  upon  the  prem- 
ises where  the  meter  is  installed,  as  the  result  of  a 
complaint  of  the  customer.  A  periodic  meter  test  is  a 
test  made  by  an  electrical  corporation  in  the  regular 
course  of  its  business,  upon  the  premises  where  the 
meter  is  installed,  but  not  at  the  time  of  installation, 
which  test  is  not  made  as  the  result  of  a  complaint 
from  the  consumer  nor  by  special  direction  of  the  cor- 
poration or  one  of  its  officers  or  employees.  An  office 
meter  test  is  a  test  made  by  an  electrical  corporation, 
upon  the  premises  where  the  meter  is  installed,  by 
special  direction  of  the/  corporation  itself  or  of  an 
officer  or  employee. 

The  rules  require  that  every  electrical  corporation 
operating  within  the  first  district  shall  file  with  the 
public-service  commission  a  monthly  report,  in  the 
form  prescribed,  stating  the  results  of  all  tests  of  elec- 
tric meters  tested  for  accuracy  during  the  month. 
Such  reports  must  be  made  for  each  calendar  month 
and  be  filed  not  later  than  the  15th  day  of  the  follow- 
ing month. 

All  tests  are  required  to  be  made  with  the  meter  in 
its  permanent  position  on  the  consumer's  premises, 
and  under  actual  operating  conditions  as  regards  volt- 
age, frequenc}',  temperature,  stray  fields,  and  vibra- 
tion. Where  shunts,  series  transformers,  or  shunt 
transformers  are  used  in  connection  with  a  meter,  the 
meter  must  be  tested  from  the  line  side  of  such  appa- 
ratus when  the  voltage  does  not  exceed  600.  In  peri- 
odic tests,  where  the  line  voltage  exceeds  600  volts, 
the  meter  may  be  testcil  as  a  self-contained  meter, 


TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


119 


and  the  ratio  certificates  of  the  transformers  may  be 
used  in  calciUating  the  true  line  watts,  provided  the 
certificates  are  dated  within  the  five  years  preceding 
the  time  the  meter  is  tested.  In  complaint  and  office 
tests  the  commission  will  accept  the  ratio  certificates 
of  the  transformers,  provided  they  are  dated  within 
the  year  preceding  the  time  the  meter  is  tested.  When 
rotating  standard  meters  are  used  the  coimections 
must  be  so  arranged  as  to  give  the  meter  tester  full 
control  of  the  starting  and  stopping  of  the  standard 
aaid  at  the  same  time  allow  him  to  count  the  revolu- 
tions of  the  meter  under  test. 

Each  meter  must  be  tested  independently,  and  no 
meter  can  be  tested  while  connected  in  series  with  one 
or  more  other  meters  unless  the  potential  circuit  of 
each  meter  is  so  arranged  as  not  to  be  fed  through  the 
field  of  any  meter  under  test  or  rotating  standard. 
All  indicating  and  integrating  instruments  used  as 
standard  instruments  in  testing  meters  must  be 
equipped  with  scales  properly  proportioned  to  the 
loads  measured. 

All  meters  must  be  adjusted  so  as  to  register  with 
an  error  of  not  more  than  1  per  cent  at  light  load  and 
at  full  load,  and  both  of  these  adjustments  must  be 
maintained  in  this  condition  as  nearly  as  possible. 
All  meters,  whenever  possible,  are  to  be  tested  at  three 
loads:  One-tenth  of  the  full  rated  capacity  of  the 
meter,  normal  load,  and  full  rated  capacity  of  the 
meter.  The  average  of  these  tests  obtained  by  mul- 
tiplying the  result  of  the  test  at  normal  load  by  three, 
adding  the  result  of  the  tests  at  one-tenth  capacity 
and  full  capacity,  and  dividing  the  total  by  five  is 
deemed  the  condition  of  the  meter,  and  such  final 
average  must  be  reported  to  the  commission  on  the 
form  prescribed  by  it.  In  an  installation  where  it  is 
impossible  to  obtain  a  load  of  10  per  cent  of  the  rated 
capacity,  or  of  100  per  cent  of  the  rated  capacity  of 
the  meter,  tests  are  to  be  made  at  the  nearest  obtain- 
able loads  to  10  per  cent  and  1 00  per  cent,  respectively, 
of  the  rated  capacity  of  the  meter,  and  the  values  are 
to  be  given  in  the  ratios. 

The  following  classification,  in  percentage  of  instal- 
lation, is  used  in  determining  normal  test  load : 

A.  Residence  and  apartment  lighting 25  per  cent 

B.  Elevator  service 40  per  cent 

C.  Factories  (individual  drive),  churches,  and  offices.  45  per  cent 

D.  Factories  (shaft  drive),  theaters,  clubs,  entrances, 

hallways,  and  general  store  lighting 60  per  cent 

E.  Saloons,  restaurants,  pumps,  air  compressors,  ice 

machines,  and  moving-picture  theaters 70  per  cent 

F.  Sign  and  window  lighting  and  blowers 100  per  cent 

When  a  meter  is  found  to  be  connected  to  an  instal- 
lation consisting  of  two  or  more  of  the  above  classes  of 
loads,  the  normal  load  used  must  be  obtained  by  tak- 
ing the  average  of  the  percentages  for  the  classes  so 
connected.  Three  tests  are  made  at  each  load  at 
which  the  meter  is  tested,  but  should  any  two  fail  to 
agree  by  1  per  cent,  additional  tests  must  be  made 


until  three  results  are  obtained  which  do  not  vary  one 
from  another  more  than  1  per  cent. 

At  Hartford,  Conn.,  an  interesting  variation  in 
meter  practice  has  been  worked  out  by  the  Hartford 
Electric  Light  Company,  in  connection  with  the  intro- 
duction of  the  tungsten  lamp  in  smaller  sizes,  designed 
for  operation  at  30  and  60  volts.  Tests  have  shown 
that  these  low-voltage,  extra  high-efficiency  lamps  can 
be  counted  on  for  a  life  of  at  least  two  thousand  hours. 
The  filaments  are  tough  and  thick  and  will  stand  rough 
handling  admirably.  During  the  past  two  years  sev- 
eral installations  of  these  lamj)s  have  been  made  in 
residence  service,  and  as  a  result  the  company  is  satis- 
fied that  it  is  advantageous  to  introduce  tiaem  gen- 
erally on  its  circuits.  In  order  to  handle  the  situation 
profitably,  hov/ever,  the  company  has  worked  out  a 
plan  of  charging  the  customer  for  light  used  rather 
than  billing  on  the  usual  basis  of  a  price  per  kilowatt 
hour. 

The  plan  consists  in  the  substitution  of  a  meter  dial 
reading  candlepower  hours  for  the  ordinary  watt-hour 
dial  of  the  ordinary  induction  meter  and  in  charging 
the  customer  a  rate  of  0.02.5  cent  per  candlepower 
hour  of  service  supplied.  The  customer  pays  the 
initial  cost  of  installing  the  lamps,  which  is  20  cents 
apiece  for  either  the  10,  20,  or  30  candlepower,  30  or  60 
volt  lamps.  Free  renewals  are  given  on  all  these 
lamps.  The  company  installs  an  "economy  coil,"  or 
compensator,  in  each  residence  to  reduce  the  potential 
from  that  of  the  mains  to  30  or  60  volts,  as  the  case 
may  be.  This  compensator  has  the  advantage  of  ab- 
sorbing the  effect  of  voltage  fluctuations  on  the  liigh- 
tension  lines  back  of  the  subway  transformers  from 
which  secondary  groups  of  loads  are  fed,  and  it  is  pro- 
vided with  multi-voltage  taps  for  convenience.  Mr. 
Dunham,  president  of  the  company,  states: 

The  whole  system  of  meter  measurement  has  gradually  adjusted 
itself  to  a  certain  ratio  between  watts,  or  the  power  used  in  creating 
light,  and  the  other  costs  entering  into  the  production  of  the  candle- 
power.  This  has  been  particularly  the  case  with  house  lighting. 
The  general  average  price  of  house  lighting  in  the  larger  cities  and 
in  the  older  stations  has  become  about  10  cents  per  kilowatt  hour — 
that  is,  the  whole  cost  of  light  is  placed  upon  the  kilowatt  measure- 
ment, whereas  more  than  one-half  the  cost  consists  of  distribution 
management  and  "overhead"  expenses.  This  is  clearly  shown  by 
the  fact  that  the  same  meter  measurement  of  watts  has  an  altogether 
different  price  when  it  is  used  simply  as  power.  The  price  of  power 
in  the  more  modem  stations  and  in  the  larger  cities  ranges  from  2  to 
6  cents  per  kilowatt  hour,  while  the  cost  of  light  ranges  from  4  to  12 
cents,  or  about  double  the  price  of  power,  which  would  not  be  the 
fact  if  the  customer  paid  for  the  same  thing  in  both  instances.  For 
the  power  used  the  customer  pays  for  the  actual  kilowatts,  but  for 
the  light  delivered  the  customer  pays  for  the  actual  kilowatts  used 
plus  the  various  other  expenses  which  have  been  attached  by  cus- 
tom and  necessity.  This  has  placed  all  the  stations  in  a  peculiar 
relation  to  the  old-fashioned  watt-hour  meters  in  regard  to  the  new 
lamps,  and  they  find  themselves  reduced  in  income,  if  they  use  the 
new  lamps,  to  one-half  of  their  old  revenue.  This  can  not  be 
avoided  except  by  changing  the  measuring  instrument  or  by  raising 
the  price  of  the  kilowatt  hours  used  to  double  that  charged  for  the 
old  lamps,  because  the  watt-hour  meter  measures  a  little  less  than 
half  the  actual  cost  of  the  candlepower. 


120 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Regulation  and  rates. — Various  references  have  al- 
ready been  made  in  this  chapter  to  the  subjects  of 
rates  and  regulation.  It  is  well  understood  that  in 
their  dealings  with  the  communities  served,  central- 
station  companies  have  always  been  governed  by  the 
local-franchise  ordinances  imder  which  they  operated. 
But  these  franchises  have  dealt  more  with  questions  of 
public-street  lighting  than  with  such  a  feature  as  serv- 
ice to  the  private  consumer;  and  it  is  in  the  latter  re- 
spect that  most  change  is  noticeable  of  recent  years. 
The  change  has  been  carried  furthest  in  those  states 
where  public-service  commissions  exist,  whose  author- 
ity and  control  over  public-utility  corporations  have 
been  generously  amplified  by  the  respective  legislative 
bodies  delegating  such  powers.  These  states  are  not- 
ably Massachusetts,  Wisconsin,  and  New  York,  but  it 
is  significant  that,  as  a  matter  of  record,  in  almost 
every  instance  where  the  commissions  have  been  ap- 
pealed to,  the  actions  or  methods  of  the  corporations 
have  been  sustained;  or  if  modified,  the  underlying 
principle  has  been  adhered  to  as  based  on  reason  and 
equity. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  recent  cases  is  that  in 
which  the  Wisconsin  commission  dealt  with  the  ap- 
plication of  the  La  Crosse  Gas  and  Electric  Company 
for  the  power  to  charge  higher  rates  for  electrical  en- 
ergy than  had  prevailed.  The  testimony  and  facts 
presented  by  the  petitioner  related  mostly  to  the  his- 
tory of  electric  lighting  in  La  Crosse,  to  the  rates 
which  the  company  was  asking  permission  to  establish, 
and  to  the  various  systems  of  fixed  rates  that  were  al- 
ready in  use.  From  the  facts  relating  to  the  value  of 
the  plant  and  to  its  earnings  and  operating  expenses, 
the  commission  said  it  was  quite  clear  that  the  plant 
had  not  been  a  success  as  a  producer  of  net  earnings. 
This  was  especially  true  when  some  allowance  was 
made  for  depreciation  at  3  per  cent.  During  the  pre- 
ceding two  years  the  net  earnings  were  not  enough  to 
pay  any  interest  upon  the  investment  nor  even  to 
meet  ordinary  depreciation  charges,  and  so  long  as  the 
rates  charged  for  energy  remained  so  low  there  was  but 
little  hope  that  the  net  earnings  would  increase.  The 
decision  included  a  discussion  of  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant features  of  the  problem — the  cost  to  the  com- 
pany of  serving  each  class  of  customers.  It  is  not 
necessary  to  cite  here  the  rates  fixed,  but  the  language 
of  the  decision  is  as  follows : 

It  further  appears  that  the  proposed  rates  are  somewhat  lower 
than  those  charged  in  other  cities,  both  inside  and  outside  of  this 
state.  The  comparisons  we  have  made  upon  this  point  are  quite 
extensive.  They  embrace  at  least  20  cities  in  Wisconsin  and  fully 
as  many  in  other  states.  These  facts  are  of  considerable  importance, 
not  only  to  the  petitioner  but  the  people  who  are  served  by  this 
company.  The  petitioner  has  duties  as  well  as  rights  in  this  matter. 
While  it  is  entitled  to  reasonable  rates  for  service  it  renders,  it  has 
not  the  right  to  exact  more  than  this.  It  must  also  see  to  it  that  the 
services  it  renders  are  adequate  and  that  they  meet  all  reasonable 
requirements  in  this  respect.  It  is  as  important  that  the  interests 
of  the  public  it  serves  should  be  as  fully  protected  as  those  of  its 
own.     The  best  rates  are  those  that  are  based  upon  the  cost.     Each 


customer  should,  under  ordinary  conditions,  contribute  his  just 
proportion  of  all  the  expenses,  as  well  as  of  the  interest  upon  the 
investment.  From  the  foregoing  examination  of  the  facts  involved 
in  this  case  it  appears  to  us  that  the  rates  submitted  by  the  peti- 
tioner fairly  meet  the  situation,  and  that  they  are  just  and  reason- 
able. It  has  been  determined,  therefore,  that  these  rates  shall  be 
put  into  effect,  subject,  however,  to  such  revision  as  may  be  found 
necessary  when  the  plants  in  question  have  been  appraised,  or  for 
other  reasons. 

At  Minneapolis  the  city  officials  held  that  the  rates 
of  the  Minneapolis  General  Electric  Company  were  too 
high,  and  that  the  same  rate  per  kilowatt  hour,  except 
for  quantity  discounts,  should  be  made  for  all  con- 
sumers without  regard  to  conditions  of  load.  The 
company  had  put  in  force  a  system  of  rates  under 
which  customers  having  the  best  load-factors — that 
is,  those  using  current  the  largest  number  of  hours 
per  day — were  given  much  the  lowest  rates.  It 
appears  from  the  reports  of  the  early  stages  of  the 
Minneapolis  controversy  that  the  city  officials  were 
chiefly  concerned  with  lowering  the  maximum  rates 
charged  by  the  company  for  short-hour  business. 
Several  expert  investigations  were  made  into  the  com- 
pany's affairs,  with  the  result  that  the  correctness  of 
the  company's  theory  of  readiness-to-serve  charges  in 
connection  with  electric  light  and  power  business  was 
upheld.  The  experts  all  agreed  that  the  rates  given 
to  any  individual  customer  should  be  dependent  upon 
the  fixed  charges  on  the  investment  necessary  to 
serve  him,  plus  his  share  of  the  operating  expenses 
necessary  to  serve  customers  in  his  class,  rather  than 
on  the  average  expense  of  serving  all  classes  of  cus- 
tomers. However,  as  a  concession  to  the  smaller 
customers,  it  seems  to  have  been  generally  agreed, 
both  by  the  company  and  by  the  experts,  that  the 
maximum  rates  should  be  a  little  lower  than  those  to 
which  the  smaller  short-hour  customers  would  be 
strictly  and  scientifically  entitled.  This  reduction 
from  the  maximum  rates  to  small  short-hour  customers 
was  advocated  only  on  the  ground  that  the  many 
small  consumers,  by  the  consent  of  whom  the  com- 
pany had  the  use  of  the  streets  and  public  alleys  for 
the  distribution  of  its  current,  were  entitled  to  receive 
compensation  in  this  way  for  the  franchise,  and  that 
larger  consumers  were  not  entitled  to  receive  such 
compensation  in  the  same  proportion. 

The  Minneapolis  General  Electric  Company  and  the 
committee  of  the  city  council  came  to  an  agreement 
on  electric  light  and  power  rates  as  a  groundwork  for 
an  ordinance  giving  the  company  a  thirty-year  fran- 
cliise  and  fixing  the  rates  for  electric  light  and  power 
for  the  first  year  of  the  franchise.  The  city  council 
originally  passed  an  ordinance  requiring  a  uniform 
rate  of  8  cents  per  kilowatt  hour,  with  discounts 
purely  according  to  quantity.  The  company  refused 
to  recognize  this  ordinance,  on  the  ground  that  it  was 
imjust,  inequitable,  and  confiscatory.  The  point  of 
interest  in  the  controversy  is  that  a  company  was 
able  to  convince  a  council  committee  and  citizens  of 


TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


121 


the  fairness  of  a  rate  based  on  load-factor,  and  of  the 
unfairness  of  a  uniform  rate  per  kilowatt  hour  for  all 
classes  of  business. 

The  residence-lighting  rate  which  was  agreed  upon 
is  9  cents  per  kilowatt  hour  for  the  first  fifty-two 
hours'  use  per  month  of  40  per  cent  of  the  connected 
load,  and  6.66  cents  for  all  over  that.  Commercial 
lighting  is  at  the  same  rate,  except  that  the  maximum 
demand  as  measured  by  maximum-demand  meters  is 
substituted  for  40  per  cent  of  the  connected  load. 
Maximum  bills  are  100  per  cent  of  the  connected  load. 
Minimum  bills  are  $1  per  month  per  lighting  customer. 
Retail  motor  service  pays  7.5  cents  per  kilowatt  hour  for 
the  first  fifty-two  hours  per  month  of  the  customer's 
maximum  demand,  and  2.5  cents  for  all  over  that. 
The  minimum  bill  is  $1  per  month  per  horsepower 
connected.  The  chief  differences  between  these  rates 
and  the  old  rates  of  the  company  are  that  the  maxi- 
mum rate  has  been  reduced  on  lighting  from  12.6 
cents  for  iifty-two  hours'  use  of  60  per  cent  of  the 
connected  lamps  to  9  cents  for  40  per  cent,  and  the 
minimum  bill  on  motors  reduced  from  $2  to  $1  per 
horsepower.  Free  incandescent-lamp  renewals  and 
free  arc-lamp  maintenance  have  been  abolished  under 
the  new  rates.  Quantity  discounts  from  5  to  25  per 
cent  are  to  be  allowed  on  accounts  of  from  ?50  to  S250 
per  month. 

Professor  Cooley,  one  of  the  experts  employed  in 
the  investigations,  pointed  out  that  light  and  power 
furnished  under  a  limited-term  franchise  ought  to 
cost  the  consumer  more  than  that  furnished  under  a 
perpetual  franchise,  because  the  company  must  figure 
upon  paying  off  its  bondholders  and  stockholders 
completely  at  the  end  of  the  limited-franchise  period. 
A  company  could  certainly  float  4  per  cent  bonds  on 
a  perpetual  franchise  where  with  a  limited  franchise 
it  would  pay  5  per  cent. 

Rates  were  changed  in  one  or  two  of  the  leading 
cities  during  1907.  The  ordinance  fixing  the  maxi- 
mum rates  to  be  charged  by  the  Commonwealth 
Edison  Company  of  Chicago,  until  1912  was  passed 
by  the  Chicago  city  council  on  March  23  of  the  former 
year.  This  company  pays  3  per  cent  of  its  gross  re- 
ceipts to  the  city,  in  accordance  with  the  franchise 
previously  owned  by  the  Commonwealth  Electric 
Company.  The  rates  are  as  follows:  Up  to  July  31, 
1908,  15  cents  per  kilowatt  hour  as  a  primary  rate 
for  energy  used  up  to  the  equivalent  of  thirty  hours'  use 
of  the  consumers'  maximum  demand,  and  9  cents  per 
kilowatt  hour  as  a  secondary  rate  for  all  energy  in 
excess  of  the  foregoing   amount.     From  August   1, 

1908,  to  July  31,  1909,  the  maximum  rate  is  13  cents 
and   the  secondary  rate  9   cents.     From  August   1, 

1909,  to  July  31,  1912,  the  primary  rate  is  13  cents 
and  the  secondary  rate  7  cents.  A  discount  of  1  cent 
per  kilowatt  hour  from  the  foregoing  rates  is  to  be 
allowed  on  all  bills  paid  within  ten  days. 


The  Union  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company,  of 
St.  Louis,  has  put  in  force  a  new  system  of  rates, 
which  differs  considerably  from  the  typical  systems 
in  use.  It  is  founded  on  the  belief  that  the  value  of 
the  service  rendered  to  any  individual  should,  so  far  as 
practicable,  be  based  on  the  cost  of  serving  him,  and 
not  on  the  average  cost  of  serving  the  entire  body  of 
consumers;  and  that  as  the  cost  of  supplying  current 
per  kilowatt  hour  varies  greatly  with  the  different 
classes  of  service,  so  the  price  per  kilowatt  hour,  in 
justice  to  the  several  users,  should  vary  greatly  to 
different  customers.  The  company  felt  compelled 
to  recognize  the  force  of  the  argument  of  the  customer 
who  maintained  that  he  was  entitled  to  a  lower  average 
rate  if  he  guaranteed  $5  per  horsepower  per  month 
than  his  neighbor  who  would  guarantee  only  $1  per 
horsepower  per  month.  At  first  a  system  of  "  special " 
contracts  was  adopted  to  meet  this  condition;  but 
complaints  of  unequal  discriminations  led  later  to  the 
su  bstitution  of  a  graduated  schedule  of  rates.  Under  it 
the  service  is  divided  into  a  very  much  larger  number 
of  classes  than  was  ever  before  attempted,  and  every 
consumer  in  the  same  class  gets  the  same  rate. 

Each  customer's  rate  is  based  on  the  minimum 
monthly  guarantee  he  is  willing  to  make  per  horse- 
power or  per  50-watt  lamp  connected,  and  the  rate  is 
inversely  proportional  to  the  amount  of  the  con- 
nected load.  For  example,  the  customer  having  fewer 
than  100  lamps  pays  12  cents  per  kilowatt  hour  if  he 
guarantees  only  10  cents  per  month  per  lamp.  By 
guaranteeing  45  cents  per  month  per  lamp  he  gets  a 
rate  of  10  cents  per  kilowatt  hour,  and  by  guaranteeing 
65  cents  per  month  per  lamp,  a  rate  of  only  8  cents  per 
kilowatt  hour.  Of  the  customers  furnishing  the  1 0-cent 
guarantee  there  are  15  subclasses,  each  with  its  own 
modified  rate.  The  rate  also  declines  as  the  number  of 
connected  lamps  increases.  For  example,  a  customer 
guaranteeing  10  cents  per  month  per  lamp  and  having 
less  than  100  lamps  pays  12  cents  per  kilowatt  hour. 
This  rate  is  reduced  by  gradations  until  for  3,000  lamps 
or  over,  with  a  lO-cent-per-lamp  guarantee,  the  rate  is 
6  cents  per  kilowatt  hour.  For  the  45-cent-per-lamp 
guarantee  the  customer  with  fewer  than  100  lamps 
pays  10  cents  per  kilowatt  hour,  while  the  customer 
with  3,000  lamps  pays  5.2  cents  per  kUowatt  hour. 

All  these  rates  are  subject  to  discounts  based  on 
hours'  use  and  quantity.  The  discount  made  accord- 
ing to  the  equivalent  daily  hours'  use  of  the  entire 
connected  load  starts  with  a  6  per  cent  discount  for  a 
kilowatt-hour  consumption  equivalent  to  one  hour's 
use  per  day  of  the  connected  load,  and  rises  by  grada- 
tions to  25  per  cent  discount  for  a  kilowatt-hour  con- 
sumption equivalent  to  eighteen  hours  per  day  of  the 
connected  load.  There  is,  also,  in  addition  to  this,  a 
discount  based  on  the  amount  of  the  bill,  which  is 
from  5  per  cent  on  bills  of  under  $10  to  56  per  cent  on 
bills  of  over  $9,000  per  month. 


122 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


The  motor  rates  are  graded  on  the  same  plan.  For 
a  1 -horsepower  motor  customer  they  vary  from  10 
cents  per  kilowatt  hour  on  a  guarantee  of  $1  per  month 
per  horsepower  to  5  cents  per  kilowatt  hour  on  a  guar- 
antee of  $7.50  per  month  per  horsepower.  The  rate 
also  depends  on  horsepower  connected.  Under  the 
guarantee  of  $1  per  month  per  horsepower  the  cus- 
tomer with  over  500  horsepower  gets  a  5.5-cent  rate. 
Under  a  guarantee  of  $2  per  month  per  horsepower 
the  rate  is  4.5  cents.  The  rates  for  heating  and  cook- 
ing circuits  in  residences  are  12  cents  per  kilowatt  hour 
on  a  minimum  monthly  guarantee  of  $2,  11  cents  on  a 
$3  guarantee,  10  cents  on  a  $4  guarantee,  9  cents  on  a 
$5  guarantee,  8  cents  on  a  $7.50  guarantee,  7.5  cents 
on  a  $10  guarantee,  and  7  cents  on  a  $15  guarantee. 
On  these  cooking  rates  a  discount  is  given  according 
to  the  quantity  of  current  consumed;  on  bills  of  $5  or 
under  5  per  cent  is  deducted,  and  this  per  cent  in- 
creases by  1  for  each  $1  of  increase  in  the  bills  up  to 
$15,  at  which  point  the  discount  is.  15  per  cent.  For 
bills  of  over  $25  the  discount  is  20  per  cent. 

In  its  annual  report'  for  1908  the  Wisconsin  com- 
mission said  that  it  found  the  rates  filed  by  the  larger 
companies  to  be  generally  based  on  scientific  considera- 
tions, but  that  those  of  the  smaller  companies  partook 
of  "every  conceivable  form  and  method  of  determina- 
tion." Out  of  119  companies  reporting,  50  had  no 
discriminatory  rates,  and  3  out  of  every  100  cus- 
tomers paid  less  than  the  schedule  rates.  The  report 
went  on  to  say:  "Because  a  certain  utility  has  more 
discriminations  in  effect  than  another  does  not  mean 
in  itself  that  it  is  following  a  vicious  practice  or  is 
using  unlawful  methods.  Most  of  the  discrimina- 
tions cited  are  remnants  of  a  former  period  of  unre- 
stricted competition;  others  are  the  outgrowth  of  cir- 
cumstances over  which  the  utilities  themselves  have 
no  control."  In  a  recent  address  President  Meyer 
of  the  commission  said  that  the  ' '  sliding-scale  arrange- 
ment is  full  of  promise  for  the  future,"  because  "when 
the  individual  manager  feels  that  with  greater  and 
keener  application,  with  increased  efliciency  and 
economy,  the  rate  of  return  on  his  investment  will  be 
increased,  he  is  much  more  likely  to  aim  toward  effi- 
ciency and  economy  than  he  would  if  no  such  induce- 
ments were  held  out  to  him." 

Both  the  Wisconsin  and  the  New  York  commis- 
sions have  sought  to  introduce  a  uniform  classifica- 
tion of  accounts  for  electric  companies.  Two  sets  of 
accounts  are  required  in  Wisconsin.  In  general,  elec- 
tric plants  operating  in  cities  of  10,000  inhabitants  or 
over  must  keep  at  least  the  list  of  accounts  prescribed 
in  Class  A,  and  all  plants  in  cities  of  under  10,000 
population  must  keep  the  accounts  prescribed  in  Class 
B.  Any  changes  or  additions  proposed  by  a  company 
must  be  filed  with  the  commission  before  the  accounts 

'  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Railroad  Commission  of  Wiacon- 
ein,  1908. 


in  question  are  opened.  At  a  meeting  of  the  North- 
western Electrical  Association  the  classification  was 
spoken  of  in  terms  of  approval  by  Mr.  C.  M.  Duffy, 
comptroller  of  the  Milwaukee  Electric  Railway  and 
Light  Company  and  chairman  of  the  accounting  com- 
mittee of  the  association,  who  said  that  he  did  not 
understand  how  anyone  engaged  in  the  electric-light- 
ing business  would  be  willing  to  conduct  it  and  know 
less  about  its  finances  than  would  be  required  by  the 
commission.  The  fundamental  principle  of  the  ac- 
counting system  is  that  all  the  costs  of  generating  cur- 
rent shall  be  kept  distinct  from  the  other  expenses. 
In  New  York  state,  also,  both  the  commissions  have 
put  into  force  rules  and  systems  for  uniform  accounting. 
In  New  York  City  one  of  the  features  of  the  rate 
work  of  the  public-service  commission  of  the  first  dis- 
trict has  been  to  make  a  more  general  provision  for 
"breakdown"  service.  It  has  placed  the  price  of  this 
service  at  $30  per  kilowatt  of  maximum  demand, 
against  which  the  real  consumption  is  an  offset  at  regu- 
lar rates.  In  other  words,  the  commission  has  recog- 
nized the  inherent  propriety  of  a  stand-by  readiness- 
to-serve  charge.  The  commission  of  the  first  district 
made  an  exhaustive  investigation  of  the  contracts 
made  by  the  companies,  revealing  a  negligible  number 
of  special  contracts — one  or  two  hundred  in  scores  of 
thousands — and  many  of  these,  as  in  other  businesses, 
left  over  from  a  former  management  or  other  control. 
One  of  the  acts  of  the  commission  has  been  to  prohibit 
specifically  any  "undue  or  unreasonable  preference" 
or  advantage  "to  anybody,  while  no  charge  shall  be 
made  that  is  not  in  a  filed  schedule,  nor  shall  any  elec- 
trical corporation  refund  or  remit  in  any  manner  or  by 
any  device  any  portion  of  the  rates  or  charges  so  speci- 
fied." It  is  obvious  that  the  immediate  effect  of  such 
a  general  policy  is  to  compel  companies  to  classify 
their  customers  more  closely,  so  that  all  in  any  given 
group  shall  be  treated  alike.  The  fundamental  fact  is 
that  very  few  cases  are  alike  in  all  particulars.  Even 
where  like  conditions  exist,  sometimes  the  parties  in 
question  can  not  be  persuaded  of  it,  and  the  companies 
have  insisted  on  the  impossibility  of  meeting  the  rules 
of  the  commission  either  as  to  publishing  everj'  little 
concession  to  a  customer's  wishes  or  as  to  strict  con- 
formity with  all  the  terms  prescribed  for  contracts.  A 
brief  on  this  point  filed  with  the  commission  by  the 
New  York  Edison  Company  pointed  out  that  one  of 
its  most  important  forms  of  contracts  was  for  supply- 
ing energy  to  large  buildings  by  wholesale  or  in  bulk. 
These  contracts  were  largely  the  result  of  personal  can- 
vass and  individual  negotiation,  and  it  was  claimed 
that  if  the  company  was  not  permitted  to  modify  the 
phrasing  or  minor  details  of  such  contracts  to  suit 
peculiar  conditions  its  business  would  be  seriously 
interfered  with.  The  company  stated  that  it  did  not 
seek  to  make  special  terms  or  give  unusual  privileges 
to  particular  customers,  but  simply  to  be  permitted  to 


TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


123 


modify  the  contracts  to  suit  different  conditions.  It 
desired  only  to  extend  to  every  customer  any  conven- 
ience or  facility  that  the  special  conditions  surround- 
ing the  service  made  practicable,  provided  that  the 
peculiar  features  introduced  into  the  contract  did  not 
modif}'  the  cost  to  the  consumer,  and  provided  that  the 
compan\^  was  prepared  to  extend  the  same  privileges 
to  all  others  who  presented  the  same  conditions.  The 
company  expressed  itself  as  quite  willing  to  accept  and 
obey  the  order  of  the  commission  in  so  far  as  it  pro- 
hibited any  variation  in  charge,  preference  in  rates,  re- 
funds, or  special  privileges,  but  it  believed  that  special 
riders  to  the  contracts  witii  customers  siiould  be  per- 
mitted to  meet  special  conditions  that  did  not  affect 
the  actual  cost  of  furnishing  the  current,  and  it  did  not 
mean  to  discriminate  in  any  way  in  favor  of  one  cus- 
tomer as  against  another. 

A  valuable  study  of  the  whole  subject  of  rates  for 
electric  energy  is  found  in  the  decision  of  the  Board 
of  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Commissioners  of  Massachu- 


setts in  the  matter  of  the  complaint  of  the  Public  Fran- 
chise League  against  the  Edison  Electric  Illuminating 
Company  of  Boston,  filed  May  29,  1908.  In  the 
opinion  many  of  the  points  already  discussed  in  this 
report,  and  others  raised  in  the  controversy,  are  given 
careful  consideration.  The  Edison  Electric  Illumina- 
ting Company  of  Boston,  like  many  other  companies, 
has  had  a  system  of  rates  based  upon  "fixed  costs"  and 
"running  costs,"  so  as  to  charge  each  customer  sub- 
stantially the  cost  to  it  of  supplying  him,  inclusive  of 
a  reasonable  return  on  the  investment — the  basic 
method  being  known  as  the  "maximum-demand"  sys- 
tem. One  of  the  various  modifications  of  this  system 
in  use  in  America  is  the  Doherty  system,  in  operation 
in  Denver  and  other  cities.  It  is  based  fundamentally 
on  the  readiness-to-serve  principle  and  aims  at  a  more 
or  less  exact  adjustment  of  the  price  to  the  consumer 
to  the  cost  of  producing  that  for  which  he  contracts, 
and  diverges  widely  from  tlie  idea  of  a  uniform  rate 
for  all  customers. 


GENERAL  TABLES 


(125) 


126 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  117.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS- 


27 


30 


37 


60 


STATE  OR  TERRITORY. 


United  States., 

Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware' 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 


Census. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Num- 
ber of 
sta- 
tions. 


4,714 
3,620 


1907 
1902 


129 
115 


383 
346 


200 
180 


192 
169 


111 

61 


120 
114 


234 
201 


171 
138 


162 
123 


Cost  of  con- 
struction and 
equipment. 


$1,096,913,622 
504,740,362 


314 
256 


7,293,876 
908,895 

1,672,589 
810,341 

1,922,658 
1,082,505 

111,780,551 
36,647,474 

23,126,179 
8,665,826 

13,416,011 
6,583,477 

12, 735, 909 
4,667,770 

1,630,061 
974,425 

7,354,286 
1,252,578 

3,251,460 
785,030 

88,142,233 
38,329,275 

25,680,710 
6,706,510 

9,986,666 
8,554,234 

6,589,805 
2,023,886 

10,3,56,088 
3,670,152 

11,614,121 
6,056,603 

12,629,101 
4,824,850 

21,274,959 
7,157,986 

43,279,226 
29, 562, 267 

37,001,060 
11,559,169 

24,138,081 
9,236,505 

2,220,662 
899,477 

33,865,760 
15,679,872 

17,950,677 
4,740,807 

7,372,081 
3,305,840 

4,299,631 
301,785 

8,695,6,52 
6,447,560 

65, 219, 445 
56, 432, 502 

989,317 
369,877 

252,731,789 
112,998,778 


Gross 
income. 


1175,642,338 
85,700,605 


1,012,743 
385,263 

669,850 
293,066 

675, 718 
425,317 

14,416,529 
5,066,417 

3,410,240 
1,652,505 

2,469,543 
1,319,549 

1,464,644 
749,841 

654, 251 
324, 770 

1,110,510 
357,565 

719,395 
192,206 

15,465,993 
6,757,015 

4,438,332 
2, 105, 146 

2,479,969 
1,545,663 

1,514,867 
650,833 

1,660,700 
860,086 

1,852,383 
971,631 

1,453,016 
692,350 

1,883,084 
962,207 

10, 749, 240 
6,340,944 

6,072,010 
2,613,812 

3,478,009 
1,858,789 

686.700 
366,934 

5,805,828 
2,392,149 

2, 469, 131 
1,025,971 

1,562,669 
601,777 

372, 108 
44,549 

1,422,345 
832,3-22 

5,952,378 
3,421,304 

292,682 
135,307 

34,869,170 
16,854,839 


Electric  service. 


Total. 


$169,614,691 

'84, 186, 606 


997,506 
374, 138 

644,192 
288,019 

664,916 
413, 775 

13,922,028 
4,946,090 

3,317,844 
1,628,953 

2,452,3.59 
1,317,512 

1,442,388 
742,080 

630,632 
323,414 

1,086,601 
348, 763 

692,489 
191, 126 

14,666,772 
6,692,248 

4,222,610 
2, 038, 121 

2,317,880 
1,477,348 

1,419,091 
611,966 

1,610,475 
848,399 

1,829,128 
967,027 

1,324,648 
668,675 

1,856,359 
951,316 

10,602,498 
6,244,882 

5,750,447 
2,516,800 

3,333,469 
1,838,806 

667, 543 
341,546 

5,683,795 
2,360,150 

2,376,472 
1,017,805 

1,474,426 
697,304 

352,959 
44,549 

1,321,296 
826, 176 

5,910,745 
3,366,599 

289,962 
133,747 

34;  067, 383 
16,742,239 


Lighting. 


$125,755,114 
70,138,147 


827,094 
330,756 

446, 962 
243,239 

620.306 
383,113 

8,111,012 
3,305,318 

2,181,310 
1,209,760 

1,872,933 
1,113,754 

1,185,0-13 
662, 729 

607,492 
308, 476 

731,8.52 
311,603 

546.309 
185, 535 

10,278,668 
6,849,351 

3,457,753 
1,916,135 

2,016,394 
1,389,644 

1,092,163 
563,403 

1,371,667 
740,878 

1,573,879 
850,471 

970, 243 
574,718 


854,798 

8,643,327 
5, 263, 113 

3,848,797 
2,285,995 

2,700,969 
1,615,766 

621,959 
319,393 

4,116,409 
1,954,562 

1,150,342 
697,488 

1,232,411 
542,317 

194,526 
44,399 

825,315 
609,385 

6,123,926 
2,799,961 

228, 161 
127, 747 

24, 296, 438 
12,920,807 


Stationary 
motors. 


$28,511,550 
9,910,217 


84,805 
30, 175 

71,808 
44, 780 

18,248 
23,214 

3,826,462 
1,228,099 

951.836 
343,559 

407,577 
155, 732 

191.609 
79, 133 

16,220 
7,378 

132, 964 
35,360 

100,291 
6,591 

2,445,280 
763, 764 

568,199 
120,435 

261,202 
78, 180 

224,224 
48,658 

220,061 
92, 401 

228,680 
116,656 

284,627 
92,032 

349,059 
91,437 

1,619,708 
744,879 

873,081 
173,881 

536,622 
191,432 

26, 133 
18,741 

985,596 
402,937 

963,669 
32,881 

168, 402 
54,812 

148,660 
150 

190,764 
82,257 

682,028 
258,065 

24,033 
6,000 

5,688,401 
2,396,046 


Ail  other. 


$15,348,027 
4,138,241 


85,607 
13,207 

25,422 


26,362 

7,448 

1,984,564 
412,673 

184,698 
76,634 

171,849 
48,026 

65,736 
100,218 

6,920 
7,560 

221,786 
1,800 

45,889 


1,842,824 
79,133 

196,658 
1,551 

41,284 
9,524 

102,714 
6 

18,847 
15,120 

26,569 


69,778 
1,825 

9,014 
5,081 

639,463 
236,890 

1,028,569 
66,924 

96,888 
31,608 

19, 451 
3,412 

681,790 
2,651 

262,461 
287,436 

73,613 

175 

9,874 


305,217 
134, 534 

104,791 
298,583 

37,778 


4,082,544 
1,425,386 

'  Exclusive  of  7.082  arc  and  267,997  incandescent  lamps  used  by  the  establishments  reporting  to  light  their  own 
2  Includes  estimated  income  of  municipal  stations  from  public  lighting. 


All  other 
sources. 


$6,027,647 
1,514,000 


15,237 
11,125 

25,658 
5,047 

10,802 
11,&42 

494,601 
120,327 

92,396 
23,552 

17,184 
2,037 

22, 256 
7,761 

23,619 
1,366 

23,909 
8,812 

26,906 
1,080 

899,221 
64,767 

215, 722 
67,025 

162,089 
68,316 

95,776 
38,867 

50,225 
1,687 

23,255 
4,604 

128,368 
23,776 

26,726 
10,891 

146, 742 
96,062 

321,563 
97,012" 

144,540 
19,983 

19, 157 
26,388 

122,033 
31,999 

92,659 
8,166 

88,243 
4,473 


Total. 


$106,205,149 
55,457,830 


101,049 
6,146 

41,633 
64,706 

2,720 
1,560 


791,787 
112,600 

electric  properties. 


650,231 
243,059 

414,347 
222,053 

443,735 

266,177 

8,357,184 
3, 219, 422 

2,160,135 
1,282,246 

1,422,717 
840,755 

874,901 
670,772 

433,2)0 
207,807 

612, 975 
235,038 

415,579 
127,510 

8,252,762 
4,204,046 

2,895,729 
1,442,116 

1,701,173 
1,091,943 

1,031,312 
455,236 

1,010,338 
636,854 

1,189,726 
632, 776 

866,807 
479,850 

1,517,770 
604,376 

6,809,793 
4,428,981 

3,754,215 
1,743,218 

2,259,919 
1,230,928 

441,281 
263,459 

3,754,747 
1,695,316 

1,102,955 
547,686 

968,713 
376,418 

198,491 
31,887 

704,964 
436,027 

3,702,064 
2,209,227 

208,614 
96, 471 


Salaries 
and  wages. 


19,528,187 
10,494,276 


$35,420,324 
20,646,692 


208,533 
87,049 

130,663 
82,644 

157,814 
90,759 

3,094,193 
1,176,741 

775,045 
482,588 

529,652 
329,763 

262,698 
121,711 

156,700 
73,315 

232,711 
92, 173 

171,125 
66,719 

3,032,721 
1,603,904 

%9,263 
549.428 

547,177 
406,819 

.  374. 496 
167,762 

301,794 
216, 438 

382,982 
226,060 

308,006 
202, 726 

496,810 
204,888 

2,236,647 
1,688,836 

1,126,813 
728,952 

755, 778 
433,266 

161.433 
95,300 

1,306,640 
684, 197 

360,768 
218,302 

313, 427 
149, 190 

77, 264 
14,776 

286,749 
187,933 

1,370,606 
821,739 

66,981 
34, 740 

5,819,617 
3,904,706 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


127 


COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:    1907  AND  1902. 


EXPENSE.s— continued. 


Cost  of  sup- 
plies ana 
materials. 


Cost  of  fuel. 


Horsepower 

of  engines 

„  and  water 

Rents,  taxes,    wheels  (in- 
insuranee,         eluding 
and  other     ,  auxiliary 

miscellaneous     engines) 
expenses. 


$21,400,823 
11,280,423 


$23,057,745 
11.635.509 


87.032 
50,731 

52,989  ! 
30,324 

58.799  ■ 
■  63,592 

1,940,030 
803,390 

333,516 
280.822  I 

247,029 
209,125  i 

196,534 
165,897 

54.036 
24,983 

106, 757 
62,073 

137,625 
22,745 

1,376,655 
742, 277 

509,059 
318,804 

367,081 
175,236 

175, 798 
131,330 

201.944 
90,985 

196,193 
102,356 

220,159 
96,595 

222,156 
106,422 

1,438,911 
621,057 

1,090,659 
346,616 

580,410 
251,484 

47,173 
56.528 

717,251 
305, 558 

300,818 
110,459 

168, 144 
78,331 

50,600 
11,460 

112.927 
71,341 

691,810 
449,766 

48,399 
22,363 

4,028,067 
2,433,526 


216,013 
62,243 

178.232 
86,465 

169.967 
66,294 

1,122,639 
502, 742 

486,033 
227, 201 

334,733 
178,099 

155,299 
116,079 

187,324 
92,393 

160.641 
58,803 

39.461 
14,906 

2,006.053 
989, 076 

863,435 
353,346 

533, 438 
349, 399 

301,410 
78,723 

298, 270 
146,296 

289.579 
115, 762 

116.689 
77,932 

325. 158 
176,101 

1,376.830 
909,420 

852,734 
407,568 

540.935 
337,201 

167,733 
81,226 

767,  710 
427, 166 

122,551 
95,241 

307,992 


15,867 
2,260 

142, 251 
80,627 

1,002.471 
504,076 

52.798 
24.359 

3,002,261 
1,494,043 

•Includes  2 
25142—10- 


$26,326,257   |    4,098,188 
11,895,206  i     1,845,048 


138,653  '! 
43,036 

52,463    ' 

22,620  .1 

57,155    i 
35,532 

2, 200, 322 
070, 549 

,552.541 
291,635 

311,303 
123.768 

2(i0.370 
167,085 

35.170 

17.110 

10().866 
21,929 

67,368 
23,140 

1,837,333 

868,789 

553,972 
220,537 

253,  477 
100.489 

179.608 
77.420 

208.330 
183.135 

320,972 
88,608 

221.953 
102, 597 

473,646 
116,965 

1,758,405 
1,309,668 

684.009 
260,082 

3S2,  796 
208,987 

64.942 
30,405 

903. 146 
278,395 

318,818 
123,684 

179. 150 
60.299 

54.760 
3,391 

103,037 
96, 126 

637. 277 
433.646 

40.436 
14.009 

6,678,242 
2.662,001 


26.404 
7,620 

7,746 
2,540 

13,953 
8,433 

384, 073 
134,788 

82, 427 
38,2t« 

56,243 
28,389 

33.805 
10, 123 

14,370 
6,114 

54,704 
12,630 

13,694 
5,454 

299.246 
126,806 

116,828 
54,237 

46. 739 
39,504 

48.374 
13,283 

41.984 
21,415 

23,292 
13, 767 

57,880 
24,889 

51,541 

19. 740 

188,335 
124,213 

184. 207 
64.883 

121.825 
34,823 

15,522 
7,660 

111,416 
45,318 

68,817 
31,887 

30,020 
12,308 

6.980 
1,720 

46.784 
28,090 

93, 602 
68,761 

4,548 
1,780 

722,653 
323, 413 


Kilowatt 
capacity  of 
dynamos. 


2,709,225 
1.212,235 


17.124 
4,473 

4,939 
1,811 

9,678 
6,024 

238, 480 
83,8Hi 

53. 130 

21,808 

39.303 
15,516 

20,733 
8,432 

7,804 
4,699 

35,440 
7,020 

7,082 
2,774 

209,226 
100,320 

81,576 
38, 144 

32,056 
24, 886 

30. 307 
8,596 

29,140 
15.012 

15,175 
7,781 

39,290 
15,291 

30. 223 
13,207 

135,924 
90,624 

101,714 
44, 176 

78,516 
20.999 

9,884 
5,106 

68.407 
32,100 

39,602 
22,055 

20,041 
8,412 

6,690 
704 

31.917 

17,777 

70,566 
46, 120 

3,789 
986 

482,031 
187, 252 


Output  of  sta- 
tions, kilowatt 
hours. 


KUHBER  OF  L.4.MPS.1 


5,802,276.737 
2,507,051,115 


30,846.764 
11,016,707 

9.392,302 
3,662,045 

11.519.316 
9.905,997 

001.606,309 
152,728,042 

123, 275. 212 
60,177,084 

67,406,232 
26, 738, 121 

30,543,522 
17,871,872 

11,765,994 
8,066,078 

59,311.202 
9,911,243 

9,577,588 
5,018,149 

407.657.328 
161,543.646 

130,263,693 
75,585,493 

37,729,072 
30,506,425 

59,740,179 
13,326,518 

37.232.623 
27,835.614 

26.421,316 
17,474,261 

66.136,651 
21,987,700 

47.868,675 
22, 128, 125 

219,426.607 
125,813,392 

208, 154. 199 
80,564.630 

87,579,431 
40,258,632 

16.701,624 
9,825,926 

147.328.446 
57,450,731 

137,379,261 
36.435,766 

31,958,739 
12.315,775 

29.621,730 
1,508,910 

55,258,921 
27,377,793 

140,627,522 
78, 739, 456 

4,614,349 
2, 637, 810 

1,462,222.471 
701,769.716 


Arc. 


655,713 
385,698 


Incandes- 
cent. 


I  All  other 
'  (includ- 
ing 
Nernst, 
vacuum, 
yapor, 
etc.). 


41,445,997 
18.194,044 


4,926 
2,033 

754 
295 

1.609 
1,664 

19.691 
16.764 

5,391 
4,770 

7,639 
6,399 

4,473 
3,144 

1,408 
1,106 

3.173 
1,462 

960 
567 

55,309 
38,215 

22,105 
15,326 

7,352 
5,929 

6,685 
3,498 

6,884 
4,698 

8,687 
4,278 

3,187 
2,254 

9,292 
5,761 

33,869 
28,790 

23,514 
17,712 

13,398 
8,543 

1,694 
1,035 

17,576 
13,144 

3,132 
1,648 

4,262 
2,608 

327 

78 

3,510 
2,879 

21,973 
15,685 

332 
272 

97,529 
59, 1,30 


232,577 
61,373 

72.001 
36,560 

142.446 
82,234 

3,067,383 
1,006.875 

648.446 
295,605 

576.661 
271,806 

412.948 
167,671 

141,258 
61,144 

179,913 
60. 139 

122, 460 
33,262 

3.582,178 
1,567,665 

1,326,182 
656.461 

808,451 
420,847 

471,876 
128,857 

483, 401 
142,662 

376,990 
135, 693 

442,940 
204,632 

634,  706 
125,087 

2,650,724 
1,420,963 

1,711,689 
805,127 

900,119 
384,705 

141,027 
85,111 

1,698,935 
593, 798 

230.837 
101,868 

488.932 
151, 162 

63,904 
8,213 

301,300 
170,541 

1,673,082 
646, 762 

55,229 
22, 507 

6.991.406 
3,706,525 


162,338 


27 


831 


1,048 


10,226 

3,282 

26 

424 

31 


9,131 


5,478 

935 

875 

395 

23S 

252 

4,844 

4,579 

5,650 

2,904 

52 


6,461 


364 


1,169 

35 

434 

1,939 

150 

25,655 

EMPLOYEES. 


Salaried  officials  and 
clerks. 


Number.     Salaries. 


12,990     $11,733,787 
6,996  !      5,663,580 


109 
41 

58 
28 

75 
36 

927 
351 

220 
166 

170 
101 

96 
45 

71 
30 

132 
56 

72 
23 

1,034 
580 

448 
243 

278 
196 

182 

78 

124 
75 

113 

78 


100 
83 


665 
459 


5M 
313 


292 
175 


103 

44 


482 
219 


122 
53 


119 
55 


109 

77 


258 

27 
12  [ 

1,879 
897  I 


82,498 
31,637 

55,596 
30,545 

52,670 
27,354 

1,141,902 
395,587 

220,340 
141,885 

166,759 
106,807 

84, 244 
34,729 

47,064 
18,044 

102,862 
32, 467 

82.755 
19,790 

982,854 
480,947 

310, 136 

166,360 

188,899 
117,589 

136, 160 
44,606 

100,691 
60,563 

97.053 
67,099 

98, 761 
50.396 

157.825 
53,444 


471,250 


381.337 
203,694 


261.578 
123.663 


71.213 

29,422 


447,578 
186, 715 


175,087 
73,308 


104,250 
42,801 


27.071 
5,400 


83,568 
46,580 


419,954 
265,566 


21,505 
11,320 


1,775.526 
814,600 


Wage-earners. 


Average 
number. 


34,642 
23,330 


$23,686, 
14,983, 


234 
121 

90 

58 

169 
113 

2,201 
1,009 


575 
395 

258 
163 

194 
106 

252 
147 

116 
66 

2,868 
1,759 

1,170 
098 

577 
536 

385 
214 

461 
292 

428 
258 

345 

252 

610 
268 

2,017 
1,565 

1,226 
942 

770 
474 

185 
138 

1,318 
778 

197 
149 

285 
182 

55 
11 

313 

217 

1,,360 
816 

56 
33 

5,837 
4,524 


Wages. 


537 
112 


126, 
55, 


035 
412 


52,099 


106, 
63, 

1,962, 
781, 

554, 
340, 

362. 
222, 

178. 
86, 

109, 
56, 

129, 
59, 


144 
405 


291 
154 


706 
703 


956 
454 


2,049, 
1,122, 

669 
393; 

368, 
289, 

238, 
123 

201 
155 

285, 
158, 

209 
152 

338 
151 

1,646 
1,117; 

745, 
625, 

494, 
309, 

90, 
65, 

869, 


185, 
144, 


209, 
106, 


203. 
141, 


950. 
556, 


636 
271 

849 
706 

1,370 
i,929 

867 
957 

,127 
068 

278 
230 

336 
,156 

,103 

875 

929 

951 

.245 
,330 

,985 
444 

151 
,586 

476 
268 

200 
603 

220 

878 

062 
482 

681 
994 

177 
389 

193 
376 

181 
353 

552 
173 

476  ;   59 
420  ;   60 


4.044. 
3,090, 


091 
106 


61 

63 


stations  In  1902  and  1  In  1907 
9 


In  District  of  Columbia,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


128 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  117.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— 


6S 


70 


85 


87 


S4 


100 


101 
102 


STATE  OR  TERRITORY. 


North  Carolioa. 
North  Dakota.. 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Penosylvanla.. 
Rhode  Island.. 
South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota. . 


Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Alaska 

Hawaii  and  Porto  nico. 


Census. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
19022 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902" 


1907  < 
1902' 


Num- 
ber of 

sta- 
tions. 


272 
233 


327 
279 


218 
137 


206 
152 


Cost  ot  con- 
struction and 
equipment. 


»2, 241, 791 
803,936 

1,619,997 
416,843 

42,557,000 
26,381,397 

7,130,864 
597,516 

14,403,278 
5,157,651 

73,907,749 
41,579,338 

7,327,862 
5, 428, 796 

8,803,382 
2,442,989 

2,806,363 
623,504 

7,514,333 
3,603,088 

11,313.529 
5,510,491 

5,148,596 
7,521,780 

7,234,498 
2,691,170 

1,790,271 
1,039,347 

20,789,849 
3,537,022 

2,682,935 
1,123,449 

10,478,355 
4,678,316 

942,326 
467,463 


626,837 
822,523 


Gross 
income. 


S543,322 
250,133 

533,383 
197,689 

7,643,997 
4,431,038 

1,106,316 
281,452 

1,965,245 
691,582 

16,015,392 
9,486,867 

1,724,659 
1,026,407 

901,537 
387,010 

513,682 
207,868 

1,299,983 
912, 482 

3,792,203 
2,074,558 

665,241 
714,353 

841,701 
485,605 

390,628 
210,632 

3,410,542 
783,651 

724,253 
322,015 

2,278,637 
1,288,020 

317,580 
159,216 


Electric  service. 


416,103 
336,005 


321,592 


Total. 


$527,672 
241,903 

480,042 
197,375 

7,474,980 
4,347,506 

1,097,134 
267,453 

1,840,155 
638,671 

15,400,800 
9,311,416 

1,627,190 
985, 595 

865,708 
356,066 

492,767 
204,292 

1,266,610 
911,555 

3,668,722 
2,049,225 

627,332 
664,240 

795,391 
461,898 

380, 779 
210, 176 

3,219,814 
739,743 

689,919 
320,443 

2,127,080 
1,270,669 

303,683 
159,016 


397,332 
207,600 


Lighting. 


$425,856 
226,376 

421,711 
182,525 

6,282,861 
3,873,339 

920, 737 
264,627 

1,280,949 
497,629 

12,081,602 
8,321,766 

1,257,521 
816,773 

409,665 
180, 973 

379,963 
199,254 

1,063.323 
716,417 

3,066,994 
1,753,681 

249,472 
435,426 

603,381 
372,408 

319,902 
202, 135 

2,078,156 
586,274 

567,027 
307, 166 

1,783,357 
1,178,349 

291,822 
158,416 


287,347 
183,595 

269,455 


Stationary 
motors. 


176,431 

15,627 

40, 794 
8,850 

1,054,076 
407,901 

10),  920 
12,826 

375,306 
89,942 

2,101,320 
640,948 

302,513 
120,935 

432,384 
169,353 

110,651 
5,038 

1.30,798 
134,023 

376,897 
203,859 

173,439 
156,331 

162,376 
67,771 

40,746 
8,041 

531,818 
66,866 

43,084 
7,509 

253,087 
75,992 

11,761 
60 


109,985 
24,005 


32,295 


'Mother. 


$26,385 


17,537 
6,000 

138,043 
66,266 

72, 477 


183,900 
51,000 

1,217,878 
348,702 

67, 1.56 

47,887 

23,659 
5,740 

2,153 


72,489 
61,116 

224,831 
91,685 

204,421 
72,483 

29,634 
21,719 


.\  11  other 
sources. 


609,840 
86,603 

79,808 
5,768  ! 

90,636 
16,328 

100 
541 


$15,650 
8,230 

53,341 
314 

169,017 
83,532 

9,182 
13,999 

125,090 
53,011 

614,692 
176,451 

97, 469 
40,812 

35.829 
30,944 

20,915 
3,576 

33,373 

927 

123,481 
25,333 

37,909 
50,113 

46,310 
23,607 

9,849 
456 

190,728 
43,908 

34,334 
1,572 

151,557 
17,351 

13,897 
200 


6,024 


18,771 
128, 405 


13,818 


EXPENSES. 


Total. 


$370,375 
163,639 

368,604 
162,005 

5,3.36,848 
2,944,706 

791,687 
166,039 

918,760 
338, 142 

9,884,187 
5,779,371 

990,846 
763,414 

511,486 
213,439 

359,086 
151,471 

736,964 
480,171 

2,900.888 
1,436,016 

353,108 
452,814 

621,143 
293,966 

238,205 
160,440 

1,911,691 
666,667 

479,011 
225,860 

1,641,894 
861, 194 

215,773 
104,549 


Salaries 
and  wages. 


322,810 
261,984 

208,401 


$131,013 
67,996 

113,383 
47,260 

1,543,925 
1,0.53,991 

264,604 
61,929 

416,424 
167,756 

3,241,421 
2,095,415 

3.tO,605 
238,724 

145,357 
75,642 

127, 143 
58,116 

247, 764 
165, 041 

789,219 
509,181 

169,686 
177,391 

188,780 
132,645 

99,060 
68,249 

800, 441 
218,177 

168,633 
95,343 

541,049 
324,308 

77.811 
46.125 


131,371 
89,154 

85,509 


'  Exclusive  of  7,082  arc  and  267.997  incandescent  lamps  used  by  the  establishments  reporting  to  light  their  own  electric  properties. 

•Includes  Indian  Territory  in  1902. 

•  Includes  2  stations  in  Hawaii,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

COMPARATIVE   SUMMARY,   BY  STATES   AND   TERRITORIES:    1907  AND  1902— Continued. 


129 


EXPENSES — continued. 


Cost  of  sup- 
plies and 
materials. 


162.948 
36,3,10 

33,  ISd 
18,507 

869,760 
564,844 

71,885 
23.559 

130.883 
36, 176 

2.334,458 
1,092,274 

165. 642 
100,311 

94,301 
65,530 

58,844 
37,645 

108.251 
99,097 

361,1,35 
325,305 

113,974 
103,839 

118,071 
65,221 

54,188 
30,947 

575. 6,37 
194.938 

129.417 
43. 748 

a34,984 
132,964 

24, 698 
12,952 


Cost  of  fuel. 


Rents,  taxes, 
I    insurance, 

and  other 
miscellaneous 

expenses, 


$134,064 
43. 275 

182. 404 
60.505 

1,307,873 
704, 104 

288. 253 
63,958 

173, 588 
63,158 

1,975  553  I 
1,261.144  I 

245.  .386 
145.  ti07 

104.043 
44,922 

140,739 
37,611 

225,985 
123,655 

1,178,812 
337,730 

7,616 
52,883 

59,895 
42,251 

51,370 
38.  ,329 

101,085 
55,974 

113, 146 
57,909 

484, 109 
271,642 

78, 257 
27,147 


$42,350 

16,038 


39,(i31 
19, 673 


1,615,290 
621,767 


166,945 
10. 593 


197. 8t« 
71.053 


2,332.765 
1,330,538 


229,212 
218. 772 


167. 785 
27,345 


32.360 
18.099 


154.964 
92.378 


571.722 
262.800 


71.832 
118,701 


154.397 
53,848 


33,587 
22,915 


374,528 
97,578 


Horsepower 
of  engines 
and  water 
wheels  (in- 
cluding 
auxiliary 
engines). 


67.815 
28,860 


281,692 
132,280 


35,007 
18,325 


20,683 

6,506 


10,277 
3,930 


179.111 
103, 745 


22. 623 
4,  407 


126,815 
17,798 


302,5.37 
175,510 


27,986 
17,600 


84,1'5 
21,205 


12,984 
5,057 


28,730 
19,003 


71,914 
34,887 


35,950 
20,460 


38,566 
23,857 


14, 619 
5,443 


67.224 
22,894 


21.428 
10,820 


58,889 
35,715 


5,125 
3,229 


Kilowatt 
capacity  of 
dynamos. 


13,911 

4,141 

5,819 
.     2,042 

126,533 
69,811 

15,499 
3,019 

32, 587 
11.165 

212, 543 
121,388 

21,040 
12, 139 

51,271 
13,390 

10, 046 
2,910 

20,911 
14,736 

48. 558 
26,108 

33,593 
13,923 

21,854 
11,442 

9,195 
3.827 

66.308 
13, 679 

14,726 
6,985 

40,711 
23,118 

3,208 
1.831 


Output  of  sta- 
tions, kilowatt 
hours. 


13,171,681 
8,a51,.346 

8,229.765 
5,850,115 

217.311.924 
127,437.383 

24,985.903 
3,825,7(3 

92.807,992 
17,531,6t« 

416,654,167 
241, 09-!,  328 

35, 651,. 323 
23. 436, 435 

68. 696. 424 
18,426,763 

13,615,015 
4,256,007 

34,847,956 
24, 472, 632 

75.829,108 
48,888,450 

61,672,661 
32,457,063 

29,923,3,33 
22,374,060 

10.208,360 
6,879,243 

257,785,236 
19,722,262 

24,871,317 
11.355,905 

.52.546,210 
29,966,758 

5, 499, 084 
3.883,285 


NUMBER  OF  LAMPS.' 


Arc. 


1,936 

1,178 

1,163 
502 

43,849 
31,839 

3,451 
914 

3,927 
2,023 

66,777 
47,722 

5,970 
5,161 

2,521 
1.366 

1.278 
798 

4.407 
3,662 

8,176 
5,146 

440 


1.866 
1,534 

1. 415 
1.278 

6.771 
2,977 

2.885 
1.898 

8,697 
7,416 

517 
259 


Incandes- 
cent. 


144, 159 
45,181 

118,87? 
41,916 

2.254.467 
934,213 

218.884 
37,443 

370.092 
95,045 

3,861,171 
l,78;s,683 

384.597 
196, 188 

149,907 
46,068 

129. 486 
63,248 

306,818 
174,291 

794.972 
303,591 

67,663  ; 
92,165 

305,593 
161, 106 

93,035  I 
37,645  I 

1 

618,809  ! 
108, 443 

159,800 
78,066 

779,354 
428,930 

59,315 
22,082 


All  other 
(includ- 
ing 
Nernst, 
vacuum, 
vapor, 
etc). 


97 


653 


2,752 


36, 491 
732 


HI 


157 


9,351 


652 


600 
6,056 

479 
2,327 

359 


EMPLOYEES. 


Salaried  officials  and 
clerks. 


Number. 


660 
465 


126 
21 


118 
46 


713 
73 


121 
65 


378 
173 


61 


221 
75 


290 
131 


Salaries. 


$50,937 
27,934 

43,205 
16, 470 

517.401 
263,190 

92,329 
19,280 

130, 792 
01.340 

1,054.939 
535. 721 

102.077 
71,494 

67,958 
26,479 

55,710 
18,068 

93,858 
48,987 

278,797 
127,747 

55,356 
57,543 

69,006 
39, 595 

38,207 
22,071 

247,647 
68,365 

49,785 
19,030 

190,129 
85, 158 

28,722 
11,950 


Wage-earners. 


Average 
numljer. 


176 
96 

101 
50 

1,497 
1,301 

288 
71 

349 

141 

3,313 

2,467 

377 
236 

168 
120 

113 
63 

295 
241 


137 
171 


188 
153 


112 
107 


664 
199 


179 
134 


577 
434 


Wages. 


$80,076 
40, 062 

70. 178 
30,790 

1,026.524 
790,801 

172,275 
42,649 

285,632 
106, 415 

2, 186. 482 
1,5,59,{)94 

248. 528 
167, 230 

77,399 
49,163 

71, 433 
40,048 

154,206 
116,054 

510,422 
381,434 

104,330 
119,848 

119,774 
93,050 

60,853 
46, 178 

552,794 

149,812 

118,848 
76,313 

350,920 
239, 150 

49,089 
34, 175 


77 


87 


99 
100 


101 
102 


47,251 
61,247 


22,992 


114,996 
66,971 


29,192 
44, 612 


41, 182 


4,741 
3,583 


4,416 


2,449 
2, 192 


2,562 


3,390,401 
3, 430, 600 


5,049,047 


67 
152 


19,818 
33,877 


20 


52,350 
25,387 


80 


79,021 
63,767 


*  Includes  2  stations 
'  Uiiwail  included  w 


in  Hawaii  and  4  in  Porto  Rico,  in  order  tliat  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed, 
ith  Alaska,  and  Torto  Rico  not  reported. 


130 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  118.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— PRIMARY 


STATE  OB  TEBSITOBT 

Num- 
ber of 
sta- 
tions. 

PEIMARY  POWEB. 

Aggregate. 

Steam  engines. 

Total. 

500  H.  P.  and 
under. 

Over600H.P.but 
under  1,000  H.  P. 

1,000  H.  P.  but 
under  2,000  H.  P. 

2,000  H.  P.  but 
under  5,000  H.  P. 

5,000  H.  P.  and 
over. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
lier. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
Ijer. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
lier. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
l;er. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

1 

United  States... 

4,714 

10,998 

4,098,188 

6,829 

1,810,040 

6,183 

1,018,566 

375 

250,478 

182 

230,216 

70 

188,280 

19 

115,600 

? 

55 
15 
63 
129 
56 

41 
14 
37 
93 
42 

383 
200 
192 
111 
83 

42 
81 
36 
120 
234 

171 
68 

162 
33 
98 

9 
56 
64 
15 
314 

71 
29 
272 
72 
61 

327 

7 

40 

37 

78 

218 
31 
60 
51 

71 
48 
206 

18 

100 
39 
100 
384 
192 

183 
55 
75 

142 

56 

832 
479 
339 
222 
158 

89 
215 
116 
393 
583 

343 

107 
380 
93 

171 

19 
166 
257 

32 
958 

113 
61 

589 
115 
144 

953 
66 

104 
74 

142 

415 

55 
146 
85 

114 
95 

409 
40 

26,404 

7,746 

13,953 

384,673 

82,427 

66,243 
33,805 
14,370 
54,704 
13,694 

299,246 
116,828 
46, 739 
48,374 
41,984 

23,292 
57,880 
51,541 
188,335 
184,207 

121,825 
15,522 

111,416 
68,817 
30,020 

6,980 
46,784 
93,602 

4,548 
722,653 

20,683 
10,277 

179,111 
22,623 

126,815 

302,537 
27,986 
84,115 
12,984 
28,730 

71,914 
35,950 
38,566 
14,619 

67,224 

21,428 

68,889 

8,125 

76 
25 
89 
143 

97 

99 
29 
57 
102 
19 

654 
324 
266 
146 
144 

69 

74 

81 

285 

280 

220 
95 

226 
28 

111 

3 
38 

184 
26 

468 

73 

55 

460 

109 

57 

666 
22 
48 
40 

110 

287 
10 
33 
38 

49 

65 

220 

29 

16,835 
4,286 
12,091 
98,299 
32,835 

24,357 
8,515 
10,004 
16,129 
2,202 

148,248 
68,311 
40,406 
35,589 
32,539 

20,542 
16,293 
39, 035 
118,287 
56,893 

39,895 
14,072 
63, 162 
5,805 
16,496 

210 

14,870 

76,095 

4,035 

206,412 

10,241 
9,820 
125,335 
21,599 
20,077 

209,082 
12,480 
8,475 
5,952 
21,150 

49,216 
1,279 
7,981 
4,868 

9,514 
13,811 
32,327 

4,085 

69 
25 
89 
107 
76 

94 
24 
56 
101 
19 

599 
305 
258 
138 
127 

59 
73 

71 
222 
264 

207 
95 

205 
26 

109 

3 
33 
131 

25 
397 

72 

54 

416 

105 

44 

588 
11 
47 
40 

103 

268 
10 
30 
38 

46 

61 

215 

29 

10,505 
4,286 
12,091 
23,469 
11,952 

20,557 
4,315 
9,254 

14,879 
2,202 

85,898 
63,561 
34,301 
22,169 
19,439 

8,667 
15,693 
12,885 
46,881 
44,060 

27,545 
14,072 
30,972 
3,805 
14,546 

210 
7,170 

28,267 
3,185 

71,212 

9,641 
9,170 
67,276 
18, 169 

7,877 

123,557 
3,020 
5,975 
5,952 
13,850 

32,916 
1,279 
6,131 
4,868 

6,864 
11,011 
29,087 

4,085 

4 

2,430 

3 

3,900 

3 

Arizona 

4 

Arkansas 

California 

fi 

15 
13 

5 
5 

1 

10,405 
9,883 

3,800 

4,200 

750 

5 

7 

6,025 
7,000 

11 
2 

23,900 
4,000 

6 

34,500 

(1 

Colorado 

7 

Connecticut 

8 

Delaware  ^ 

9 

Florida 

in 

1 

1,260 

11 

Idaho 

n 

Illinois 

30 
16 
6 
4 
13 

4 
1 
4 

40 
13 

8 

21,950 
10,250 
3,407 
3,000 
8,300 

2,875 

600 

2,650 

28,756 

9,100 

5,200 

21 
3 
2 

1 
4 

4 

26,400 
4,500 
2,698 
1,420 
4,800 

5,000 

3 

9,000 

1 

5,000 

13 

14 

Iowa 

15 

3 

9,000 

16 

Kentucky 

17 

Louisiana 

2 

4,000 

18 

Maine 

19 

1 
12 
3 

4 

1,000 
15,400 
3,733 

5,150 

4 
11 

15,000 
27,250 

1 

7,600 

?n 

Massachusetts 

21 

2? 

1 

2,000 

?1 

Mississippi 

?4 

8 

5,430 

6 
2 

1 

6,630 
2,000 
1,200 

7 

20,130 

?'i 

Montana 

?6 

1 

750 

V 

28 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

1 
31 

1 
33 

1 
1 
22 
3 
6 

45 
9 

700 
21,050 

850 
23,400 

600 

650 

13,977 

1,940 

3,800 

30,925 
6,460 

3 
22 

4,000 
26,778 

1 

3,000 

?<» 

30 

31 

New  York 

17 

22,000 

10 

29,300 

11 

60,500 

32 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

33 

34 

Ohio 

12 
1 

7 

29 
2 

16,882 
1,500 
8,400 

38,600 
3,000 

10 

27,200 

Ti 

36 

Oregon.. 

37 

Pennsylvania 

3 

8,000 

1 

8,000 

38 

Rhode  Island 

39 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

1 

2,500 

40 

3 

15 

2,100 
11,050 

3 

4 

3,400 
6,250 

1 

2,000 

47 

43 

Utah.. 

44 

Vermont 

3 

1,850 

Virginia 

2 
3 
5 

1,350 
1,800 
3,240 

1 

1 

1,300 
1,000 

17 

West  Virginia.      . .  . 

Alaska 

9 

6 

26 
22 

4,741 
4,416 

14 
13 

2,231 
3,190 

14 
13 

2,231 
3,190 

51 

Hawailand  Porto  Rico 

1       

1  Includes  1  station  In  District  of  Columbia,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

POWER  AND  GENERATING  EQUIPMENT,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:   1907. 


131 


PEIMAHY  POWER— continued. 

steam  turbines. 

Water  wheels. 

Total. 

500  H.  P.  and 
under. 

Over  500  H.  P. 

but  under  1,000 

n.  P. 

1,000  H.  P. 

but  under  2,000 

H.  P. 

2,000  H.  P. 

but  under  5,000 

H.  P. 

5,000  H.  P. 
and  over. 

Total. 

500  H.  P.  and 
under. 

Over  600  H.  P. 

but  under  1,000 

H.  P. 

1,000  H.  P. 

but  under  2,000 

H.  P. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num-    Horse- 
ber.     power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

377 

817,410 

65 

17,017 

123  [  85,680 

67 

86,372 

78 

221,415 

44 

406,926 

2,481 

1,349.087 

1,910 

320,636 

244 

161,051 

161 

196,620 

1 

4 

5 
2 
13 
13 

12 
8 
11 

1 

2,392 

2,550 

1,225 

35.000 

22,16« 

12,886 

23,800 

4.200 

2,000 

1           225 

3       1,000 

3 
2 
2 
2 
3 

3 

1 

2,167 
1,550 
1,225 
1,500 
2,041 

2,036 
800 

15 
4 
1 

172 
47 

54 
5 

7,007 

750 

300 

208,444 

25,580 

18, 0« 
285 

11 

4 

1 

80 

32 

48 
5 

1,007 

750 

300 

17,519 

5,480 

8,045 
285 

4 

6,000 

•J 

^ 

4 

1  ■        390 
1           225 

3        sua 

2 
4 

6 
1 
3 

2,500 
5,500 

9,900 
1,000 
3,000 

6 
5 

16,610 
14,400 

2 

14,000 

18 

6 

14,225 
3,900 

35 
6 

6 

41,400. 
6,600 

10,000 

S 

is,' 666' 

7 

2 
8 

1,000 
1,200 

2 

6,000 

2 

8 

<> 

1 

2,000 

37 
37 

80 
83 
44 
36 

36,335 
11,492 

10,478 
19.606 
3,833 
8,661 

16 
34 

80 
83 
44 
36 

2,336 

8,742 

10,478 
19,606 
3,833 
8,661 

4 

1 

3,000 
750 

'i 

14.200 
2,000 

10 

11 

27 
25 

138,710 
2.1.  Sfil 

10 
13 

2 
2 

6,710 
9,324 
1.500 
1,500 

4 
4 

5,300 
4,650 

3 
5 

10,200 
11,700 

10 

116,500 

1? 

3 

187 

13 

2         1.500 

2  1,500 

3  9, 125 

2         1.S2.'; 

14 

15 

1 

125 

2 

9,000 

16 

1 

1 
1 
7 
5 

525 

750 

666 

4,930 

3,540 

1 

1,300 

17 

1 

7 

22 

17 

750 
10,8fi6 
51,330 
40.215 

: 

132 
13 
58 

249 

71 

39,766 

1,347 

16,781 

86,738 

71,666 

103 
13 
49 

174 

57 

15, 442 
1,347 
8,562 

24,038 

8,656 

25 

19,104 

4 

6,220 

18 

2 
2 
2 

4 

700 
550 
875 

1,500 

1 

7 
2 

2 

1.500 
8,800 
3,300 

2,700 

3 

3 

8 

2 

8,000 

7,050 

32,500 

4,000 

19 

3 

30,666 

7 
70 

2 

5.519 
38,500 

1,400 

5 

2,700 
1,200 

6,800 

20 
?1 

8         8.200 

n 

1 

10 

3 

4 

750 

38,882 

6,025 

8,750 

1 
2 
1 
1 

750 

1.342 

625 

750 

91 

4 

2 
3 

10,720 
5,400 
8,000 

4 

26,820 

5 
62 
19 

9 
101 
22 

6 
362 

32 

1 

21 

2,002 
56,987 
2,954 

6,260 

26,404 

1,794 

613 

305,950 

9,962 

100 

2,037 

2 
34 

18 

3 
90 
22 

6 
256 

20 

1 

21 

202 
6,432 
2,154 

310 

14,504 

1,794 

513 
44, 468 

3,012 

100 

2,037 

3 
5 
1 

5 
3 

1,800 

4.125 

800 

3,750 
2,400 

?4 

16 

17,150 

?5 

?« 

?7 

6 
10 

4,390 
12,850 

6 
2 

4,390 
1,500 

8 

8,500 

'H 

7 

7,350 

1 

4,000 

?9 

10 

47 

203,595 

6 

1,270 

8 

5,072 

4 

5,160 

12 

30,093 

17 

162,000 

32 
12 

20,782 
6,950 

25 

31,400 

31 

31 

20 
1 
2 

39 

6 

44,916 

750 

4,000 

49,081 
12,020 

4 

1,250 

6 
1 

4,500 
750 

4 

6,166 

3 

11,500 

3 

22,500 

34 

31 

2 

3 
4 

4,000 

6,522 
9,720 

72 

119 
16 
62 
12 
14 

23 
45 
101 
44 

48 

U 

140 

6 

102,052 

30,863 
2,263 

75,430 
2,205 
1,240 

2,762 
34,671 
28,472 

9,551 

56,118 

3,627 

19,001 

765 

38 

110 
16 
21 
10 
14 

23 

27 
87 
40 

28 

9 

139 

6 

6,286 

23,083 
2,263 
8,705 
1,005 
1,240 

2,762 
4,671 
17,222 
5,726 

6.018 

1,927 

18,451 

765 

6 
4 

4,266 
2,780 

3 

6 

3,000 
5,000 

36 

7 

1,675 

21 

14,345 

5 
2 

6.433 
2,300 

3 



20,106 

37 

38 

7 
2 

4,  .500 
1,200 

16 

20,625 

39 

6 
6 

11 

4,100 
5,360 

15,136 

3 

1,100 

2 

2 

3 

3,000 
2,680 

3,500 

40 

4 
1 

2,680 
536 

41 

3 

1,100 

4 

10,000 

4? 

7 
13 

1 

2 

1 

4,700 

9,060 

600 

4,700 

1,700 

660 

8 

10,600 

43 

2 

1,783 

1 

450 

1 

1,333 

44 

3  1     3.22.n 

4'i 

3 
5 
10 

1 

1,160 

2,680 

4,856 

225 

2 
2 
3 
1 

410 
410 
200 
225 

1 
3 
7 

750 
2,270 
4,656 

2 

2,000 

46 

47 

48 

49 

10 

8 

2,490 
1,186 

10 
8 

2,490 
1,186 

50 

M 

132 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  118.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— PRIMARY 


, 

psiHART  POWER— continued. 

GENERATING  AND 

OTHER  MAIN-STATION  EQUIPMENT. 

Water  wheels— Continued. 

Oas  engines. 

Auxiliary  engines. 

Dynamos. 

2,000  H.  P.  but 
under  5,000  H.  P. 

5,000  H.  P.  and 
over. 

Aggregate. 

Total. 

Under  200  K.  W. 

200  K.  W.  but 
under  600  K.W. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilowatts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

1 

United  States 

Ill 

330,980 

55 

339,800 

463 

55,828 

848 

65,823 

12, 173 

2,709,225 

9,491 

664,440 

1,547 

434,586 

■> 

1 
3 
1 
11 

4 

6 

20 
70 
12 
16,585 
300 

706 

4 
2 
7 

45 
31 

12 

13 

6 

1 

150 

90 

325 

26,345 

1,546 

249 

1,205 

126 

100 

104 
53 
105 
336 
181 

220 
82 
74 

157 
46 

947 
640 
374 
230 
175 

86 
210 
155 
614 
544 

381 
102 
295 
94 
171 

14 
140 
345 

38 
1,072 

125 
64 
756 
122 
113 

1,285 
110 
87 
70 
127 

451 
62 

118 
83 

128 
115 
432 
40 

17,124 

4,939 

9,078 

238,480 

53, 130 

39,363 
26,733 

7,804 
35,446 

7,082 

209,226 
81,576 
32,056 
30,307 
29,140 

15, 175 
39,290 
36,223 
135,924 
101,714 

78,516 
9,884 
68,467 
39,602 
20,041 

5,690 
31,917 
70,566 

3,789 
482,031 

13,911 

6,819 

126, 533 

15,499 

32,587 

212,543 
21,040 
51,271 
10,046 
20,911 

48,5,58 

33,592 

21,864 

9,195 

66,308 
14,  726 
40,  711 
3,208 

78 
44 
96 
131 
121 

175 
57 
67 

122 
34 

819 
435 
343 
192 
140 

65 
142 
120 
463 
430 

322 

88 
254 

51 
156 

9 

82 
224 

36 
746 

108 
58 

633 
94 
59 

1,028 
88 
49 
62 
101 

391 
36 
73 
73 

83 
91 
385 
38 

6,309 
2,114 
6,803 
10,232 
7,605 

13,568 
3,917 
6,059 
9,601 
2,632 

56,026 
31,010 
21,342 
12,972 
9,355 

4,275 

9,420 

7,393 

33, 440 

28,813 

19,786 
6,609 

17, 142 
3, 442 
9,461 

490 
7,297 

18,056 
2,764 

57,609 

7,836 
4,349 
44,003 
7,349 
3,837 

76,741 
6,396 
3,621 
4,801 
7,001 

21,863 
2,192 
5,481 
5,295 

6,678 
6,681 
24, 136 
2,733 

18 

7 

8 

88 

26 

25 

14 

7 

13 

7 

70 
71 
25 
25 
23 

12 
44 
21 
87 
74 

35 
13 
18 
20 
9 

4,490 
1,826 
2,375 
26, 035 
7,025 

6,405 
4,216 
1,745 
2,795 
1,960 

21,750 
19,310 
6,864 
6,835 
5,985 

3,700 
12,750 

4,930 
26,509 
21,901 

9,690 
2,775 
5,175 
5,710 
2,130 

•^ 

4 

5 

California 

Colorado 

32 
3 

89,600 
9,600 

7 

45,700 

7 

^ 

q 

Florida 

1 
1 

40 
140 

10 

7 

16,800 

11 

•|9 

Illinois                     .          .... 

19 
15 
11 
19 
1 

3 

870 

1,295 

564 

1,678 

15 

420 

52 
32 
16 
19 
10 

15 
8 
10 
16 
26 

22 

10 

126 

940 
1,755 
436 
946 
305 

605 
1,071 
163 
840 
758 

646 

675 

6,407 

n 

14 

T) 

16 

17 

IS 

19 

5 

12 
11 

22 

1 

13 

130 

1,097 

603 

1,428 

25 

963 

""n 

''1 

Michigan  

i 
3 

22,000 
39,000 

7> 

4 

16,800 

•Kf 

'4 

8 

29,280 

''fi 

17 

6 
8 
11 

845 

485 

1,115 

1,328 



20 

1 
13 
30 

975 

25 
1,005 
1,535 

07 

'      1 

2,200 

OR 

35 

82 

2 

160 

13 
6 
78 
25 
35 

158 
5 
5 
3 
12 

42 
8 
37 

7 

20 

18 

34 

2 

8,370 

21,285 

625 

48,661 

3,575 
1,470 

21,630 
6,150 

10,995 

45,2()7 

1,295 

1,350 

745 

3,050 

10,745 
2,100 

10,023 
1,650 

5,930 

4,845 

9,576 

476 

*^0 

31 

24 

62,800 

25 

146,500 

26 

3,315 

55 

8 
3 
35 
3 
7 

63 

18 

3 

7 

12 

41 

3,381 

480 

152 

1,195 

74 

504 

6,042 
223 
60 
199 
980 

1,742 

T? 

?3 

North  Dakota 

2 

53 

2 

6 

66 
4 
1 

10 

205 

5,628 

200 

182 

7,469 

1,000 

150 

528 

?4 

Ohio                            .  .  . 

■fi 

36 

22 

73,500 

3 

15,000 

17 

Pennsylvania 

3S 

S9 

8 

41,600 

40 

41 

4'' 

Texas 

53 

3,058 

4? 

Utah 

3 

1 

14,800 
2,200 

44 

4 

1 

2 

9 

22 

205 
60 

90 

925 

2,079 

6 
2 

12 
5 

17 
4 

125 
140 

342 
385 
626 
50 

45 

Virginia                     .  .. 

46 

Washington     

6 

13,400 

5 

30,000 

47 

West  Virginia 

48 

Wisconsin 

49 

Wyoming 

■iO 

Alaska  

2 

1 

20 
40 

25 
24 

2,449 
2,562 

22 
21 

1,574 
1,662 

3 
3 

875 
900 

51 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico 

1 

»  Includes  1  station  In  District  of  Columbia,  in  order  tliat  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

POWER  AND  GENERATING  EQUIPMENT,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907— Continued. 


133 


GENERATING  AND  OTHEB  MAIN-STATION  EQUIPMENT— Continued. 

Dynamos — Continued. 

Aggregate- 

Continued. 

Direct-current,  constant- 

voltage. 

50O  K.  W,  but 

under  1,000 

K.  W. 

1,000  K.W.  but 

under  2,000 

K.  W. 

2,000  K.W.  but 

under  5,000 

K.  W. 

6,000  K.  W.  and 
over. 

Total. 

Under  200  K.W. 

200K.W.but 

under  500 

K.W. 

600  K.  W.  but 

under  1,000 

K.W. 

1,000  K.W. 

but  under  2,000 

K.W. 

2,000  K.  W. 

but  under  6,000 

K.W. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Nmn- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

624 

390,149 

281 

351,700 

163 

438,350 

67 

430,000 

3,680 

406,460 

3,128 

183,865 

417 

115,156 

102 

63,890 

30 

1 

36,560 
1,000 

3 

7,000 

1 

6 

2 

1 

50 

20 

7 
6 

4,125 

1,000 

500 

36,213 

12,550 

3,890 
3,600 

2 

2,200 

1 

29 
27 
36 
68 
57 

70 
36 
10 
23 
9 

283 
126 
168 
76 
57 

33 

56 
33 

166 
127 

185 
22 

102 
25 

74 

3 

26 

91 

17 

291 

32 
46 
230 
32 
24 

388 

35 

5 

23 

30 

209 
13 
11 
22 

30 

31 

172 

18 

4,300 
737 
2,331 
8,960 
4,852 

7,097 
5,280 
1,070 
1,469 
147 

34,374 
13,528 
11,866 
6,836 
5,509 

5,724 
5,714 

2,674 
26,633 
11,662 

13,009 
1,061 

10,215 
2,166 
4,005 

60 

3,682 

21,114 

925 

48,768 

1,966 
3,609 
34,298 
3,120 
3,877 

48,682 

8,374 

191 

1,456 

2,176 

12,070 

622 

863 

1,252 

5,484 

2,255 

9,804 

923 

21 
27 
33 
46 
46 

64 
25 

8 
20 

9 

237 
108 
158 
68 
50 

32 
48 
28 
134 
110 

171 
22 
91 
22 
71 

3 

19 

37 

17 

224 

30 
42 
196 
27 
15 

315 

23 

5 

23 

27 

194 
13 
9 
22 

24 
30 

167 
18 

1,550 
737 
1,531 
2,125 
2,102 

5,847 

1,730 

570 

819 

147 

13,764 
6,778 
8,016 
3,876 
2,709 

1,774 
2,849 
1,574 
9,808 
5,687 

8,484 
1,051 
4,105 
1,466 
3,230 

60 

1,232 

2,564 

925 

17,998 

1,566 
2,989 
11,998 
1,770 
352 

22,867 

2,079 

191 

1,466 

1,176 

7,345 
622 
463 

1,262 

1,184 

2,056 

8,679 

923 

7 

1,760 

? 



1 

3 

20 
11 

6 
10 
2 
3 

800 
5,105 
2,750 

1,260 

2,960 

500 

650 

4 

31 

7 

12 
1 

43,000 
8,700 

13,500 
1,000 

22 
7 

1 
2 

51,500 
17,250 

2,000 
4,000 

14 

72,500 

1 

720 

1 

1,000 

H 

n 

7 

2 

10,000 

1 

600 

8 

q 

9 

5 

31 
21 

5 
10 

8 

6 
23 

6 
40 
14 

7 
1 
9 
15 
2 

4 
18 
31 

1 
59 

4 

5,760 
2,600 

19,160 
12,660 
2,850 
6,600 
4,650 

4,100 
16,120 

3,400 
24,126 

7,600 

4,540 

500 

4,660 

10,250 

1,250 

3,000 
10,050 
21,225 
500 
39,111 

2,600 

13 

17,400 

10 

1 

11 

13 
12 

1 
2 
1 

3 
1 

1 
20 
18 

10 

14,300 
16,600 
1,000 
3,000 
1,000 

3,100 

1,000 

1,600 

27,100 

20,500 

12,000 

4 

1 

11,000 
2,000 

10 

87,000 

38 
14 
8 
6 
6 

2 
4 
5 
17 
16 

13 

13,310 
3,260 
2,060 
1,460 
2,000 

800 

865 

1,000 

4,450 

4,475 

3,525 

6 
3 

1 
3 

1 

3 
4 

3,800 
2,000 

800 
1,600 

800 

2,100 
2,000 

1 
1 
1 

1,000 
1,500 
1,000 

1 

2,500 

12 
11 

11 

1 
3 

2,000 
8,250 

n 

16 

1 

1,050 

17 

■■■    ■      ! 

IS 

7 
1 
8 

4 

14,000 
2,260 
23,000 

10,000 

1 
3 

6.000 
22,500 

14 

10 

1 

6,975 
500 

4 
1 

1 

6,400 
1,000 

1,000 

20 

?l 

3 

22,500 

2? 

■n 

3 

4,600 

7 
8 
2 

1 
1 
1 

17,000 

20,200 

4,600 

2,200 
2,000 
3,000 

4 

20,000 

3 
3 
3 

960 
700 
775 

7 

3,650 

1 

1,500 

24 

fa 

2 

2,700 

?fi 

'T 

4 

7 

4,200 
7,000 

4 
41 

960 
9,460 

3 
12 

1,600 
8,100 

?H 

1 

1,000 

?<» 

1 

■ 

10 

39 

47,800 

49 

166,360 

19 

133,500 

44 

2 
3 
23 
5 
7 

61 
5 

13,060 

400 

620 

8,000 

1,350 

2,100 

17,165 
1,295 

18 

12,720 

5 

6,000 

31 

1? 

1? 

23 

2 

14 

70 
13 
16 
3 
10 

11 
10 
6 
3 

4 
6 
13 

13,700 
1,000 
8,265 

42,636 
7,100 

11,500 
1,500 
5,860 

6,960 
6,700 
3,360 
2,260 

2,500 
3,200 
7,000 

13 

1 
5 

24 
2 
9 
2 
3 

7 
2 

1 

16,700 
1,000 
9,600 

26.900 
3,000 

10,800 
3,000 
3,000 

9,000 
2,000 
1,000 

6 

15,500 

3 

15,000 

6 

3,600 

6 

8,200 

1 

2,500 

34 

15 

2 

9 
0 

1,426 

5,150 
3,000 

16 

1 
2 
8 

2,000 
4,250 
24,000 

4 

20,000 

3       3,600 

17 

1 

2,000 

IS 

19 

40 

1 

2,000 

2 
12 

500 

2,775 

1 
3 

600 
1,950 

41 

40 

4 
1 

9,600 
2,000 

2 

11,000 

41 

2 

400 

44 

4'i 

9 

12,700 

10 

27,500 

2 

11,000 

2 
1 
S 

400 

200 

1,125 

2 

1,600 

2 

2,400 

46 

A7 

4S 

1 

10 
11 

419 

797 

10 
10 

419 
597 

1 

200 

fii 

i 



134 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  118.-<)0MMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— PRIMARY 


STATE  OB  TEBBITORY. 

GENERATING  AND  OTHER   MAIN-.STATION   EQUIPMENT— Continued. 

Dynamos— Continued. 

Direct-current,  constant-amperage. 

Alternating  single-phase  and  poly- 
phase current. 

Total. 

Under  200  K.W. 

200  K.W.  but 
under  600  K.  W. 

600K.  W.  but       1,000  K.W.  but 
under  1,000  K.W.  under  2,000  K.W. 

Total. 

Under  200  K.  W. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

KUo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

1 

United  States 

1,685 

80.992 

1,664 

71,649 

16 

4,833 

3 

2,010 

2 

2,500 

6,808 

2,221,773 

4,699 

408,926 

Alabama  .  . 

? 

1 
1 
4 
S 
19 

51 
10 
4 
8 

42 

40 

268 

169 

1,177 

1,650 
712 
404 
233 

1 
1 
4 
5 
19 

51 
16 
4 

8 

42 

40 

268 

169 

1,177 

1,650 
712 
404 
233 

74 
25 
65 
263 
105 

99 
30 
60 
126 
37 

471 
293 
188 
143 
105 

47 
128 

67 
.288 
322 

158 
80 

172 
60 
96 

U 
112 
179 

21 
636 

87 
15 
383 
90 
89 

590 
30 
82 
45 
95 

234 
49 
95 
53 

98 
71 
220 

21 

12,782 

4,162 

7,079 

229,361 

47,101 

30,616 
20,741 

6,330 
33,744 

6,936 

164,976 
62,286 
19,759 
23,007 
23,196 

9,413 
32,285 
31,315 
102,032 

86,625 

64,162 
8,833 
57,629 
37,192 
15,961 

6,030 
28,135 
45,582 

2,864 
422,117 

11,764 
2,030 
86,412 
12,379 
28,710 

147,242 
10,859 
51,080 
8,568 
18,646 

36, 213 

.13,070 

20,453 

7,709 

60,824 

11,962 

29,907 

2,205 

66 
16 
59 
80 
56 

60 
16 
55 
94 
25 

391 
208 
167 
113 

77 

32 
70 
37 
168 
226 

113 
60 

142 
20 

84 

6 
61 

112 
18 

385 

72 
12 
295 
67 
44 

412 
20 

44 
37 
72 

189 
23 
53 
43 

69 

48 

178 

19 

4,717 
1,337 
6,004 
7,938 
4,326 

6,071 
1,475 
6,085 
8,449 
2,485 

32,886 
19,244 

12,895 
8,632 
6,211 

2,463 
5,845 
3,485 
16,373 
19,699 

9,957 
5,568 
12,314 
1,732 
6,156 

430 
5,965 

11,622 
1,839 

33,615 

6,089 
1,180 
26,182 
6,579 
3,485 

38,315 
1,509 
3,430 
3,313 
5,736 

14,243 
1,670 
4,780 
3,809 

5,494 

4,117 

14,457 

1,730 

3 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California. . 

4 

S 

fi 

7 

R 

Delaware*. 

Q 

Florida    .          

rn 

11 

Idaho 

1? 

Illinois..            

193 

121 

18 

11 

13 

1 
26 
55 
161 

95 

38 

9,876 

5,762 

431 

464 

435 

38 
1,291 
2,334 
7,259 
3,527 

1,345 

191 

119 

18 

11 

13 

1 
24 
55 
161 
95 

38 

9,376 

4,994 

431 

464 

435 

38 

720 

2,334 

7,259 

3,527 

1,345 

2 
2 

600 

768 

13 

14 

Iowa. .                          .  . 

1R 

Kansas 

in 

Kentucky 

17 

Louisiana 

IS 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

2 

665 

w 

m 

?i 

n 

Minnesota 

ra 

?4 

Missouri 

21 
9 

1 

723 

244 

75 

21 
9 
1 

723 

244 

75 

?5 

Montana 

Nebraska. 

?fi 

97 

?R 

New  Hampshire. 

.1 

100 
3,870 

2 
75 

100 
3,870 

W 

in 

New  Mexico 

11 

New  York. 

145 

6 

4 

143 

11,146 

191 

180 

5,823 

137 

6 

4 

143 

5,996 

191 

180 

5,823 

4 

1,400 

2 

1,250 

2 

2,500 

1? 

North  Carolina  .  . 

33 

North  Dakota 

14 

Ohio 

IS 

0  klahonia 





3f> 

37 

307 
46 

16,619 
1,807 

301 
45 

14,559 
1,807 

5 

1,300 

1 

760 

IS 

Rhode  Island 

31 

40 

2 
2 

8 

32 
89 

275 

2 
2 

8 

32 

89 

275 

41 

Tennessee 

Texas. . 

4? 

41 

Utah  . 

44 

12 
8 

538 
234 

11 

8 

238 
234 

1 

300 

4') 

Virginia 

4fi 

Washington 

47 

West  Virginia 

13 

40 

1 

509 

1,000 

80 

13 

40 

1 

509 

1,000 

80 

4S 

41 

1 

Alaska    .. 

Vl 

1    .  .  . 

15 
10 

2,030 
1,675 

12 

8 

1,155  1 
975  j 

SI 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico 

3 

90 

3 

90 

1 

1  Includes  1  station  in  District  of  Columbia  in  order  that  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

POWER  AND  GENERATING  EQUIPMENT,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907— Con tiaued. 


185 


GENERATING   AND   OTHER  MAIN-STATION   EQUIPMENT— Continued. 

Dynanio.s- 

-Coiitirnied. 

Transformers. 

Boosters. 

Rotaries. 

Storage- 
battery 
ceils  in 
main 
stations. 

Kilowatt 
capacity 
of  miscel- 
laneous 
appa- 
ratus. 

Alternating 

single-ph 

ase  and  polyphase  current — Continued. 

200  K.  W.  but 
under  SOOK.W. 

SOOK.W.but 
under  1,000  K.W. 

1,000  K.  W.  but 
under  2,000  K.W. 

2,000  K.  W.  but 
under  5,000  K.W. 

5,000  K.  W.  and 
over. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

KUo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

KUo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

KUo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

1,114 

314,598 

519 

324,249 

249 

312,650 

160 

431,360 

67 

430,000 

1,577 

592,708 

127 

4,810 

180 

52.416 

9,751 

43,209 

1 

11 

7 

5 

68 

IS 

19 
4 
5 

10 
7 

30 
55 
17 
20 
17 

10 
38 
16 
70 
59 

22 
13 
15 
17 
6 

2,740 
1,825 
1,575 
20.930 
4,275 

5,155 
1,266 
1,245 
2,145 
1,950 

7,940 
15,292 
4,814 
5,375 
3,985 

2,900 
11,320 

3,930 
22,059 
17,426 

6,165 
2,775 
4,215 
5,010 
1,355 

6 

2 

1 

49 

20 

7 
5 

4,125 

1,000 

500 

34,493 

12,660 

3.890 
3,000 

1 

1,200 

] 

12 
2 

3,801 
266 

2 
2 
2 
6 

1 

2 

1 
1 

600 
300 
680 
2,000 
350 

300 
600 
275 

15 
16 
45 
70 
470 

60 
2,670 
12 
25 
19 

1,898 
80 

420 
1.043 

115 

t 

j 

3 

85 

g 

4 

30 

7 

12 
1 

42.000 
8,700 

13,500 
1.000 

22 

7 

1 
2 

51.600 
17,250 

2,000 
4,000 

14 

72,500 

268 
73 

10 
3 
21 
17 
22 

S3 
43 
12 
42 
9 

131,575 
21,251 

6,885 

130 

290 

15,900 

2,690 

4,656 
3,749 

486 
6,517 

504 

4 

7 

2 
4 

136 
414 

250 
266 

118 
268 

5 

A 

7 

2 

10,000 

204 

8 

9 
5 

25 
18 
4 
7 
7 

3 
19 

5 
30 
13 

7 
1 
2 
16 
2 

4 

15 

19 

1 

39 

4 

5.750 
2.500 

15.350 
10,650 
2,050 
4,000 
3,750 

2.000 
14. 120 

3,400 
18.150 

7,000 

4,640 
600 
1,000 
10,250 
1,250 

3,000 
8.550 

13. 125 
500 

25,141 

2,500 

13 

17,400 

1 
1 

13 

22 
40 

324 

10 

) 

11 

12 
11 

13.300 
15,100 

3 

1 

8.600 
2,000 

10 

87,000 

13 
9 
4 

3,695 
2,338 

866 

1,285 

12 
11 

2 
1 
5 

1 
1 
3 
4 
9 

6 
2 
2 
3 

1 

1 

25 
30 
22 

10 

60 

26 

202 

272 

104 
16 
16 
46 

2 

8 

572 
280 

14 

2 
1 

2 
I 
1 
16 
17 

9 

3.000 
1.000 

2.050 

1,0(X) 

1.500 

20.700 

19.500 

11,000 

1 
3 

2,000 
8,250 

IS 

16 

3 

650 

36 

17 

23 

4 

46 

55 

48 

4 

12 

40 

4 

12 
6 

10 

3 

263 

9 

10,648 

160 

2,871 

20,484 

40,172 
102 
377 

34,175 
152 

4,200 

300 

132 

22 

92,538 

1,664 

18 

7 
4 

14,000 

2,250 

23,000 

10,000 

1 
3 

6,000 
22,500 

1 

7 
21 

300 
2.000 
6,100 

228 

67 

646 

376 

200 

860 

1,178 

1,353 
20 
95 
796 

19 
20 

3 

22,600 

VI 

2 

1 
1 
3 

1 

600 
200 

200 
•      1,300 

600 

?1 

2 

3,000 

7 
8 
2 

1 
1 

1 

17,000 

20,200 

4,500 

2,200 
2,000 
3,000 

4 

20,000 

203 

24 
?S 

2 

2,700 

60 

64 
236 
974 

76 

■"Z 

31 

41 

2 

112 

11 

3 

55 

20 

28 

92 

7.420 

11,835 

625 

34,211 

3,175 
850 
13,630 
4,800 
8,895 

26,802 

4 

6 

4,200 
6,000 

584 

2 

18.988 

?8 

7 

566 

U 

3,835 

"X} 

If) 

32 

40,300 

49 

155,350 

19 

133,600 

22 

1 

670 
30 

27 

7,914 

1,199 

31 

3? 

2 

8 

108 
2,975 

289 

4,063 

350 

626 

4,354 

It 

18 
2 
12 

60 
7 

16 
3 
9 

8 
10 
6 
3 

2 
6 
13 

10,100 
1.000 
6.830 

36,725 
4,100 

11,500 
1,500 
5.360 

5,000 
6,700 
3,350. 
2,250 

1,000 
3,200 
7,000 

7 
1 
5 

21 
2 
9 
2 
3 

7 
2 
1 

8.500 
1,000 
9,500 

23.400 
3.000 

10.800 
3.000 
3.000 

9.000 
2.000 
1,000 

6 

13,000 

3 

15,000 

42 
8 
42 

74 
34 
43 
5 
12 

8 
66 
36 

11,820 

231 

13,397 

21,666 
3,225 

29,788 
1,250 
2,605 

429 

35.762 

4,408 

5 

1 

150 

7 

610 

34 

I"! 

36 

1 

1 
8 

2,000 

2,260 

24,000 

4 

;!0,000 

3 
6 

238 
462 

20 
5 

4,470 
2,100 

991 
648 

37 
38 

5 
3 
10 

30 
8 
34 

7 

18 

17 

29 

2 

1,350 

745 

2,560 

7,970 
2,100 
9,323 
1,650 

5.630 

4.645 

8,450 

475 

55 

3") 

1 

7 

7 

150 
2,300 

1,700 

266 

40 

1 

2,000 

1 
2 

4 
240 

885 
535 

41 

4? 

4 
1 

9,600 
2,000 

2 

11,000 

4t 

189 

44 

37 

208 

433 

320 

15 

I*) 

7 

10,300 

10 

27,600 

2 

11,000 

62 
13 

16 

56,643 
1.584 
3,203 

' 

151 

6 

1,510 

56 

46 

47 

2 

19 

4 

1,600 

276 

It 

4*) 

3 

2 

875 
700 

6 

900 

m 

1 

250 

■ii 

1 



I 

136  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  119.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— SUBSTATION  EQUIPMENT,  MOTORS, 


STATE  OK  TEREITOBY. 

Numl)er  of 
stations. 

SUBSTATION  PLANTS. 

Total 
kilowatt 
capacity. 

Transformers. 

Rotarles. 

Number  of 
celUiD 
storage 

batteries. 

Kilowatt 
capacity 
of  miscel- 
laneous ap- 
paratus. 

Number 

Kilowatts. 

Numljer. 

Kilowatts. 

1 

United  states 

4,714 

1,511,102 

4,211 

1,100,824 

490 

311,003 

20,187 

99,276 

? 

55 
15 
63 
129 
56 

41 
14 

37 
93 
42 

383 
200 
192 
111 
83 

42 
81 
36 
120 
234 

171 
68 

162 
33 
98 

9 

66 

64 

15 

314 

71 
29 
272 
72 
61 

327 

7 
40 
37 

78 

218 
31 
60 
61 

71 

48 

206 

18 

4,500 
1,490 

9 
9 

3,400 
1,190 

266 

1,100 

1 

2 

.inn 

4 

>; 

California 

296,306 
19,594 

16,520 
24,795 

1,068 
90 

44 
21 

283,428 
18,910 

11,470 
11,900 

8             2,130 
1  ,               400 

11               6.050 

1,168 

10,748 
284 

A 

7 

1,040 
1,178 

8 

18 

10,700 

2,195 

9 

Florida 

in 

15,583 
4,226 

92,651 

23,611 

1,443 

5,850 

1,200 

6,117 
12,108 
16,525 
24,093 
88,858 

63,292 

60 

35,272 

17,742 

890 

7,700 
10,805 
9,070 

39 
61 

168 
62 

28 
28 

14,483 
3,925 

21,351 
19,930 
1,411 
5,850 

4 

600 

500 
300 

1,900 

2,066 

32 

11 

Idalio           ..                    

1? 

Illinois                                                      

93 
12 

69,400 
1,615 

3,018 
420 

11 

14 

11 

16 

1,200 
1,000 

17 

10 
65 
26 
163 
143 

77 

2 

116 

54 

17 

34 
68 
60 

2,117 
12,108 

5,726 
23,181 
61,040 

44,440 

60 

6,347 

16,602 

840 

7,700 
9,856 
4,746 

4 

3,000 

\^ 

9 
3 
28 

16 

7,400 

900 

9,290 

6,100 

3,400 

12 

18,528 

3,752 

?n 

1,388 
299 

528 

?i 

?^ 

^ 

'"t 

16 
2 

7,950 
600 

936 

20,975 

540 

50 

■"> 

?fi 

TT 

■>« 

3 
14 

750 
4,200 

278 

200 
125 

•X) 

'tn 

V 

487,973 
2,250 

865 
24 

316,937 
2,260 

196 

161,628 

7,761 

9,408 

1? 

ti 

14 

18,795 

63 

13,425 

4 

1,000 

470 

4,370 

15 

16 

40,829 

63,747 
1,823 

47,813 

1,390 

324 

1,140 
8,840 
8,728 
2,055 

38,507 

1,805 

4,733 

50 

139 

186 
26 

168 
9 
12 

29,629 

36,107 
1,823 

47,813 

1,390 

324 

15            10.200 

1,000 
12,200 

17 

23 

5,440 

1,108 
296 

1R 

19 

in 

South  Dakota                                                                                 -  - 

^'' 

Texas                                                                        -               

1,140 

41 

Utah..                                   

48 

66 
12 

114 
19 
38 

1 

8,840 
8,528 
2,055 

35,357 

1,805 

2,483 

50 

1 

44 

1  1               200 

45 

Virginia. .                                

46 

Washington                                     

7 

3,150 

55 

47 

48 

2,250 

49 

'in 

9 
6 

900 

6 

900 

1 

'  Includes  1  station  in  District  of  Columbia,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES.  137 

TRANSFORMERS,  METERS,  CUSTOMERS,  AND  OUTPUT  OF  STATIONS,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


STATIONARY  MOTORS. 

TRANSFORMERS  IN  CIRCUITS  FOR 
CUSTOMERS. 

Number  of  meters 

Number  of  custom- 

OUTPUT OF  STATIONS 

,  KILOWATT  HOURS. 

ou  consumption 

ers  fumislied  elec- 

circuits. 

tric  current. 

Number. 

Horsepower. 

Number. 

Kilowatts. 

Total  for  year. 

Average  per  day. 

107, 184 

1,649.021! 

299,489 

2,058,567 

1,683,917 

1,946,979 

5,862,276,737 

16,295,709 

1 

541 

5,660 

2,037 

8,890 

11,430 

16,261 

30,840,764 

85,766 

2 

339 

2,220 

605 

3,083 

5,025 

6,854 

9,392,302 

25,731 

3 

198 

1,177 

1,917 

7,, 396 

6,503 

12,071 

11,619,310 

31,791 

4 

ll,5(iO 

200,067 

21,625 

213,633 

143,384 

173,029 

661,606,309 

1,816,169 

5 

3,232 

41, 161 

4,046 

45,633 

41,050 

46,911 

123,275,212 

339,288 

6 

2,741 

21,146 

3,657 

24,262 

20,072 

21,614 

07,406,232 

184,720 

7 

1,630 

13,053 

1,546 

8,078 

11,700 

11,165 

30,543,622 

83,681 

8 

189 

1,584 

2,004 

8,183 

7,970 

10,640 

11,706,994 

32,600 

9 

410 

11,078 

3,225 

14,385 

10,075 

15,452 

59,311,202 

163,262 

10 

406 

4,054 

2,011 

10,402 

7,160 

12,656 

9, 577,  .588 

27,963 

11 

21,675 

137,661 

20,331 

99,067 

146,208 

167,645 

467,057,328 

1,284.805 

12 

5,132 

33,716 

12,296 

63,799 

72,483 

86,237 

130,263,093 

362, 484 

13 

2,643 

14,547 

4,907 

23,422 

39, 492 

48,516 

37,729,072 

103.743 

14 

1,425 

12,033 

3,111 

15,606 

21,364 

29,292 

59,740.179 

164, 756 

15 

1,124 

9,962 

4,582 

20,175 

18,350 

24,282 

37, 232, 623 

103,293 

16 

1,713 

16,110 

3,372 

8,862 

15,116 

15,972 

26,421,316 

72,841 

17 

1,304 

19,372 

4,858 

24,210 

16,230 

19,614 

66,136.651 

190.  .339 

18 

4.893 

19,803 

3,824 

22,355 

20,854 

22, 168 

47.8(i8.675 

131,140 

19 

15,877 

81,246 

16,165 

94,324 

87,824 

80,713 

219.425.607 

601,777 

20 

7,089 

53,245 

10,222 

72,t»3 

78,950 

87,500 

208, 154, 199 

571,182 

21 

3,711 

41,095 

6,249 

35.860 

46,701 

54,214 

87,579,431 

370, 445 

22 

181 

1,520 

1,958 

9.791 

9,234 

13,829 

15,704,624 

43,246 

23 

8,923 

54,111 

9.531 

46,185 

50.070 

61,575 

147,328,446 

406,919 

24 

971 

33,240 

1,823 

33,691 

15. 105 

17, 630 

137,379,261 

392,207 

25 

1,719 

10,776 

2,433 

17,146 

22,710 

27,086 

31,958,739 

87,804 

26 

411 

6,850 

836 

4,319 

2,305 

3,958 

29,621,730 

81,820 

27 

1.061 

10,231 

4.030 

18.836 

11,764 

14,082 

55,258,921 

153,562 

28 

5,994 

27,604 

13.830 

56, 770 

55,296 

57,179 

140,527,522 

385,86(j 

29 

195 

1,231 

303 

1,949 

2,701 

4,494 

4,614,349 

12,680 

30 

18,051 

393, 955 

32,406 

496,040 

217,462 

201,701 

1,452,222,471 

3,988,701 

31 

249 

4,345 

1,526 

6.395 

6,068 

9,719 

13, 171,  681 

37,443 

32 

327 

1,816 

343 

1,752 

6,493 

7,999 

8,229,705 

22,041 

33 

13,083 

04,941 

18,991 

91,064 

92,964 

100,071 

217,311,924 

699,779 

34 

1.08B 

6,586 

2,259 

12,052 

13,937 

20,565 

24,985.903 

69, 428 

35 

2,072 

20,452 

3,439 

25,227 

21,312 

33,475 

92,807,992 

256,8.33 

36 

10,063 

122.461 

37,578 

195,742 

142. 186 

160,957 

410,554,167 

1,101,309 

37 

2,082 

12,947 

2,477 

10,304 

13,212 

11,591 

36,051,323 

97,676 

38 

969 

37,388 

2,456 

11.195 

6,6.32 

8,054 

68, 696, 424 

175,540 

39 

279 

3,649 

823 

7,096 

6,500 

7,940 

13,616.015 

40,  ,322 

40 

1,193 

4,524 

3,009 

12,527 

11,397 

16,426 

34,847,956 

101,203 

41 

4,223 

18,634 

8,893 

31,744 

47.625 

68,447 

75,829,108 

210.588 

42 

406 

5,519 

943 

8,233 

2,197 

11,212 

61, 072,  (.61 

109,550 

43 

776 

9.778 

3,498 

20,790 

12,698 

15,361 

29,923.333 

82,149 

44 

268 

3,690 

1,295 

7,764 

2,835 

6,969 

10,208,300 

29,347 

45 

1,933 

29,686 

3,843 

63,657 

38,699 

46,462 

257,785,236 

708,034 

46 

340 

4.432 

2,052 

10,327 

5,936 

9,404 

24.871.317 

71,043 

47 

2,366 

17,995 

5,993 

25,710 

34,773 

44,081 

52,546,210 

147,502 

48 

131 

685 

271 

1,901 

3,199 

5,116 

5,499,084 

16,080 

49 

65 

587 

53S 

1,614 

734 

1.879 

3.390,401 

9,306 

50 

162 

1.082 

420 

2.002 

2,490 

5,059 

5,049,047 

13.833 

51 

138 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  120.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC 


STATE  OB  TEKBIIORY. 

Number 

of 
stations. 

ARC  UOnTQIO— NUMBES  OF  LAMPS  WIRED  FOE  SEB^^CE. 

Total. 

Direct-current. 

Altemating-curren  t . 

Commercial. 

Public. 

Commercial. 

Public. 

Commercial. 

Puhlic. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

1 

United  States 

Alabama 

4,714 

555,713 

1 
12,007 

254,315 

66,879 

222,512 

10,050 

126,251 

64,416 

68,500 

1,957 

128,064 

2,463 

154,012 

V 

66 
16 
63 

121 
56 

41 
14 
37- 
93 
42 

383 
200 
192 
111 
83 

42 
81 
36 
120 
234 

171 
68 

162 
33 
98 

9 
56 
64 
15 
314 

71 
29 
272 
72 
61 

327 

7 

40 

.      37 

78 

218 
31 
60 
51 

71 

48 

206 

18 

4,928 

754 

1,669 

19,691 

6,391 

7,639 
4,473 
1,408 
3,173 
966 

55,309 

22,165 

7,352 

5,685 

6,884 

8,587 
3,187 
9,292 
33,869 
23,514 

13,398 
1,694 

17,576 
3,132 
4,262 

327 

3,510 

21,973 

332 
97,529 

1,936 
1,163 
43,849 
3,451 
3,927 

66,777 

.     5,970 

2,521 

1,278 

4,407 

8,176 

440 

1,866 

1,415 

6,771 

2,885 

8,697 

517 

265 
78 
3 

195 
88 

241 
37 
144 

683 

149 

75 

3 

is' 

383 
155 
195 

9 
14 
16 
13 
21 

i' 

8 

4 

399 

"3,'3i7' 
12 
2 

4,929 
1 

is' 

10 

44 

63' 

i2 

405 

2,483 

409 

583 

9,239 

2,230 

3,410 

2,601 

128 

561 

379 

26,411 
8,894 
3,394 
2,514 
1,556 

4,440 
1,096 
5,544 
15,991 
9,335 

8,138 

361 

11,489 

1,986 

2,061 

195 

1,564 

8,814 

162 

57,028 

249 

621 

15, 161 

1,563 

1,557 

23,681 

2,631 

680 

479 

1,396 

4,713 
349 
461 
346 

3,768 

1,017 

2,385 

262 

68 

27 

9 

903 

1,692 

1,371 

363 

220 

310 

24 

9,225 

4,644 

979 

269 

318 

■■   "326' 
1,146 
2,741 
2,826 

1,648 

31 

976 

177 

110 

19' 

2,644 

3 

4,347 

54 

36 

4,625 

44 
1,597 

18,520 
2,399 

54' 

■     639 

4 

243 

184 

"   "6i2' 

480 

72 

2,110 
240 
1,074 
9,354 
1,381 

2,617 
1,472 

916 
2,302 

563 

18,990 
8,578 
2,904 
2,899 
5,010 

4,147 
1,750 
2,219 
14,982 
11,158 

3,603 
1,288 
5,095 
956 
2,070 

132 

1,923 

10,507 

163 
35,755 

1,633 

506 

20,746 

1,832 
771 

19,647 
939 

1,841 
784 

2,947 

2,780 

87 

1,099 

885 

3,003 

1,244 

5,427 

183 

e' 

3 

66 

88 

229 
37 
144 

1,780 
106 

21 
984 

75 

1,849 

1,989 

12 

33 

2 

9 

9 

652 

1,692 

1,371 

363 

200 

183 

6 

9,107 

4,491 

908 

269 

318 

"    "326' 
1,146 
2,634 
2,511 

1,661 

'893" 
164 
105 

119 
27 
445 
411 
67 

589 

1,373 

24 

78 

3 

5,238 

2,400 

988 

791 

2,666 

246 

550 

1,837 

6,674 

2,361 

1,086 
82 

3,177 
77 
183 

265 

72 

"i29' 

12 

53 

46 

2 

1 

32' 

i4' 

16 
3 
13 

703 

303 

562 

8,255 

2,156 

1,561 
612 
116 
628 
379 

11,949 
5,465 
1,664 
1,626 
1,420 

1,325 
806 
2,406 
7,294 
5,100 

2,872 
329 
4,796 
1,462 
1,983 

195 

1,532 

8,372 

103 

14,850 

232 
91 

6,160 
1,478 
1,548 

15,592 

824 

680 

363 

1,370 

3,865 
349 
461 
341 

2,176 
954 

1,686 
182 

66 
18 

"25i" 

26" 

127 
19 

118 
53 
71 

"m 

316 

87 
31 
83 
13 
6 

'     "m 

3 

109 

""""359' 
44 

115 

is' 

8 

4 

5" 

23' 

45 

1,991 

213 

629 

8,943 

1,314 

2,028 
90 

892 
2,224 

560 

13,752 
6,178 
1,916 
2,108 
2,344 

3,901 
1,200 
382 
8,308 
8,797 

2,517 
1,206 
1,918 
879 
1,887 

132 
1,822 
7,938 

137 
19,647 

1,287 

228 

15,470 

1,639 
768 

10,304 

776 

1,754 

707 

2,805 

2,646 

87 

1,035 

663 

2,982 

1,066 

3,982 

162 

3 

Arisona 

4 

S 

CalUomia  .                    .  .. 

A 

7 

R 

Delaware '    . 

9 

Florida 

in 

11 

Idaho  '. 

1? 

Illinois 

630 

103 

73 

2 

is' 

383 
155 
163 

9 

io' 

8 

14,462 

3,429 

1,730 

889 

136 

3,11s 
290 
3,138 
8,697 
4,235 

6,266 

32 

6,693 

524 

78 

13 

14 

Iowa 

15 

16 

Kentiiclcy 

17 

Louisiana 

18 

19 

Maryland 

W 

?1 

Michigan 

r> 

Minnesota 

?3 

?4 

Missouri. 

vi 

w 

27 

?S 

New  Hampshire 

4 

8 

"392 

"2,' 286' 
2 

4,801 
1 

32 

442 

59 

42, 178 

17 

530 

10,001 

85 

9 

8,089 
1,807 

19 
2,295 

"4,' 238' 

54 

36 

4,266 

'"i,'597' 

18,405 
2,399 

101 

2,569 

26 

16,108 

346 

278 

6,276 

193 

3 

9,343 
164 
87 
77 
142 

234 

4' 

7 

"i,'63i' 
10 
2 

128 

is' 

10 

9 

29 
30 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico. 

31 

New  Yorls 

3? 

North  Carolina 

33 

North  Dakota.   .     . 

34 

Ohio 

35 

36 

Oregon 

37 

Pennsylvania 

38 

.39 

40 

South  Dakota 

35 

126 
26 

848 

39' 

631 

41 

4? 

Texas 

43 

Utah 

44 

3 
"394' 

243 

179 

"589' 

435 

72 

64 
322 

21 

178 

1,445 

31 

60 

i2" 

11 

45 

Virginia . . . 

6 

1,592 
63 
699 
80 

46 

Washington 

47 

West  Virginia 

48 

44 

Alaska 

.V) 

9 
6 

67 
539 

1 

63 
139 

""isi 

3 
269 

1 


11 
39 

"isi' 

3 
112 

52 

100 

61 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Bico. . . . 

■ 

157 

>  Includes  1  station  In  District  of  Columbia,  in  order  tbat  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

STATIONS— ANALYSIS  OF  SERVICE,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


139 


INCANDESCENT  UQHTINQ— NUMBER  OF  LAMPS  WIRED  FOR  SERVICE. 


Aggregate. 


41,445,997 


Total. 


Commercial. 


40,637,304 


Public. 


16-candiepower. 


Commercial. 


35,048,537 


232,  577 

72, 001 

I42,44fi 

3,0ti7,38:) 

648, 448 

376, 661 
412, 948 
141,258 
179,913 
122, 460 

3,582,178 

1,325,182 

808, 451 

471,876 

483,  401 

376,990 

442,940 

634,705 

2,650,724 

1,711,689 

900,119 
141,027 
1,698,935 
230,837 
488,932 

63,904 

301,300 

1,673,082 

55,229 
6,991,406 

144, 139 
118,875 
2,254,467 
218,884 
370,092 

3,861,171 
384,597 
149,907 
129,486 
306,818 

794,972 
67, 663 

305,593 
93,035 

618,809 
159,800 
779,354 
59, 315 


19,818 
58,492 


2.30,434 
71,480  1 
140,115  I 
3,031,750 
640,409 

569,614 
407,942 
138,678  I 
175,838  i 
121,334 

3,507,351 

1,308,452 

792,996 

468, 263 

477, 244 

367,835  i 
433,982  1 
616,105 

2,602,316  ! 

1,661,290  I 

882,459 
1.38, 972 
1,689,649 
229, 277 
482, 619 

63,684 

292,458 

1,648,762 

54, 537 

6,753,211 

141,490 
117,019 
2, 207, 283 
216,869 
3*14,640 

3,815,617 
375, 148 
147,547 
127, 455 
300,351 

787, 701 
64, 632 

293,391 
91,381 

607,594 
15<),604 
765,063 
58,463 


19,  .WO 
57,136 


2,143 

521 

2,a31 

35,633 

8,037 

7,047 
5,006 
2,580 
4,075 
1,126 

74,827  t 
16,730  * 
15,455  ] 
3,613  I 
6,157 

9,155 
8,958 
18,600 
48,408 
50,399 

17,660 
2,055 
9,286 
1,560 
6,313 

220 

8,842 

24,320 

692  ' 

238,195 

2,669 
1,856 
47, 184 
2,015 
5,452 

45,554 
9,449 
2,360 
2,031 
6,467 

7,271 

3,031 

12,202 

1,654 

11,215 

3, 196 

14,291 

852 


318 
1,356 


202,708 
59,295 
123,973 
2,482,026 
603,804 

469.283 
392;  2.53 
130, 120 
146,039 
94,  428 

2,713,110 

1,171,285 

670,359 

356, 797 

393,  796 

342,300 

359,375 

611,591 

2, 479, 540 

1,386,798 

782, 260 
119,299 
1, 136,  748 
208, 402 
384,072 

60,175 

262,183 

1,317,787 

37, 177 
6,443,667 

116,704 
82,934 
1,870,192 
204,942 
288,853 

3,329,414 
272,317 
132,632 
117,622 
274,254 

764,091 
51,832 

265, 334 
79,303 

381,188 

1,39,  498 

686,869 

49,918 


14,8.50 
47,457 


Public. 


592,075 


1,837 

449 

702 

28,  .563 

7,115 

2,932 
3,777 
1,065 
2,899 
374 

59,627 
12,930 
4,616 
2,350 
4,330 

7,972 
3,  779 
16, 492 
21,460 
45,234 

11,155 

734 

3,414 

1,451 

4,175 

215 
4,794 
3,723 

625 
218, 638 

1,028 
1,077 
40,  416 
1,434 
2,945 

32,560 
3,210 
1,742 
1,311 
3,261 

4,748 
873 

2,091 
567 

5, 171 

1,620 

9,909 

685 


216 
910 


32K;andlepower. 


Commercial.  I  Public. 


1,293,229       115,381 


11,945 

4,9.35 

9,366 

97,146 

15,704 

8,373 
10,226 

6,838 
15,690 

7,953 

99,415 
66,327 
37,853 
22, 878 
12, 521 

6,868 
27, 470 

1,789 
51,560 
59,121 

30,088 
9,791 
42, 757 
11,280 
16,288 

1,330 

6,059 

201,719 

6,817 

59,399 

6,445 
10, 125 
63,  .329 

7,616 
37,204 

83,830 
11,862 
9,971 
3,864 
6,577 

10,955 
4,785 
4,284 
6,519 

37,436 
7,428 

18,090 
3,205 


1,3.55 
3,083 


214 

72 

1,158 

4,658 

574 

671 
228 
861 
399 
662 

9,652 
2,513 
8,375 
831 
1,193 

773 
2,761 
1,156 
5,506 
2,867 

4,156 
906 

4,013 
104 

1,845 

5 

1,925 

8,135 

66 

3,620 

876 
497 

4,361 
487 

2,201 

8, 265 

5,927 

419 

675 

1,542 

1,387 

1,838 

8,614 

846 

2,950 

1,162 

3,288 

187 


353 


All  ottier  candiepower. 


Commercial. 


4,295,538 


15,781 

7,250 

6,776 

452,578 

20,901 

91,958 
5,463 
1,720 
14,109 
18,953 

694, 826 
70,840 
84,784 
88,588 
70,927 

18,667 

47, 137 

2,725 

71,216 

215,371 

70,  111 

9,882 

510, 144 

9,595 

82,259 

2,179 
24,216 

129,256 
10,543 

249,945 

18,341 

23,960 

273, 762 

4,311 

38,583 

402, 373 

90,969 

4,944 

5,969 

19,520 

12,655 
8,015 

23, 773 
5,559 

188,970 

9,680 

60,114 

5,  ,340 


Public. 


101,237 


3,295 
C,59.' 


471 

2,412 

348 

3,444 

1,001 

654 

777 

90 

5,548 
1,287 
2,464 

432  ! 

634 

410 

2,418 

952 

21,442 

2,298 

2,349 
415 

1,859 

5 

293 


2,123 

12,462 

1 

15,937 

765 
282 
2,407 
94 
306 

4,729 

312 

199 

45 

1,664 

1,156 
320 

1,497 
241 

3,094 
414 

1,094 


OTHER  VARIETIES  OF 
LAMPS— NERNST,  VAC- 
UUM, VAPOR,  ETC. 


Commercial. 


1.56,622 


Public. 


STATIONARY  MOTORS. 


Number.   Horsepower. 


69 
27 
79 
769 
768 

9,941 
3,282 

26 
424 

31 

8,735 

3,078  1 

839 

722 

395 

235 

252 

4,844 

4,469 

5,293 

2,856 

52 

6,457 

364 

1,169 

20 

434 

1,927 

150 

25,438 

46 

358 

13,166 

653 

2,752 

36,248 

632 

110 

157 

85 

9,183 

7 

432 

600 

5,968 
479 

2,281 
32C 


62 
280 


285 


396 
2,400 


no 
357 


15 

"i2' 
'21?' 

51 
'325" 


243 

100 

1 


168 
"226 


167, 184  I 


541 

339 

198 

11,560 

3,232 

2,741 

1,630 

189 

410 

406 

21,675 
5,132 
2,643 
1,425 
1,124 

1,713 
1,304 
4,893 

15,877 
7,089 

3,711 
181 

8,923 
971 

1,719 

411 

1,061 

6,994 

195 

18,051 

249 

327 

13,083 

1,086 

2,072 

10,063 

2,082 

969 

279 

1,193 

4,223 
406 

776 
268 

1,933 
340 

2,366 
131 


65 
162 


1,649,026 


5,650 

2,220 

1,177 

200,067 

41,161 

21,146 
13,053 

1,584 
11,078 

4,054 

137, 661 
33,716 
14,547 
12,033 
9,962 

16,110 
19,372 
19,803 
81,246 
53,245 

41,095 
1,520 
54,111 
33,240 
10, 776 

6,850 

10,231 

27,604 

1,231 

393,955 

4,345 
1,816 

64,941 
6,586 

20,452 

122,461 
12,947 
37,388 
3,649 
4,524 

18,634 
5,519 
9,778 
3,690 

29,686 

4,432 

17,995 

685 


587 
1,082 


7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

12 
13 
14 
15 
18 

17 
18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 
24 
25 
28 

27 
28 
29 
30 
31 

32 
33 
34 
35 
38 

37 
38 
39 
40 
41 

42 
43 
44 
45 

4« 
47 
48 
49 

SO 
SI 


140 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  121.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— ANALYSIS  OF 


STATE  OR  TEBEITOBY. 


United  States 

Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware ' 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois , 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky , 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey , 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina , 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island , 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Alaska 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico 


Num- 
ber 
oJ  sta- 
tions. 


4,714 


55 
15 
03 
129 
56 

41 
14 
37 
93 
42 

383 
200 
192 
111 
83 

42 
81 
30 
120 
234 

171 
08 

102 
33 


56 

64 

IS 

314 

71 
29 
272 
72 
61 

327 
7 

40 
37 

78 

218 
31 
60 
51 

71 

48 

206 

18 


Aggregate 
cost. 


SUPPLIES  AND  MATERIALS. 


$44,458,568 


303,045 
231,221 
228, 766 
3,062.069 
822,549 

581,762 
351,833 
241,360 
273,398 
177,086 

3,382,708 

1,372,494 

900,519 

477,208 

500,214 

485, 772 

336,848 

547,314 

2,815,741 

1,943,393 

1,121,345 
214,906 

1,484,901 
423,369 
476, 136 

66,407 
255, 178 

1,694,281 
101,197 

7,030,328 

197,012 
215,590 
2,177,633 
360,138 
304,471 

4.310,011 
411,028 
198,344 
199,583 
334,236 

1,539,947 
121,590 
177,966 
105,558 

736. 722 
242,563 
819, 153 
102,955 


162,247 
81,710 


Total  cost. 


$21,400,823 


87,032 

62,989 

58,799 

1,940,0.30 

333, 516 

247,029 
196, 534 
54,036 
106,767 
137,625 

1,376,655 
509,059 
367,081 
175,798 
201,944 

196, 193 

220, 1,59 

222, 156 

1,438,911 

1,090,659 

580,410 
47, 173 
717,251 
300,818 
168, 144 

50,600 
112,927 
691,810 

48,399 
4,028,067 

62, 948 
33,186 

869,760 
71,885 

130,883 

2,334,458 
165,642 
94,301 
58,844 
108,251 

361,135 
113,974 
118,071 
54,188 

575,637 

129,417 

334,984 

24,698 


47,251 
22,992 


Meters. 


Num- 
ber. 


31,900 


302 

52 

152 

2,241 

497 

138 
93 
44 
72 

249 

2,122 

3,627 

804 

344 

153 

68 
135 

92 

4,056 

685 

746 
127 
900 
491 
291 

1 

474 

4,617 

6 

1,012 


173 

1,406 

119 

212 

1,580 
244 
283 
620 
146 

967 
67 
121 
161 

507 

15 

599 


20 
254 


Cost. 


J426,625 


3,960 

882 

1,884 

43,352 

5,936 

2,479 

1,149 

661 

783 

4,139 

26,403 
41,944 
11,167 
5,802 
2,043 

731 

1,678 

1,653 

54,880 

7,371 

■  9, 527 
1,688 

22,774 
5,552 
3,983 

20 

6,682 

48,307 

84 

17,291 

80 

2.796 

19,054 

1,487 

3,461 

18,225 
3,555 
3,479 
6,564 
1,996 

11,472 

794 

2.409 

1,978 

6,083 
235 

7,155 
949 


260 
3,595 


Motors. 


Transformers. 


Num- 
ber. 


4.646 


13 


78 

6 

258 

54 

4 

25 
35 
10 
22 

6 
19 
75 

3 
2,722 


246 

7 

31 

22 

10 

261 
6 
15 


Cost. 


Num- 
ber. 


$278,410 


48,049 
1,025 


419 
216 
800 

5,798 
7,963 
1,934 
5,318 
2,844 


15,100 

750 

37, 485 

4,552 

314 
2,062 
3,320 
2.193 
1,387 

1,765 

2.349 

1,427 

375 

77,609 


290 
305 


26,670 

1,137 

2,910 

1,545 

690 

10,393 

607 

1,882 


370 


2,998 
180 


6,762 


67 
29 
77 
460 
62 

35 
69 
40 
38 

64 

629 

567 

185 

60 

92 

64 

45 

101 

414 

193 

141 
41 

270 
32 
25 

30 

87 


16 

6 

424 

89 

46 

538 
70 
61 
20 
87 

365 
106 
73 
111 

45 
24 
93 
12 


24 


Cost. 


$337,706 


2,911 
1,950 
3,271 
26,637 
4,046 

2,924 
2,345 
1,719 
1,319 
6,096 

25,112 

35,137 

7,426 

2,200 

3,287 

1,910 
3,037 
2,896 
30,812 
6,865 


1,456 

10,347 

837 

1,772 

3,805 
3,608 

18,726 
275 

12,805 

827 

303 

17,751 

3,703 

3,273 

19,941 
8,026 
2,207 
4,499 
3,112 

12,605 
13,402 
4,150 
3,568 

4,399 

1,144 

3,430 

446 


Incandescent  lamps. 


Number. 


19,807,728 


Cost. 


Nemst 
lamps, 
vacuum 
and  vapor 
lamps, 

etc. 
(cost). 


$3,118,066 


37,055 
29,966 
25,118 
753,301 
259,209 

300, 789 

2.37,352 

33,286 

60,686 

41,415 

2,187,088 
397,792 
182, 685 
159, 137 
144,517 

228.314 
100,178 
416, 432 
1,952,204 
757,175 

415,642 
29,880 
447,542 
101,496 
243,291 

10,101 
72,504 

1,021,106 
7,402 

4,515,759 

36,968 
16,844 

764,552 
36,384 

124,998 

2,081.458 

229,793 

54, 429 

40.622 

148, 624 

280,546 
21,594 

104,822 
31,679 

248, 954 
58,877 

285, 048 
13,114 


1,262 


I 


20,063 
10,697 


6,655 
5,165 
4,531 
127, 164 
44,384 

53,534 
41,680 

6,208 
10,213 

9,433 

329,205 
67,239 
35,677 
27,326 
23,251 

33,988 
29,481 
80,298 
318,372 
142,222 

70,304 
5,215 
69. 524 
17,633 
41,544 

2,258 

14.227 

165,089 

1,252 
695,938 

7,019 
2,991 
112,971 
6,604 
18,672 

334,192 

39,439 

9,803 

6,595 

28,881 

45,268 
4,143 

17,149 
5,919 

36,539 
10,655 
49,520 
2,696 


6,040 
1,809 


$73, 186 


62 
328 

819 
200 
25 
173 
175 

875 
722 
554 
573 
93 

129 

714 

1,430 

2,135 

4,517 

414 


8,403 

50 

1,652 


234 
419 


16,323 

55 

62 

1,106 

150 

3 

13,714 
120 
44 
61 


11,017 


1,510 
52 


2,284 


1,461 
632 


Lamp 

fittings, 
etc., 

except 

for  arc 
lamps 

(cost). 


$762,593 


3,855 

4,386 

1,868 

84,373 

20,392 

1,834 
471 
7,249 
6,597 
6,804 

91,089 
17,529 
18.158 
18.397 
10,119 

4,498 

38,781 

3,131 

6,451 

29.378 

35.073 
5.041 

23.217 
1,497 

17,066 

205 
4.525 
3,031 
2,110 
07. 156 

3,098 

797 

25.397 

884 

2,187 

48,526 
4,221 

12,996 
6, 601 
8,822 

18,190 
4,436 

21,906 
1,967 

35. 352 
1,908 

31,261 
1,163 


3,203 
455 


1  Includes  1  station  in  District  of  Columbia,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stat  ions  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

SUPPLIES,  MATERIALS,  AND  FUEL,   BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


141 


SUPPLIES  AND  MATERIALS — Continued. 


Carbons, 
globes, 
hoods,  and 
other  sup- 
plies for  arc 
lamps,  and 
repairs 
(cost). 


SI, 698, 203 


9,589 
3.  WW 
3.414 
80.704 
25,303 

24,306 
13,911 
6,728 
8,252 
3, 774 

183,769 
77,777 
20,223 
9,403 
24,428 

15,889 
16,413 
70,234 
76, 167 
60,151 

35,918 
4,044 
49, 429 
11,312 
10,138 

173 

8,627 

96,314 

808 

220, 505 

5,048 
2,783 
102, 400 
10,016 
8,794 

258, 196 

24,567 

6,055 

2,616 

18,956 

23,541 
1,305 
5,371 
3,813 

18,087 
11,760 
21,049 

1,875 


Poles 
and  other 
supports 

(cost). 


$757,379 


506 
1,104 


5,448 
2, 044 
4,164 
112,749 
7,993 

16, 480 
14,703 
2,145 
7.982 
3,919 

23,907 
23,738 
10,7r« 
4,395 
3,343 

5,654 
4,531 
2,922 
61,268 
15,562 

44, 248 
1.408 

37,820 
1,108 
2,632 

8,327 
4,294 

41,256 
711 

95,531 

1.922 
1,919 
28,023 
2,954 
9,241 

69.839 
8,918 
6,371 
3,822 
5,181 

18,341 
5,219 
4,142 
1,335 

13,357 

1,767 
12,038 
1,340 


Wire  and 
cable 
(cost). 


SI. 769, 109 


1,395 
1,009 


All  other 
supplies 
ana  mate- 
rials, in- 
cluding 
water  for 
boilers, 
mill  sup- 
plies, etc. 
(cost). 


S4, 436, 728 


12,424 

6,359 

6,385 

158, 273 

27,600 

25, 760 
36, 106 

5,309 
13. 293 

6,896 

168.542  I 
79,287 
33,010 
9.512 
19,160 

1 
19,582  I 
15,972 
7,753 
237,745 
50,730 

30, 472  I 
3,758 
32.994 
13,689 
15,522 

7,075 

10,352 

101,082 

1,378  I 
189,572 

2.726 
4,961 
102,355 
3,01)5 
16, 898 

102,183  I 
16,093  i 
7,911 
6,162 
5,008 

50,332 
7,361 

14, 166 
6,679 

33,161 
2,469 

37.803 
3,258 


4,0 


883 


38,753 
16, 678 
21, 129 
518,536 
63,590 

57,103 
11,781 
19,094 
24,40ti 
15,546 

209,287 
106. 935 
77,709 
45,269 
75,038 

37,386 
30,055 
44.554 
237,765 
104,604 

87,801 
15.242 
103. 499 
34,865 
53,483 

10. 972 
25,922 

167,749 
10, 267 

608,975 

18, 197 
12,052 
412,287 
24.813 
44,720 

647,407 
42, 646 
18,303 
8,820 
26, 455 

97,658 
26,528 
14,742 
11,721 

50,912 
24, 846 
69,194 
10,766 


Power  purchased. 


Electric 

(cost). 


»6. 417, 237 


10,863 
3,258 


7,148 

2,580 

689, 170 

116,330 

38. 678 
71,969 
954 
26,974 
80,579 

200,057 
12,684 

108,li53 
31,538 
36,297 

70,427 
32, 762 
6,035 
282,715 
613, 402 

177,381 

2,849 

336, 239 

195. 185 

5,579 

15,000 
13,913 
24,417 
28,919 
2,040,875 

12,018 


14,645 
16,707 
15,220 

720,039 

16, 122 

24, 121 

8.215 

1,495 

27,792 
48,916 
12,785 
10,097 

109, 252 

09,266 

40,014 

1,218 


All  other 
(cost). 


$657, 235 


8.870 
4,783 


6,650 


63, 791 
14,725 
19, 707 
10,928 


4,700 
7,006 


12,727 
17,130 

24, 126 
3,270 
1,620 

11,489 
2,349 


6.492 
15,546 


65,069 
10, 152 


6,360 
1,080 
1,100 

24,339 


5,245 
6,241 


Rent  of 

water 
privileges 
for  water 
wheels  or 
turbines 

(cost). 


Freight 
not  in- 
cluded 
in  cost 
of  mate- 
rials. 


$386,552     $281,792 


11,070 
2,400 

255,839 

'34,'4ii 


900 
2,500 


46, 158 
11, 150 


15,518 
4,'536 


27,360 
2,765 
1.980 
1,200 


1,258 
22,340 


78,697 
18,239 


6.250 
6,172 

1,000 
9,580 
2,285 
2,220 
12, 582 

250 


3,010 
'  3,' 835 
25,273 


400 

3,220 

300 

5.900 

2,160 

9,887 

1,650 

18,256 


750 
579 


1,977 


703 
1,020 
5,428 

1,938 
2,159 
3,325 
2,953 
375 

21,460 
20,614 
20,115 
3,877 
1,441 

41 

2,287 

494 

1,602 

15,936 

18,700 

540 

18,065 

158 

5,965 


2,222 
6,162 


7,836 

356 

4,233 

23,496 

422 
3,479 

35,914 

798 

99 

3,364 

1,350 

26,066 

963 

889 

2,509 

96 

3.717 

6,395 

175 

18,359 
10,  .300 


COST  Of  FtJKL. 


Total. 


$23, 057, 746 


210,013 
178, 232 
169. 967 
1. 122.  (89 
489, 0.33 

334,733 
155,299 
187,324 
166,641 
39.461 

2, 006. 033 
863, 435 
533,4.38 
301,410 
298, 270 

289,579 
116,689 
325, 158 
1,376,830 
852,734 

540,935 
167,733 
767,710 
122,551 
307,992 

15. 867 

142,251 

1,002,471 

52, 798 
3,002,261 

134, 004 
182, 404 
1,307,873 
288,253 
173,588 

1,975,553 
245,386 
104,043 
140, 739 
226,985 

1,178.812 
7,616 
59,895 
51,370 

161,085 
113, 146 
484, 169 
78,257 


114,996 
58,718 


Coal. 


$19,081,212 


200,915 

6,310 

155, 961 


486, 613 

322,601 
156, 299 

97,993 
118,427 

27,734 

1,997,418 
848, 624 
531, 169 
228, 761 
296,908 

175,060 
109,333 
320, 263 
1,344.334 
826,949 

484,336 
131,801 
685,117 
111,761 
301,412 

8,192 

130,328 

994, 119 

51,154 

2,980,946 

117,374 

179, 498 

1,215,778 

257,777 

7,470 

1,899,829 
240,799 
82,  420 
131,277 
223,879 

407,216 
7,606 
57,884 
49,968 

84,968 
83,745 
405,610 

78, 257 


13,000 
32,652 


Crude  petro- 
leum. 


$2,171,547 


167,922 
945,251 


3,382 


3,300 

2,921 

336 

18,500 


96,464 
636 


62,099 


4, 496 
1,610 


Natural 
gas. 


$299, 648 


Manufac- 
tured gas. 


1,982 


3,607 
4,600 
4,118 


728,343 


14,770 
26,066 


1,800 
10, 489 


150,407 


15,220 


7,006 


83,979 
29,557 


67,923 


60 


7,648 


23,783 


All  other 
fuel. 


S710,622 


15.098 
4,000 
14,006 
26,981 
2,420 

8,750 


89,331 
48,214 
11,727 

3,636 
1.401 
1,933 
1,726 
1,362 

17,341 
6,801 
4,895 
28,112 
25,573 

43,909 
16,932 

6,274 
10,790 

6,580 

7,075 
7.427 
6,682 
1,644 
4,679 

16,690 

2,906 

4,623 

919 

83,338 

4,179 
87 
17,605 
8,327 
2,100 

43,263 

10 

2,011 

1,402 

44,993 


87,226 


142 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


TABr.R  122. -COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— ANALYSIS  OF  INCOME,   BY  STATES 

AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


STATE  OB  TEBKITOBY. 


United  States. 


Alabama. . 
Arizona... 
Arkansas.. 
California. 
Colorado., 


Connecticut. 
Delaware  i . . 

Florida 

Ceorgia... 
Idaho 


Illinois 

Indiana... 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky . 


Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. 
Michigan 


Minnesota.. 
Mississippi . 
Missouri . . . 
Montana... 
Nebraska.. 


Nevada .• 

New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 


North  Carolina. 
North  Dakota . . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 


Pennsylvania.. 
Rhode  Island.. 
South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota . . 
Tennessee 


Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington... 
West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


Alaska 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico. 


Num- 
ber ol 
sta- 
tions. 


4,714 


55 
15 
03 
129 
50 

41 
14 
37 
93 
42 

383 
200 
192 
111 
83 

42 
81 
36 
120 
234 

171 
68 

162 
33 


56 

64 

15 

314 

71 
29 
272 
72 
61 

327 
7 
40 
37 
78 

218 
31 
60 
51 

71 

48 

206 

18 


Gross 
Income. 


1175,042.338 


1,012,743 

569,850 

675, 718 

14,416,529 

3,410,240 

2,469,543 
1,464,044 

654,261 
1,110,510 

719,395 

15,405,993 
4,438,332 
2,479,909 
1,514,807 
1,660,700 

1,852,383 
1,453,016 
1,883.084 
10, 749, 240 
6,072,010 

3,478,009 
080,700 
5,805,828 
2,469,131 
1,562,669 

372, 108 
1,422,345 
5,952,378 

292,082 
34,859,170 

543, 322 

533,383 

7,643,997 

1,106,316 

1,905,245 

10,015,392 

1,724,659 

901,537 

513,082 

1,299,983 

3,792,203 
605,241 
841,701 
390,628 

3,410,542 
724,253 

2,278,637 
317,580 


416,103 
321,592 


Electric  service. 


Total. 


S169, 614, 691 


997,506 

544, 192 

604,916 

13,922,028 

3,317,844 

2,452,359 
1,442,388 

630,632 
1.080,001 

692,489 

14, 566, 772 
4, 222, 610 
2,317,880 
1,419,091 
1,610,475 

1,829,128 
1,324,048 
1,856,359 
10,(i02,498 
5, 750, 447 

3,333,409 
067,543 
5,083,795 
2,370,472 
1,474,426 

352,959 
1,321,296 
5,910,745 

289,962 
34,067,383 

527,672 

480,042 

7,474,980 

1,097,134 

1,840,155 

15,400,800 

1,027,190 

865,708 

492, 767 

1,266,610 

3,668,722 
627,332 
795,391 
380, 779 

3,219,814 
689,919 

2,127,080 
303,683 


Lighting. 


Commercial.      Public 


»100,337,434 


$25,417,680 


397,332 
307,774 


687,509 

415, 8W 

510, 280 

7,220,210 

1,921,459 

1,465.952 
992,824 
500,650 
514,211 
486, 781 

8,078,661 

2,572,206 

1,572,784 

865,072 

955, 555 

1,242,420 
739,226 
1,193.470 
6,315,999 
2,958,391 

2,193,540 
501,394 
3,578,819 
1,041,909 
1,019,573 

184, 736 

599,763 

3,700,803 

208,587 

20,430,108 

290,893 
360,589 

4,577,068 
763,024 

1,093,924 

8, 790, 425 
833,091 
285,620 
310,843 
800,907 

2,745,418 
222,067 
472,908 
235,937 

1,838,208 
425,612 

1,350,876 
258,480 


276, 514 
219,319 


139, 525 
31,102 
110,020 
890,802 
259,851 

406,981 
192,219 
100,842 
217,641 
59,528 

2,200,007 
885,547 
442, 610 
227,081 
416,012 

331,459 
231,017 
304,810 
2,227,328 
890,406 

507,419 
120,505 
537,590 
108,433 
212,838 


225, 552 

1,423,003 

19,504 

3,806,270 

128,963 
55,122 
1,705,193 
157,713 
187, 025 

3,291,177 

424, 430 

124,045 

69,120 

262,416 

321,576 
27,405 

130, 473 
83,905 

239,948 
141,415 
432,481 
33,342 


10,833 
50,130 


Stationary 
motors. 


Electric- 
railway 
service. 


128,511,550  17,841,497  $5,519,746 


Current 
sold  to 
other  elec- 
tric com- 
panies. 


84,805 

71,808 

18, 248 

3,826,462 

951,830 

407, 577 
191,  (i09 
16,220 
132,964 
100,291 

2,445,280 
568,199 
261,202 
224.224 
220,061 

228,680 
284, 027 
349,059 
1,519,708 
873, 081 

536,622 
26, 133 
985,596 
963,669 
168,402 

148,560 
190, 704 
082,028 
24,033 
5,088,401 

70, 431 

40, 794 

1,054,070 

103.920 

375, 306 

2,101,320 
302, 513 
432,384 
110,651 
130, 798 

376.897 

173, 439 

162,376 

40, 740 

531,818 
43,084 

2,53,087 
11,701 


109,985 
32,295 


60,583 
17,818 
17,075 
1,396.735 
29,071 

46,323 
31,971 
4,383 
13.263 
12,000 

1,004,328 
114,078 
28,890 
41,079 
10,627 

7,871 
29,454 

7,114 
288,038 
277,115 

22, 628 


477,784 
57,112 
18,067 

8,340 

217,301 

95.991 

5,924 

1,168,700 


10.362 
47,477 
60,977 
167, 072 

901,564 
62,982 


1,100 
69,964 


187,276 


13.281 
1,825 

143, 183 
4,714 
52, 191 


7,104 


550,159 
154,412 


122,973 


204,654 
32,504 

148,605 

41,703 

577 

44,753 


421 

37,301 

100 

244,054 

681,638 

41,629 
2,849 
95, 694 
188,529 
40,584 


73,610 

4,166 

28,919 

1,579,357 

25,235 
4,000 
48,476 


12,446 

273,315 

3,000 

22,557 


1,255 


203,587 
9,570 
16,980 

404,797 
72,434 
35,799 


1,979 


Electric 
heating. 


1271,591 


1,215 


18 

10,081 

954 


3,627 


786 

77,407 

34,346 

5,151 

3,267 

60 

336 
3,021 


2,455 
44,526 


7,942 
2,782 


8,455 

1,444 
105 

2,575 
940 

4,210 

70 

200 

3,725 

4,000 

2,530 

30,637 
500 
907 


300 

2,055 
834 
162 
115 

663 


1,865 
100 


Charging 
automo- 
biles. 


1154,747 


$1,560,440 


663 

78 

1,279 
26,600 


8,547 

1,676 

2,786 

927 

150 


All  other. 


23,809 

500 

9,209 

20,316 
183 

048 
3,038 
2,537 
3,808 


3,937 
4,855 
3.874 
12,088 
2,010 

17,941 


1,109 
794 


3,353 


3,739 

30 

2,707 

90 

86 

1,173 

25 

91,911 


56 

290 

1,000 


3,496 
674 


1,629 


1,800 
3,207 
24,496 

20,336 
13,820 

4.573 
10,790 

3,800 


14,055 

886 

1,970 

1,238,366 

80 

2,920 

38,075 

6,500 

1,852 

8,866 


196 

1,053 

970 

33,971 


6,621 
1,211 

1,166 

2,660 

744 


$6,027,647 


All  other 
sources. 


16,237 
26,668 
10,802 
494,601 
92,396 

17,184 
22,266 
23,619 
23,909 
26,906 

899,221 

215,722 

162,089 

95, 776 

60,225 

23,265 
128,368 

26, 725 
146,742 
321,563 

144,540 
19, 157 

122,033 
92.659 
88,243 

19, 149 
101,049 

41,633 

2,720 

791,787 

15,650 
53,341 

169,017 
9,182 

126,090 

614,692 
97,469 
36,829 
20,915 
33,373 

123,481 
37,909 
46,310 
9,849 

190,728 
34,334 

151,667 
13,897 


18,771 
13,818 


>  Includes  1  station  In  District  o{  Columbia,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


143 


Table  123.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAX  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— NUMBER  OF  SALARIED  EMPLOYEES 

AND  TOTAL  SALARIES,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


STATE   OP.  TERRITORY. 


United  States.... 

Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 7 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware' 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idalio 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kan.sas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  IIanip.shire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Alaska 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Uico 


Number 
of 

stations. 


4,714 


55 
15 
63 
129 
56 

41 
14 
37 
93 
42 

383 
2(X) 
192 
111 

83 

42 
81 
36 
120 
234 

171 
68 

162 
,33 


9 
56 
64 
15 
314 

71 
29 
272 
72 
61 

327 
7 
40 
37 
78 

218 
31 
60 
51 

71 

48 

206 

18 


Number. 


12.990 


109 

68 

75 

927 

220 

170 
96 
71 

132 
72 

1,034 
448 
278 
182 
124 

113 
157 
160 
655 
554 

292 
103 
482 
122 
119 

23 
109 
399 

27 
1,879 

72 
49 
660 
126 
118 


73 
93 

121 

378 
61 

109 
66 

221 

83 
290 
35 


Salaries. 


SI  1,733, 787 


82, 498 

55. 596 

52, 070 

1,141.902 

220,340 

160,759 
84,244 
47,064 

102,862 
82,755 

982,854 
310, 136 
188.899 
136,160 
100, 091 

97.053 

98,761 

157,823 

689,496 

381,337 

261,578 
71,213 
447,678 
175.087 
104,250 

27,071 
83,568 
419.9.54 
21,505 
1,776,526 

60,937 
43,205 

617,401 
92, 329 

130, 792 

1,054.939 
102,077 
67,958 
55,710 
93,558 

278,797 
65,356 
69,006 
38.207 

247, 647 
49,785 

190, 129 
28.722 


GENERAl      OFnCERS 
OP  COEPOBATION. 


Number.      Salaries. 


1,761 


52.350 
32,091 


11 
15 
7 

72 
34 

54 
11 

6 
10 
11 

109 
72 
58 
23 
14 

18 
37 
27 
122 
47 


45 
23 
18 

1 
38 
63 

6 
191 


204 
6 

18 
9 

11 


$2,202,028 


13.119 

13,311 

3,089 

144,098 

50,162 

57,134 
23,516 
2,410 
10,690 
20,955 

133,774 
65,686 
39,741 
19,905 
23,3,50 

24,652 
23,283 
47,122 
174,925 
49,496 

37,613 
9,082 
74,144 
38,385 
20,986 

250 

24.619 

111,866 

2,799 

336,488 

3,520 
5,918 
119,074 
13,666 
16,950 

195,516 
25,801 
15,466 
12,305 
19,240 

61,184 
1.230 
8,680 
5,030 

45,245 
7,245 

44,073 
5,440 


GENER.1L  MANAGEKS, 
StJPERINTENDENTS, 
ETC. 


Number.      Salaries. 


10,680 
621 


53 
21 
42 
222 
73 

44 
25 
34 
90 
29 

293 
187 
115 
93 
54 

39 
09 
34 
155 
229 

140 
60 

161 
41 
69 

12 
34 
84 
15 
401 


25 
263 
65 
46 

347 
18 
42 
35 
68 

132 
38 
47 
30 

79 

39 

128 

14 


»5, 058, 236 


46,305 
29,854 
37,161 
403,821 
95,582 

60,900 
24, 164 
27,4.59 
78,013 
41,174 

383,803 
164,848 
104,785 
86,754 
54,030 

39,697 

52,408 

48,473 

254,260 

214,480 

157,483 
48,040 

204,767 
78,019 
61,614 

16, 970 
38,772 

118,289 
14,230 

593,236 

41,917 
27,732 
206,709 
50,363 
61,277 

437.924 
34,745 
39,161 
34,883 
56,614 

124,942 
46, 123 
40,265 
26,2.32 

103.832 
33, 130 

106,316 
17,140 


32,500 
20,001 


CLERKS  AND   BOOK- 
KEEPERS. 


Number.      Salaries. 


45 
22 
26 
633 
113 

72 
60 
31 
32 
32 

632 
189 
105 
66 
56 

56 

61 

99 

378 

278 

124 
34 

276 
58 
42 

10 

37 

262 

6 

1,287 

17 
16 
322 
56 
66 

638 
49 
33 
12 
42 

178 
18 
43 
19 

116 
20 

107 
10 


$4,473,623 


23.074 
12,431 
12,420 
593,983 
74,596 

48,725 
36,564 
17.195 
14,169 
20,626 

405,217 
89,002 
44,  .373 
30,501 
23,305 

32, 704 
23,070 
02,230 
200,. 321 
117,361 

66,482 
13,491 
168,667 
58,683 
21 ,  661 

9, 851 

20. 177 

189,799 

4,476 
815,802 

5,600 

9,. 565 

191,618 

28,310 

,52,665 

421,499 
41,731 
13,331 
8,522 
17,804 

92,671 
8.003 

20,071 
6,945 

98,570 
9,410 

39,740 
0.142 


9,170 
11.569 


'  Includes  1  station  In  District  of  Columbia,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 
25142—10 10 


144 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  124.— COMMERCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  WAGE-EARNERS 

AND  TOTAL  WAGES,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


8TATE  OR  TEBRITOBT. 

Nnmljer 

of 
stations. 

TOTAL. 

FOREMEN. 

INSPECTORS. 

ENGINEERS. 

ALL   OTHER    EMPLOY- 
EES         (INCLUDINQ 
FIREMEN,     DYNAMO 
AND    SWITCHBOARD 
MEN,  LINEMEN,  ME- 
CHANICS, AND  LAMP 
TRIMMERS). 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

Average 
number. 

1,434 

Wages. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

United  States                         

4,714 

34.642 

$23,686,537 

$1,527,494 

894 

1697,097 

5.857 

$4,453,378 

26,457 

$17,008,568 

55 
15 
63 
129 
56 

41 
14 
37 
93 
42 

383 
200 
192 
111 
83 

42 
81 
36 
120 
234 

171 
68 

162 
33 
98 

9 

56 

64 

15 

314 

71 
29 
272 
72 
61 

327 

7 

40 

37 

78 

218 
31 
60 
51 

71 

48 

206 

18 

234 

90 

169 

2,201 

698 

575 
258 
194 
252 
116 

2.868 

1,170 

577 

385 

481 

428 

345 

510 

2.017 

1,226 

770 
185 
1,318 
197 
285 

55 

313 

1,360 

56 
5,837 

176 
101 
1,497 
288 
349 

3,313 
377 
168 
113 
295 

897 
137 
188 
112 

664 
179 
577 
61 

126,035 
75,067 
105,144 
1,952,291 
554,705 

362,893 
178,454 
109,636 
129,849 
88.370 

2.049.867 
659,127 
358,278 
238,336 
201,103 

285,929 
209,245 
338,985 
1,546,151 
745,476 

494,200 
90,220 
859,062 
185,681 
209,177 

50.193 

203,181 

950,552 

45,476 

4,044,091 

80.076 
70,178 
1.026.524 
172.275 
285.632 

2,186,482 

248,528 

77,399 

71,433 

154,206 

510,422 
104,330 
119,774 
60,853 

552,794 
118,848 
350,920 
49,089 

9 
6 
3 
117 
41 

29 

7 

4 

11 

11 

87 
32 
26 
13 
13 

7 
17 
23 
83 
63 

28 

7 

55 

17 

7 

5 
13 
30 

3 
252 

5 

4 

65 

13 

26 

134 
12 
11 
5 

6 

35 
3 

17 
3 

60 
7 

26 
3 

6,970 
6,190 
2,470 
157,649 
52,914 

31.112 
7.368 
3.782 
10.140 
10,530 

84.919 
26.214 
21.516 
11.224 
10,405 

8.400 
14.561 
21.969 
87.674 
56.634 

21.030 
7.380 
58,086 
25,740 
6,720 

6,750 
12,186 
28,369 

3,480 
306,089 

3,750 

4,400 

55,000 

10,695 

27,610 

145,263 
13,360 
6,588 
2,576 
4,900 

30,940 
2,460 

14,289 
1,715 

62,890 
5,240 

24,207 
3,240 

4 
1 
1 
37 
6 

12 
9 
6 

2,989 

900 

480 

39,580 

6,360 

8,876 
6,690 
4,387 

62 
21 
54 
139 
88 

79 
31 
47 
66 
22 

560 
279 
231 
146 
108 

68 

45 

62 

255 

291 

191 
69 

180 
31 

82 

7 
31 

153 
17 

438 

45 

41 

405 

107 

56 

498 
13 
35 
41 
79 

276 
16 
28 
43 

70 
64 
190 
18 

34,840 
24,573 
38,849 
149,500 
77,389 

72,511 
25,206 
31,014 
38,057 
16,526 

427, 412 
186,620 
154.722 
99.573 
72,027 

45,772 
30,421 
49,706 
248.474 
181,283 

140,879 
39. 762 

127,234 
31,657 
58,425 

6,055 
28.327 

138.518 
17,028 

376,198 

24,372 
32,013 
304,875 
76,256 
49,558 

389, 427 
13,414 
21,055 
27,371 
49.530 

177.864 
12,178 
20,803 
26,090 

65,783 

48,552 

128.088 

17,592 

159 
62 
HI 

1,908 
663 

455 
211 
137 
175 
79 

2,070 
839 
316 
220 
338 

353 

81,236 

43,404 

63,345 

1,605,562 

418,042 

Connecticut 

250,394 

Delaware  ^ 

139, 190 

Florida 

70,453 

81,652 

Idaho    

4 

161 

20 

4 

6 

2 

10 
6 
19 
71 
29 

17 

2,600 

104,307 

15,248 

2.915 

4.296 

1.200 

9.240 
3.857 
18.240 
60.216 
19,991 

15,842 

58,814 

Illinois 

1,433,229 

Indiana      

431.045 

179. 125 

123,243 

117,471 

222.517 

277  1           160.406 

406 

1.608 

843 

534 
109 
1.030 
144 
189 

43 

267 

1,144 

36 
4,987 

126 
55 
983 
166 
261 

2,588 

341 

119 

67 

203 

578 
117 
138 
64 

640 

108 

350 

40 

249,070 

1,149,787 

Mieliigan 

487,568 

316,449 

Mississippi                                             .   ... 

43, 078 

53 
5 
7 

39,903 
4,390 
5,400 

633.839 

123,894 

Nebraslta       

138,632 

37,388 

2 
33 

1,560 
21,477 

161,108 

New  Jersey         

762, 188 

24,968 

160 

132,662 

3,229,252 

51,954 

1 
64 
2 

7 

93 
11 
3 

720 

42,790 

1,166 

6,487 

73,049 
9,614 
1,690 

33,045 

Otiio 

623,859 

Oklahoma 

84, 159 

202,077 

1,578,743 

Rhode  Island    

212,140 

48,166 

South  Dakota      .                   

41,486 

Tennessee 

7 

8 
1 
5 
2 

4 

5.750 

5,227 

960 

3,419 

1,540 

4,080 

94,026 

296,391 

Utah 

88,732 

Vermont 

81,263 

Virginia 

31,508 

420,041 

West  Virginia 

65,056 

11 

7,309 

191,316 

28,257 

9 

6 

49 
80 

79,021 
53,418 

4 
3 

9.120 
3,600 

1 
4 

1,800 
3,380 

16 
6 

25,085 
8,770 

28 

67 

43,016 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico 

37,668 

>  Includes  1  station  In  District  ol  Columbia,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


145 


Table    125.— COMMERCIAL    AND   MUNICIPAL    CENTRAL    ELECTRIC    STATIONS— ANALYSIS    OF    MISCELLANEOUS 

EXPENSES,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


STATE   OR  TERRITORY. 


United  States 

Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connectieut 

Delawarei 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Alaska 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico 


Number 

of 
stations. 


4,714 


56 
15 
63 
129 
56 

41 

14 
37 
93 
42 

383 
200 
192 
111 
83 

42 
81 
36 
120 
234 

171 

68 
162 
33 


56 
■04 

15 
314 

71 
29 
272 
72 
61 

327 

7 

40 

37 


218 
31 
60 
51 

71 

48 

206 

18 


Total 
expenses. 


J2a,326,257 


138,653 

52, 463 

57,155 

2,200,322 

552, 541 

311,303 
260,370 

35, 170 
106,866 

67,368 

1,837,333 
553,972 
253,477 
179, 608 
208,330 

320,972 
221,953 

473,046 

1,758,405 

684,009 

382,796 
64,942 
963,146 
318,818 
179, 150 

54,760 
103, 037 
037,277 

40, 4.36 
6,678,243 

42,350 
39,631 
1,615,290 
166. 945 
197,865 

2,332,755 
229, 212 
167,785 
32,300 
154,964 

571,722 
71,832 

154, 397 
33,587 

374,  528 
67,815 

281,692 
35,007 


29, 192 
41,182 


Rent  of  sta- 
tions, line-   I    Rent  of 

wire  supports,;     offices. 

conduits,  etc. 


S2, 322, 753 


151 

840 

2,060 

2,890 

5,893 

719 


4,000 
5,928 

48,400 

1,427 

909 

817 

630 


104 

93,317 
32,712 
09,860 

2,654 

120 

16,525 

1,354 
240 

12,620 

309 

4,951 


1,212,567 

300 

492 

617,723 

1,470 

120 

142,654 

154 

17,012 


1,420 

700 
3,000 
2,053 

257 

3,701 

960 

8,740 


235 


$577, 193 


Taxes. 


Injuries 
and 


$6,351,020 


$634,991 


8,873 

3,185 

1,634 

68,477 

25, 361 

6,553 
2,910 
1,606 
4,622 
5,636 

57,079 
20, 994 
12,604 
8,498 
4,190 

4,266 
4,314 
11,036 
26, 590 
13,641 

13,592 

1,175 

22,500 

10,667 

7,266 

4,130 
5,994 

21,542 
1,004 

75, 822 

1,573 
1,436 
21,959 
6,429 
6,305 

37, 910 
5,700 
2,411 
1,764 
3,683 

12,308 
3,522 
4,635 
3,629 

6,355 
2,253 
7,992 
1.669 


34, 704 

13, 749 

7,195 

491,455 

120,656 

44, 177 
69, 176 
6,248 
19,038 
11,042 

645, 268 
111,996 
49,744 
33,150 
81,982 

105, 969 
46, 673 
73, 338 
677,. 385 
168,044 

136,595 
8,941 

246,371 
78,076 
56,217 

11,558 

39,117 

207,413 

0,682 

1,580,259 

6,665 
9,589 
276, 431 
15. 893 
62,804 

421,572 
100,028 

21,016 
6,902 

29,886 

98,895 

22, 780 

17,936 

5,708 

108,224 
11,814 
57, 168 
7,372 


480 
3,300 


3,583 
11,433 


1,648 

1,623 

3,050 

26,399 

10,363 

5,528 

0,946 

600 

834 

588 

87,743 
11,609 
9,629 
3,232 
5,994 

11,745 
8,318 
21,153 
13, 176 
10,397 

11,866 
14,913 
27,096 
7,109 
2,847 

56 

2,505 

20,934 

409 

179, 944 

1,210 

952 

37,548 

2,018 

1,007 

29,093 

1,241 

713 

230 

3,943 

31,465 

2,100 

33 

1,448 

4,836 

4,400 

4,236 

464 


Insurance. 


$1,578,205 


14,418 
4,022 
9,034 
83,735 
38,420 

18,112 
8,196 
8,176 
7,266 
2,821 

136,228 
43,606 
28,212 
15,656 

18,888 

13, 462 
15, 924 
25,038 
146.045 
33,906 

28,953 
9,459 

57, 693 
7.390 

15,417 

6,493 
20, 920 
47,330 

2,356 
322,333 

6,664 
3,699 
42, 362 
14, 301 
10, 419 

146,751 

27,880 

5,998 

3,671 

11,223 

37,253 

276 

12,850 

4,732 

19, 779 
7.979 

31,432 
3,023 


720 
1,965 


Ordinary 

repairs  of 

buildings  and 

machinery. 


$4,300,684 


24,852 
11,439 
16,188 
470,093 
81,399 

80,063 
65, 781 

7,934 
15,732 

6,084 

353,001 
183, 763 
52,998 
36, 126 
41,060 

36, 269 
29,180 
53,361 
291,739 
144, 758 

78, 736 
15,509 
157, 553 
20,568 
41,069 

6,142 
34,663 
111,666 

6,760 
807,796 

9,587 

13, 163 

204, 127 

34,866 

50,632 

327,271 

15,455 

21,938 

6,324 

45,812 

102,055 
8,917 
35,756 
4,066 

66, 110 
19, 416 
62,611 
10,718 


5,671 
6,866 


All  other 
expenses. 


$10,561,411 


54,007 

17,615 

17,994 

1,066,673 

270, 449 

156,552 
117,362 
10,606 
55, 374 
35, 369 

609, 614 
180,777 
99,481 
82,129 
55,586 

150,261 
117,440 
195,803 
670,758 
243,404 

110,400 

14,825 

435, 409 

193,664 

56, 495 

13, 761 

69,529 

223, 541 

23, 225 

2,499,521 

18,451 
10,300 
415, 140 
101,969 
66,018 

1,228,504 
78,748 
98,«697 
13,409 
58,997 

289,046 
31,237 
81,134 
13, 747 

166,  523 
20,993 

119,613 
11,761 


18,738 
17,38S 


1  Includes  1  station  in  District  of  Columbia,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


146 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  126,— COMMERCIAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— PRIMARY  POWER 


STATE  OR  TEKEITOEY. 

Num- 
ber 
of 
sta- 
tions. 

PEIMABY  POWE8. 

Aggregate. 

Steam  engines. 

Total. 

500  H.  P.  and 
under. 

Over  500  H.  P. 

but  under  1,000 

H.  P. 

1,000  H.  P.  but 

under  2,000 

H.  P. 

^•Zd?r^6<JS"*     «-«»H.P.and 
H.  P.                        ''^*'- 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse-     Num-     Horse- 
power.   1    ber.       power. 

1 

United  States 

3,462 

8,981 

3,776,837 

5,144 

1,648,007 

4,536 

781,673 

342 

236,638 

178 

225,916 

70 

186,280 

19      116,600 

2 
3 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

12 

13 
14 
15 
16 

17 
18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 
24 
25 
26 

27 
28 
29 
30 
31 

32 
33 
34 
35 

27 
IS 
50 
115 
49 

36 
8 
24 
34 
40 

271 
132 
141 
79 
69 

21 

77 
28 
96 
130 

79 
29 
104 
31 
73 

9 
52 

57 
15 

267 

36 
21 
167 
58 
50 

282 
6 
23 
29 
50 

209 
22 
47 
37 

65 

43 

142 

18 

67 
39 
82 
362 
183 

163 
43 
40 

71 
54 

649 
367 
259 
172 
136 

54 
206 

95 
333 
404 

203 
44 

303 
91 

132 

19 
199 
245 

32 
881 

62 
48 

401 
98 

134 

865 
65 
83 
59 
93 

401 
44 

124 

67 

107 
88 

315 
40 

21,866 

7,746 

11,044 

379,443 

81,457 

51,653 
32,465 
6,401 
44,740 
13,409 

268,399 
96,382 
36,928 
40,863 
37,400 

19,005 
55,635 
49,086 
172, 530 
162,703 

104,600 
7,356 
99,370 
68,467 
25,789 

6,980 
45,869 
91,906 

4,548 
709,914 

13,908 
8,852 

149,684 
20,428 
126,211 

288,996 
27,886 
81,510 
11,216 
21,910 

68,974 
33,230 
33,618 
10,760 

61,815 
19,853 
49,019 
5,125 

45 
25 
71 
124 
88 

86 
17 
37 
33 
18 

486 
230 
196 
103 
121 

34 
73 

68 
239 

141 

98 
39 
154 
26 
81 

3 
35 

175 
26 

409 

28 
42 
292 
92 
62 

589 
21 
27 
30 
66 

274 
8 
30 
29 

47 
58 
149 
29 

12,629 

4,286 

9,182 

94,049 

31,865 

20,642 
7,176 
6,188 
6,345 
2,117 

117,721 
60,866 
31,168 
28,680 
27,955 

16,255 
15,793 
36,725 
108,445 
33,840 

24,730 
6,115 

51,367 
6,455 

12,704 

210 

14,660 

74,563 

4,035 

197,204 

3,907 
8,395 
99,867 
19,404 
19,730 

196,552 
12,380 
6,870 
4,442 
14,570 

46,351 
1,069 
7,491 
3,462 

9,149 
12,236 
24,298 

4,085 

38 
25 
71 
88 
66 

83 
12 
37 
32 

18 

445 
213 
189 
95 
106 

24 
72 

58 
178 
129 

85 
39 
135 
24 
79 

3 
30 

122 
25 

338 

27 
41 
260 
88 
39 

513 
10 
26 
30 
61 

256 
8 
27 
29 

44 
64 
144 
29 

6,299 
4,286 
9,182 
19,219 
10,982 

18,092 
2,975 
6,188 
5,095 
2,117 

66,871 
37,356 
25,613 
15,260 
16,355 

4,380 
16, 193 
10,.')75 
38,339 
23,757 

12,380 
6,115 

20,577 
3,455 

10,754 

210 
6,860 

26,735 
3,185 

62,004 

3,307 
7,745 
42,838 
15,964 
7,530 

112,527 
2,920 
3,370 
4,442 
8,570 

30,801 
1,069 
6,641 
3,462 

6,499 

9,436 

21,058 

4,085 

4 

2,430 

3 

3,900 

'. 1 

California    .          

15 
13 

3 
6 

10,405 
9,883 

2,450 
4,200 

6 

7 

6,025 
7,000 

11 
2 

23,900 
4,000 

5 

34,500 

1 

1  Mn 

Triahn 

1 

Illinois     

19 
14 
5 
4 
12 

4 
1 
4 
38 
9 

8 

13,750 
9,000 
2,857 
3,000 
7,800 

2,875 
600 
2,650 
27,456 
6,350 

5,200- 

18         23,100 
3          4,600 
2          2,698 
1           1-420 

3 

9,000 

1 

6,000 

jr               '   "   " 

3 

9,000 

1 

3 
4 

3,800 
.>i.nnn 

2 

4,000 

Maine 

' 

Maryland 

i        1,666 

12  i      15,400 

3  i        3,733 

4  6,160 

4 
11 

15,000 
27,250 

1  I       7,500 

1 

2,000 

1 

6 

4,030 

6  1        6,630 
2  ;        2,000 
1  :        1,200 

7 

20,130 

1 

750 

_ 

1 
31 

1 
33 

1 
1 
20 
3 
6 

43 
9 

700 
21,050 

860 
23,400 

600 

650 

12,937 

1,940 

3,800 

29,425 
6,460 

3  ,        4,000 
22         28.778 

1 

3,000 

1 

New  York 

17 

22,000 

10 

29,300 

11 

60,600 

i 

Ohio 

12 
1 

7 

1 

16,882 
1,500 
8,400 

38,600 
3,000 

10 

27,200 

1 

V 

Pennsylvania  .. 

3 

8,000 

1 

8,000 

^s 

Vi 

1 

2,600 

40 

South  Dakota 

1 
14 

600 
10,300 

3 
4 

.     3,400 
6,250 

1 

2,000 

4? 

Texas 

41 

Utah 

_ 

44 

3 

1,850 

4'i 

Virginia 

46 

2 
3 
5 

1,350 
1,800 
3,240 

1 
1 

1,300 
1,000 

47 

West  Virginia 

48 

1 

49 

Wyoming 





no 

Alaska 

9 

0 

26 
22 

4,741 
4,416 

14 
13 

2,231 
3,190 

14 
13 

2,231 
3,190 

( 

61 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico' 

1 

1 

'  Includes  1  station  in  District  of  Columbia,  in  order  that  tlie  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL   TABLES. 

AND  GENERATING  EQUIPMENT,   BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


147 


PRiMAHY  POWER— continued. 

steam  turbines. 

Water  wheels. 

Total. 

500  H.  P.  and 
under. 

Over  500  H.P 
but  under 
1,000  H.  P. 

l,000H.P.but 

under  2,000 

H.P. 

2,000  H.P.  but 

under  5,000 

H.P. 

5,000  H.  P. 
and  over. 

Total. 

600  H.  P.  and 
under. 

Over  600  H.  P. 
but  under 
1,000  H.  P. 

1,000  H.  P.  but 

under  2,000 

H.P. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horee- 
I>ower. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power, 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

348 

798.025 

49 

12.532 

118 

82,180 

61 

80,272 

76 

216,115          44 

406.926 

2,328 

1,318,740 

1,761 

296,689 

243 

160,251 

160 

195,420 

1 

4 
5 
2 
12 
13 

12 
8 
2 
1 

2,392 

2,550 

1,225 

34.250 

22,166 

12,886 

23,800 

210 

2,000 

1 
3 

225 
1,000 

3 
2 
2 
1 
3 

3 
1 

2,167 
1,550 
1,225 
750 
2,041 

2,036 
800 

1 

13 
4 

1 
171 
47 

52 
5 

6,675 

750 

300 

208,244 

25,580 

17,955 
285 

9 
4 
1 

79 
32 

46 
5 

675 

750 

300 

17,319 

5,480 

7,955 
285 

4 

6,000 

2 
3 

4 
5 
6 

7 



1 
1 

3 
2 
2 

390 
225 

950 

1,000 

210 

2 
4 

6 

1 

2,500 
5,500 

9,900 
1,000 

6 
5 

i6,6i6 
14,400 

2 

14,000 

18 

14,225 
3,900 

35 

6 

6 

41,400 
6,600 

10,000 

2 

6,000 

2 

15,000 

R 

n 

1 

2,000 

35 
36 

80 
77 
41 
35 

36,155 
11,292 

10,478 
19,075 
3,478 
8,461 

13 
33 

80 
77 
41 
35 

2,155 
8,542 

10,478 
19,075 
3,478 
8,461 

4 

1 

3,000 
750 

11 
2 

27 
22 
2 
2 
3 

2 
1 
7 
19 
14 

7 
1 
10 
3 
4 

138,710 

23,861 

1,500 

1,500 

9,125 

1,825 

750 

10,866 

46,930 

36,340 

7,900 

750 

38.882 

6.025 

8,750 

10 
10 
2 

2 

6,710 
7,324 
1,500 
1,500 

4 

4 

5,300 
4,650 

3 
5 

10,200 
11,700 

10 

116,600 

1? 

3 

187 

11 

j 

15 

1 

125 

2 

9,000 

16 

5 

525 

750 

666 

4,930 

3,540 

1 

1,300 

124 
13 

52 
220 

61 

38,021 

1,347 

15,596 

81,509 

70,160 

95 
13 
43 
146 

47 

13,697 
1,347 

7,377 
21,009 

7,100 

25 

19,104 

4 

5,220 

18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 
24 
25 

2 
2 

700 
550 

1 
5 
2 

2 

1,500 
6,700 
3,300 

2,700 

3 
2 

7 

2 

8,000 
4,750 
29,500 

4,000 

3 

30,000 

7 
70 

2 

5,619 
38,500 

1,400 

2 

2,700 

3 

1,200 

5 

5,800 

1 
2 
1 
1 

750 

1,342 

625 

750 

I 

4 
2 
3 

10,720 
5.400 
8,000 

4 

28,820 

5 
62 
19 

9 
97 
21 

6 
349 

30 

1 

18 

2,002 

56,987 

2,954 

6,260 

24,799 

1,682 

513 

303,905 

9,676 

100 

1,682 

2 
34 

18 

3 

86 

21 

6 

243 

18 

1 

18 

202 
6, 432 
2,154 

310 

13,899 

1,682 

513 
42,423 

2,726 

100 

1,682 

3 
5 

1 

5 
3 

1.800 

4.126 

800 

3.750 
2,400 

15 

17,150 

1 

-n 

6 
10 

4,390 
12,850 

6 
2 

4,390 
1,500 

8 

8,500 

28 

7 

7,350 

1 

4.000 

?n 

45 

202,345 

5 

770 

7 

4,322 

4 

5,160 

12 

30,093 

17 

162,000 

32 

12 

20,782 
6,960 

25 

31,400 

31 

1? 



16 

1 
2 

39 

6 

42,710 

750 

4,000 

49,081 
12,020 

1 

50 

6 

1 

4.500 
750 

3 

4,166 

3 

11.500 

3 

22,500 

34 

2 

3 
4 

4,000 

6,522 
9,720 

70 

117 
16 
52 
12 
11 

23 
36 
86 
35 

44 

11 

125 

6 

101,877 

30,578 
2.263 

75,430 
2,205 
1,060 

2,762 
32,161 
24,484 

7,098 

51,078 

3,627 

17,431 

765 

36 

108 
16 
21 
10 
11 

23 
19 
72 
31 

26 

9 

124 

6 

6,111 

22,798 
2,2(8 
8,705 
1,005 
1,060 

2,762 
2,861 
13,234 
3,273 

5,378 

1,927 

16,881 

765 

6 
4 

4,266 
2,780 

3 
5 

3,000 
5,000 

36 

.37 

18 

' 

1,675 

21 

14,345 

5 
2 

6,433 
2,300 

3 

20,106 

7 
2 

4,500 
1,200 

16 

20,625 

39 

5 

6 

11 

4,100 
5,360 

15,136 

3 

1,100 

2 
2 

3 

3,000 
2,680 

3,600 

4 

1 

2,680 
536 

41 

3 

1,100 

4 

10,000 

4? 

6 
13 

1 

7 
2 
1 

3.900 

9.060 

600 

4,700 

1,700 

550 

8 

10,600 

43 

44 

1 

1,333 

1 

1,333 

i.   . 

1 

3 
2 

3,225 
2,000 

45 

46 

3 
5 
8 
1 

1,160 

2,680 

4,686 

225 

2 
2 

1 
1 

410 
410 
30 
225 

1 
3 
7 

750 
2.270 
4,656 

47 

48 

49 



1 

10 
8 

2,490 
1,186 

10 
8 

2,490 
1,186 

no 

1 

01 

1 

'Includes  1  municipal  station  in  Porto  Rico,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


148 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  126.— COMMERCIAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— PRIMARY  POWER 


STATE  OB  TEBEITOEY. 

PRIHARY  POWER — Continued. 

OENEBATINO  AND  OTHER 

MAIN-STATION  EQUIPMENT. 

Water  wheels— Continued. 

Gas  engines. 

Auxiliary 
engines. 

Dynamos. 

2,000  H.  P.  but 
under  5,000  U.  P. 

5,000  H.  P.  and 
over. 

Aggregate. 

Total. 

Under  200  K.  W. 

200  K.  W.  but 
under600K.  W. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

KUo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

KUo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

KUo- 
watts. 

1 

United  States 

109 

326,580 

55 

339,800 

385 

49,746 

776 

64,319 

9,778 

2,500,209 

7,283 

513,427 

1,375 

389,833 

2 

1 
3 
1 
11 
4 

1 

20 

70 

12 

16,585 

300 

21 

4 

2 

7 

44 

31 

12 
13 

1 
1 

150 

90 

325 

26,315 

1,546 

249 

1,205 

3 

100 

68 
63 
82 
313 
169 

201 
65 
41 
78 
44 

683 
392 
279 
174 
145 

44 
202 
135 
534 
339 

220 
43 

201 
90 

131 

14 
135 
333 

38 
979 

67 
49 
521 
105 
102 

1,167 
107 
64 
55 

78 

430 
52 
96 
60 

122 

101 

337 

40 

13,872 
4,939 

7,634 

235,612 

52,465 

36,653 
25,763 

4,116 
28,331 

6,922 

190,295 
66,224 
25,696 
25,393 
26,331 

12,270 
38,428 
34,911 
126,102 
82,062 

67,307 
4,620 
60,840 
39,247 
17,030 

5,090 

31,372 

69,349 

3,789 

473,664 

9,002 

4,809 

105,878 

14,114 

32,096 

203,682 
20,896 
49,295 
9,020 
15,770 

46,225 

32,132 

19,057 

7,063 

62,498 

14,009 

34,462 

3,208 

45 
44 
74 
116 
109 

161 
40 
37 
49 
32 

561 
309 
250 
141 
114 

25 
136 
101 
396 
240 

169 
34 

164 
47 
118 

9 

77 

213 

35 

661 

52 
44 
'        420 
78 
48 

916 

85 
27 
47 
58 

377 
29 
57 
53 

79 

77 

291 

38 

3,697 
2,114 
4,959 
9,194 
6,940 

12,363 
2,947 
3,051 
3,626 
2,472 

40,245 
22,072 
15,482 
9,188 
7,796 

1,870 

9,058 

6,411 

28,793 

15,467 

10,577 
2,420 

10,890 
3,087 
6,850 

490 
6,752 

17,089 
2,764 

51,342 

3,387 
3,539 
29,408 
6,104 
3,346 

68,732 
5,251 
1,895 
3,781 
4,110 

21,230 
1,582 
4,106 
3,863 

6,168 
6,964 
18,112 
2,733 

15 

7 

7 

80 

26 

20 
14 
4 

7 
7 

67 
80 
23 
20 
20 

10 
42 
20 
75 
60 

27 
8 
14 
20 

7 

3,850 
1,825 
2,175 
24,205 
7,025 

4,900 
4,216 
1,065 
1,055 
1,950 

20,850 
13,402 
6,364 
6,705 
5,235 

3,200 
12,250 

4,600 
22,834 
17,608 

7,690 
1,700 
3,800 
5,710 
1,730 

3 

Arizona 

4 

a 

32 
3 

89,600 
9,600 

7 

45,700 

fi 

Colorado 

7 

nonnivlipiit 

K 

q 

Florida 

10 

7 

16,800 

1 

140 

11 

1? 

Illinois 

8 
11 

9 
14 

1 

3 

568 

955 

398 

1,301 

15 

420 

48 
27 
11 
18 
10 

15 
8 
4 

15 
21 

21 

3 

122 

922 
1,635 
384 
911 
305 

505 

1,071 

53 

790 

680 

643 

465 

6,226 

18 

14 

Iowa 

1ft 

Ifi 

17 

18 

Maine...                            .  .   .. 

19 

3 

8 
8 

16 

1 
12 

95 
769 
334 

1,067 

25 

893 

W 

Massaciiusetts. . . 

?1 

Micliigan 

4 

3 

22,000 
39,000 

m 

4 

16,800 

?.f 

?4 

Missouri. 

?ft 

Montana 

8 

29,280 

ai 

11 

6 
8 
9 

459 

485 
1,115 
1,275 

17 

"       1 
13 
30 

922 

25 
1,005 
1,535 

i!7 

1 

2,200 

?8 

New  Hampshire. 

35 

81 

2 

153 

11 
5 
67 
24 
35 

154 
5 
4 
3 
8 

35 
5 

31 
4 

20 

18 

33 

2 

8,370 

21,035 

525 

47,061 

3,175 
1,270 

16,070 
5,950 

10,995 

44,415 

1,295 

1,100 

745 

2,000 

9,045 

1,250 

8,541 

960 

6,930 

4,845 

9,350 

475 

W 

.W 

.^1 

New  Yoric.     . . 

24 

62,800 

25 

146,500 

24 

3.085 

54 

4 

3 

30 

3 

7 

63 
18 
3 
6 
10 

40 

3,375 

325 

152 

1,126 

74 

504 

6,042 

223 

60 

173 

920 

1,667 

3? 

North  Carolina .  . 

Xt 

North  Dakota 

2 

45 

2 

3 

57 
4 
1 

7 

205 

4,303 

200 

100 

6,743 

1,000 

150 

296 

M 

Ohio 

.<tft 

Oldaboma 

.% 

22 

73,500 

3 

15,000 

S7 

3S 

Rhode  Island 

3<t 

8 

41,600 

40 

South  Dakota 



41 

Tennessee . . . 

4? 

Texas 

53 

3,058 

4.1 

Utah 

3 

1 

14,800 
2,200 

44 

Vermont. . . . 

4 
I 

2 

9 

21 

205 
60 

90 

925 

2,004 

3 
2 

11 
4 

105 
140 

338 

385 

600 

50 

4ft 

Virginia 

46 

4 

9,000 

5 

30,000 

47 

West  Virginia 

48 

Wisconsin. 

49 

Alaska 

W 

2 

1 

20 
40 

25 

24 

2,449 
2,562 

22 

21 

1,574 
1,662 

3 
3 

875 
900 

ftl 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico ' 

>  Includes  1  station  In  District  of  Columbia,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

AND  GENERATING  EQUIPMENT,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907— Continued. 


149 


GENERATING  AND  OTHER  MAIN-STATION   EQUIPMENT— continued. 

Dynamos— Continued. 

Aggregate- 

-Continued. 

Direct-current,  constant-voltage. 

600  K.  \V.  but 

under  1,000 

K.  W. 

1,000  K.W.  but 

under  2,000 

K.W. 

2,000  K.W.  but 

under  5,000 

K.W. 

e.OOOK.W.and 
over. 

Total. 

Under  200  K.W. 

200  K.  W.  but 

under  500 

K.W. 

500  K.W.  but 

under  1,000 

K.W. 

l.OOOK.W.but 

under  2,000 

K.W. 

2,000  K.W.  but 

under  5,000 

K.W 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

KUo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

KUo- 
watts. 

613 

383,699 

278 

346,900 

162 

436,350 

67 

430,000 

3,169 

379,706 

2,622 

158,311 

412 

113,955 

102 

63,890 

30 

36,650 

3 

7,000 

1 

6 

2 

1 

60 

20 

7 
6 

4,125 

1,000 

600 

35,213 

12,660 

3,890 
3,600 

2 

2,200 

24 
27 
31 
66 
67 

63 

1 
17 
9 

241 
105 
123 
63 
50 

21 
56 
27 
157 
104 

94 
11 
81 
24 
57 

3 
26 
90 
17 
276 

23 
36 
188 
29 
19 

376 

35 

2 

17 

17 

206 
13 
11 
19 

30 

31 

150 

18 

4,003 
737 
2,145 
8,900 
4,862 

6,372 
4,870 

470 
1,271 

147 

32,606 
12,001 
9,142 
6,121 
5,168 

4,966 
5,714 
2,302 
26,411 
10,180 

8,267 
566 
9,257 
2,091 
3,057 

60 

3,682 

21,072 

925 

48, 151 

1,447 
3,134 
31,765 
2,970 
3,766 

48,126 

8,374 

160 

1,151 

1,490 

11,977 

622 

863 

1,144 

6,484 

2,255 

8,641 

923 

16 
27 
28 
43 
46 

57 
15 

3 
14 

9 

195 

87 
114 
56 
43 

16 
48 
22 
126 
87 

82 
11 
70 
21 
54 

3 

19 

36 

17 

209 

21 
34 
163 
24 
10 

303 
23 

1? 
14 

191 
13 
9 
19 

24 

30 

145 

i        18 

1,253 
737 
1,345 
2,075 
2,102 

6,122 

1,320 

170 

621 

147 

11,996 
5,251 
5,592 
3,161 
2,368 

1,015 
2,849 
1,302 
9,616 
4,205 

4,242 
566 
3,147 
1,391 
2,282 

60 

1,232 

2,522 

926 

17,381 

1,047 
2,714 
9,465 
1,620 
231 

22,310 
2,079 

160 
1,151 

490 

7,262 
522 
463 

1,144 

1,184 

2,055 

7,516 

923 

7 

1,760 

1 

1,000 



2 

3 

3 
20 
11 

6 
10 

1 
3 

800 
5,105 
2,750 

1,250 

2,960 

300 

660 

4 

31 

7 

12 

1 

43,000 
8,700 

13,600 
1,000 

22 

7 

1 
2 

51,600 
17,260 

2,000 
4,000 

14 

72,500 

1 

720 

1 

1,000 

fi 

6 

7 

2 

10,000 

1 

600 

R 

9 

9 
5 

28 

20 

5 

10 

7 

6 
23 

5 
40 
14 

7 
1 
9 
15 
2 

4 
18 
31 

1 
58 

4 

'"5,756 
2,600 

16,900 
12,160 
2,850 
6,600 
4,060 

4,100 
16,120 

3,400 
24,125 

7,500 

4,540 

600 

4,660 

10,250 

1,250 

3,000 
10,050 
21,225 
500 
38,611 

2,500 

13 

17,400 

10 

11 

13 

12 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

1 

19 

18 

10 

14,300 

16,600 

1,000 

3,000 

1,000 

3,100 

1,000 

1,500 

25,600 

20,500 

12,000 

4 

1 

11,000 
2,000 

10 

87,000 

38 
14 
7 
6 
6 

2 

4 

5 

17 

15 

11 

13,310 
3,250 
1,750 
1,460 
2,000 

800 

865 

1,000 

4,450 

4,475 

3,025 

6 
3 

1 
3 
1 

3 

4 

3,800 
2,000 

800 
1,500 

800 

2,100 
2,000 

1 
1 
1 

1,000 
1,500 
1,000 

1 

2,500 

12 
18 

14 

1 
3 

2,000 
8,250 

15 

16 

1 

1,050 

17 

18 

7 
1 
7 

4 

14,000 
2,250 
21,000 

10,000 

1 
3 

6,000 
22,500 

19 

10 

1 

5,976 
600 

4 

1 

1 

6,400 
1,000 

1,000 

91} 

21 

3 

22,500 

n 

23 

3 

4,500 

7 
8 
2 

1 
1 
1 

17,000 
20,200 
4,600 

2,200 
2,000 
3,000 

4 

20,000 

3 
3 
3^ 

960 
700 

776 

7 

3,660 

1 

1,500 

?4 

Z-i 

2 

2,700 

26 

27 

4 
7 

4,200 
7,000 

4 
41 

960 
9,460 

3 
12 

1,600 
8,100 

?8 

1 

1,000 

29 

.30 

39 

47,800 

49 

165,360 

19 

133,600 

44 

2 

2 

23 

5 

7 

61 
5 

13,050 

400 

420 

8,000 

1,350 

2,100 

17,166 
1,295 

18 

12,720 

5 

6,000 

11 

32 

.33 

22 
2 
14 

68 
13 
16 
3 

8 

11 
10 
6 
3 

4 
6 
13 

13,200 
1,000 
8,255 

41,635 
7,100 

11,500 
1,500 
4,660 

6,950 
6,700 
3,350 
2,260 

2,500 
3,200 
7,000 

13 

1 
5 

24 
2 
9 
2 
3 

7 
2 

1 

16,700 
1,000 
9,600 

26,900 
3,000 

10,800 
3,000 
3,000 

9,000 
2,000 
1,000 

6 

IS, SOD 

3 

16,000 

5 

3,600 

6 

8,200 

1 

2,600 

34 
35 

2 

9 
6 

1,425 

5,150 
3,000 

36 

1 

2 
8 

2,000 
4,260 
24,000 

4 

20,000 

3 

3,500 

17 

1 

2,000 

38 

39 

40 

1 

2,000 

2 
12 

500 
2,775 

1 
3 

500 
1,960 

41 

42 

4 
1 

9,600 
2,000 

2 

11,000 

43 

2 

400 

44 

4.') 

7 

9,400 

10 

27,600 

2 

11,000 

2 

1 
5 

400 

200 

1,125 

2 

1,600 

2 

2,400 

46 

47 

48 

49 

10 
11 

419 
797 

10 
10 

419 
597 

M) 

1 

200 

61 

>  Includes  1  municipal  station  in  Forto  Bico,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


150 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  126 — COMMERCIAL   CENTRAL   ELECTRIC   STATIONS— PRIMARY   POWER 


STATE  OB  TERRITORY. 

OENERATINQ  A.ND  OTHER  MAI.N-STATIO.N  EQUIPME.NT— continued. 

— 1 

Dynamos— Con  tUiued. 

Direct-current,  constant-amperage. 

Alternating  single-phase  and  poly- 
phase current. 

Total. 

Under  200  K.  V.'. 

200K:.  W.  but 
under  500  K.  W. 

500K.  W.but    1  1,000  K.W.  but 
underl,O0OK.W.  1  under  2,000K.  W. 

i 

Total. 

Under  200  K.  W. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

KUo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

KUo- 

walts. 

1 

United  States 

1,246 

61,753 

1,229 

53,678 

12 

3,665 

3 

2,010 

2 

2,500 

5.363 

3,432 

301,438 

Alabama 

2 

1 
1 

42 
40 

1 

1 

42 

43 
25 
51 
245 
94 

88 
23 
36 
55 
35 

366 
202 
143 
102 

89 

23 
124 

62 
236 
195 

97 
32 
lU 
57 

74 

11 
107 
168 

21 
570 

43 
11 
237 
76 
83 

528 
28 
62 
37 
60 

223 
39 
76 
40 

92 
67 
155 
21 

9,827 

4,162 

5,489 

226,588 

46,458 

28,691 
20,181 

3,617 
26,877 

6,775 

154,220 
50,414 
16,302 
18,883 
20,986 

7,305 
31,535 
30,545 
92,872 
70,596 

57,943 
4,054 
51,305 
36,912 
13,973 

5,630 
27,590 
44,407 

2,864 
415,236 

7,585 

1,625 

69,861 

11,144 

28,340 

140,693 
10,759 
49,145 
7,853 
14,230 

34,213 

31,610 

17,716 

5,894 

57,014 

11,662 

24,964 

2,205 

28 
16 
46 
70 
45 

54 
9 
33 
29 
23 

292 
137 
123 
77 
65 

10 
68 
33 
129 
113 

58 
23 
85 
17 
64 

6 
56 

102 
18 

325 

30 

8 
171 
54 
38 

356 
18 

25 
29 
43 

185 
16 
40 
33 

55 

44 

114 

19 

2,402 
1,337 
3,614 
6,995 
3,683 

5,651 
915 
2,852 
2,822 
2,325 

25,280 
13,012 
9,638 
5,6£8 
6,251 

855 

6,595 

3,045 

12,288 

9,966 

5,238 
1,854 
7,465 
1,452 
4,568 

430 
5,420 

10,697 
1,839 

28,334 

2,310 
775 
15,691 
4,544 
3,115 

33,618 
1,409 
1,746 
2,6C8 
3,570 

13,943 
1,060 
3,525 
2,604 

4,984 
3,817 
9,739 
1,730 

3 

40 

4 

Arkansas 

f> 

California 

3 

18 

50 
16 

1 
6 

124 
1,155 

1,590 
712 
29 
183 

3 

18 

50 

16 

1 

6 

124 
1,155 

1,590 
712 
29 
183 

A 

Colorado 

1 

7 

Connecticut 

8 

» 

Florida 

] 

, 

10 

Georf^ia 

1 

11 

Idaho 

j 

n 

Illinois 

76 

85 

13 

9 

6 

3,469 

3,809 

252 

389 

177 

74 

85 

13 

9 

6 

2,969 

3,809 

252 

389 

177 

2 

500 

1.1 

Indiana 

14 

1 

15 

Kansas 

( 

Ifi 

17 

18 

Maine 

22 
46 
141 

40 

29 

1,179 
2,064 
6,789 
1,286 

1,097 

20 
46 
141 
40 

29 

614 
2,064 
6,789 
1,286 

1,097 

2 

565 

19 

20 

Massachusetts 

?A 

r>. 

Minnesota 

28 

24 

Missouri .'. . . 

9 
9 

278 
244 

9 
9 

278 
244 

2.5 

If, 

Nebraska 

71 

Nevada 

28 

2 
75 

100 
3,870 

,      2 
75 

100 
3,870 

29 

30 

New  Mexico 

31 

New  York 

133 

1 

2 

96 

10,277 

30 

50 

4,252 

127 

1 

2 

96 

5,627 

30 

50 

4,252 

2 

900 

2 

1,250 

2 

2,500 

32 

33 

North  Dakota 

34 

Ohio 

35 

Oklahoma..                  .  . 

■ 

.3fi 

Oregon 

.   . 

37 

Pennsylvania 

263 
44 

14,864 
1,763 

257 
44 

12,804 
1,763 

6 

1,300 

' 

760 

38 

Rhode  Island 

39 

40 

South  Dakota 

1 
1 

1 

22 
50 

35 

1 
1 

1 

22 
50 

35 

41 

4? 

Texas 

43 

Utah 

44 

9 

1 

478 
25 

8 

1 

178 
25 

1 

300 

45 

Virginia 

46 

Washington 

47 

West  Virginia 

3 
32 

1 

92 
8^7 
80 

-3 

32 

1 

92 

857 
80 

48 

49 

Wyoming 

Alaska 

..     . 

.■in 

1 

15 
10 

2,030 
1,675 

12 

8 

1,155 
975 

.51 

HawaU  and  Porto  Rico  > 

3 

90 

3 

CJ 

■  Includes  1  station  in  District  of  Columbia,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

AND    GENERATING    EQUIPMENT,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907— Continued. 


151 


GENEEATING  AND  OTHER  MAIN-STATION  EQUIPMENT— Continued. 

Dynamos— Continued. 

Transformers. 

Boosters. 

Rotarles. 

Storage- 
battery 
cells  in 
main 

stations. 

Kilowatt 
capacity 
of  miscel- 
laneous 
apparatus. 

Aiternatlng  single-phase  and  polj-pliase  current— Continued. 

200K.  W.  but 
under  500  K.  W. 

500K.  W.  Imt 
under  1, 000  K.W. 

1,000  K.W.  but 
under  2,000  K.W. 

2,000  K.  W.  but 
under  5,000K.W. 

5,000  K.  W.  and 
over. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
I)er. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
Ijer. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num-^    Kilo- 
ber.       watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

951 

272,313 

508 

317, 799 

246 

307,850 

159 

429,350 

67 

430,000 

1,432 

587,421 

106 

4,474 

176 

61,703 

9,255 

42,266 

1 

8 
7 
4 
60 
15 

14 

I 
3 

4 

7 

27 
36 
16 
15 
14 

8 
36 
15 
58 
45 

16 
8 
11 
17 
4 

2,100 
1,825 
1,375 
19,100 
4,275 

3,650 

1,266 

765 

905 

1,950 

7,040 
10, 152 
4,614 
4,245 
3,235 

2,400 
10,820 

3,600 
18,384 
13,130 

4,665 
1,700 
2,840 
5,010 
955 

6 

2 

1 

49 

20 

7 
5 

4,125 

1,000 

500 

34,493 

12,560 

3,890 
3,000 

1 

1,200 

12 
2 

3,801 
266 

2 
2 
2 
6 

1 

1 
1 

600 
300 
680 
2,000 
350 

200 
500 

? 

* 

85 

16 
35 
70 
470 

3 

. 

4 

30 

7 

12 

1 

42,000 
8,700 

13,500 
1,000 

22 

7 

1 
2 

51,400 

17,250 

2,000 
4,000 

14 

72,500 

263 
73 

10 
3 
4 

17 
•  20 

46 
20 
12 
39 
9 

131,354 
21,251 

6,885 

130 

47 

15,900 

2,675 

4,167 
1,630 

486 
6,446 

504 

2 
4 

136 
414 

250 
266 

118 
268 

5 
ft 

7 

2 

10,000 

204 

2,670 

8 
9 

9 
5 

22 
17 
4 
7 
6 

3 
19 

5 
30 
13 

7 
1 
2 
16 
2 

4 
15 
19 

1 
38 

4 

6,750 
2,600 

13,100 
10,160 
2,050 
4,000 
3,250 

2,000 
14,120 

3,400 
18,150 

7,000 

4,540 
500 
1,000 
10,250 
1,250 

3,000 
8,550 

13,125 
500 

24,641 

2,500 

13 

17,400 

10 

1 
11 

40 
315 

19 

1,898 
80 

385 
1,029 

115 

It 

12 
11 

13,300 
15,100 

3 

1 

8,500 
2,000 

10 

87,000 

13 
7 
4 

3,695 

2,200 

866 

1,286 

12 
13 

1 
1 
4 

1 
1 
1 
4 
4 

3 
2 
2 
3 

1 

1 

12 
30 
19 

10 

60 

2 

202 

127 

68 
15 
15 
45 
2 

8 

432 
280 

14 

2 
1 

2 

1 

1 

IS 

17 

9 

3,000 
1,000 

2,050 

1,000 

1,500 

19,200 

19,500 

11,000 

1 
3 

'    2,000 
8,250 

15 



16 

3 

660 

_ 

17 

1 

23 
4 
46 
43 

45 
3 
4 

40 
4 

12 
6 

10 

3 

254 

5 

10,648 

160 

2,871 

20,197 

40,096 
82 
90 

34,175 
152 

4,200 

300 

132 

22 

92,324 

1,571 

18 

7 
1 

7 

4 

14,000 
2,250 
21,000 

1 
3 

5,000 
22,500 

1 

7 

21 

300 
2,000 
6,100 

168 

67 

646 

248 

200 
860 
740 

1,303 

19 
20 
?1 

10,000 

3 

22,500 

TfH 

2 

600 

iB 

2 

3,000 

7 
8 
2 

1 
1 

1 

17,000 

20,200 

4,500 

2,200 
2,000 
3,000 

4 

20,000 

203 

?4 

1 
3 

1 

200 
1,300 

600 

796 

?* 

2 

2,700 

60 

64 
236 
974 

Tfi 

W 

31 

40 

2 

107 

9 

3 

34 

19 

28 

88 

7,420 

11,585 

625 

33,111 

2,775 
850 
8,070 
4,600 
8,895 

25,950 

4 
6 

4,200 
6,000 

7 

584 

2 

18,988 

2H 

7 

666 

11 

3,835 

29 

30 

32 

40,300 

49 

155,350 

19 

133,500 

22 

570 

27 

7,914 

1,199 

31 

2 
8 

108 
2,975 

275 

3,898 

360 

625 

4,364 

sa 

17 
2 
12 

58 

7 
16 
3 

T 

8 
10 
6 
3 

2 
6 
13 

9,600 
1,000 
6,830 

35,725 
4,100 

11,500 
1,500 
4,160 

5,000 
6,700 
3,360 
2,250 

1,000 
3,200 
7,000 

7 
1 
5 

21 
2 
9 

I 

7 
2 

1 

8,500 
1,000 
9,500 

23,400 
3,000 

10,800 
3,000 
3,000 

9,000 
2,000 
1,000 

5 

43,000 

3 

15,000 

22 
8 
41 

70 
34 
30 
5 
10 

8 
66 
30 

11,349 

231 

13,380 

21,654 
3,225 

29,518 
1,250 
2,570 

429 

35,762 

4,168 

1 
1 

100 

7 

610 

34 
35 

36 

1 
1 
8 

2,000 

2,250 

•24,000 

4 

20,000 

3 
5 

238 
462 

20 
6 

4,470 
2,100 

991 
548 

37 
38 

4 
3 
6 

23 
S 

28 
4 

18 

17 

28 

2 

i,i66 

745 
1,500 

6,270 

1,250 

7,841 

950 

5,530 

4,645 

8,225 

475 

56 

!l» 

1 
7 

7 

150 
2,300 

1,700 

134 

40 

1 

2,000 

1 
2 

4 
240 

885 
535 

41 

4?, 

4 

1 

9,600 
2,000 

2 

11,000 

43 

189 

44 

37 

208 

433 

320 

15 

45 

6 

7,000 

10 

27,500 

2 

11,000 

61 
12 
13 

66,641 
1,682 
3,100 

2 

151 

6 

1,610 

55 

46 

47 

1 

15 

4 

1,600 

276 

48 

49 

3 

2 

875 
700 

6 

900 

m 

1 

260 

M 

'  Includes  1  municipal  station  in  Porto  Rico,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


152 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  127.— COMMERCIAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— SUBSTATION  EQUIPMENT,  MOTORS,  TRANS- 


STATE  OE  TERRITORY. 

Number 

ol 
stations. 

SUBSTATION  PLANTS. 

Total 
kilowatt 
capacity. 

Transformers. 

Rotaries. 

Number  of 

cells  in 

storage 

batteries. 

Kilowatt 

capacity  of 

miscellaneous 

apparatus. 

Number. 

Kilowatts. 

Number.     Kilowatts. 

1 

United  States 

3,462 

1,499,381 

4,047 

1,090,261 

490 

311.003 

20,187 

98,117 

? 

27 
IS 
50 
115 
49 

36 
8 
24 
34 
40 

271 
132 
141 
79 
69 

21 
77 
28 
96 
130 

79 
29 
104 
31 
73 

9 

S2 

67 

15 

267 

35 
21 

167 
58 
50 

282 

6 

23 

29 

60 

209 

22 

47 

,       37 

65 

43 

142 

18 

4,500 
1,490 

9 
9 

3,400 
1,190 

1. 

266 

1,100 

3 

2 

300 

4 

5 

California ...            

295,933 
19,594 

16,520 
24,796 

1,0U1 
90 

44 

21 

283,055 
18,910 

11,470 
11,900 

8 
1 

11 
18 

2,130 
400 

5,050 
10,700 

1,156 

10,748 
284 

6 

7 

1,040 
1,178 

8 

Delaware  ^ . .                                

2,195 

r) 

Florida 

in 

15,399 
4,225 

89,060 

23,611 

1,443 

5,860 

1,200 

6,117 
11,611 
16,526 
23,831 
86,693 

53,292 

60 

35,272 

17,742 

890 

7,700 
10,730 
9,070 

35 

61 

88 
52 
28 
28 

14,299 
3,925 

17,760 
19,930 
1,411 
6,850 

4 

600 

600 
300 

1,900 

2,066 

32 

11 

1? 

Illinois  

93 
12 

69,400 
1,615 

3,018 
420 

n 

14 

I"! 

If) 

•        1,200 
1,000 

17 

10 
55 
26 
154 
128 

77 
2 
116 
64 
17 

34 
57 
60 

2,117 
11,611 

5,725 
22,919 
60.008 

44,440 

60 

6,347 

16,602 

840 

7,700 
9,780 
4,745 

4 

3,000 

19 

9 
3 

28 

16 

7,400 

900 

9,290 

5,100 

3,400 

12 

17,395 

3,752 

?n 

1,388 
299 

628 

''1 

oo 

''1 

24 

Missouri 

16 
2 

7,950 
600 

936 

20,975 
540 
60 

*>fi 

*>? 

?S 

New  Hampshire                   

3 

14 

750 
4,200 

278 

200 
125 

-X) 

10 

31 

New  York 

487,673 
2,070 

860 
20 

316,637 
2,070 

196 

161,628 

7,761 

9,408 

T* 

S* 

Ohio                                      

18,706 

59 

13,335 

4 

1,000 

470 

4,370 

Ifi 

40,579 

53,602 
1,823 

47,667 
1,250 

249 

1,140 
8,540 
8,510 
2,065 

36, 107 

1,805 

4,503 

50 

138 

183 
20 

151 
5 
6 

29,379 

35,987 
1.823 

47,507 

1,250 

249 

15 
23 

10,200 
5,440 

1,000 
12, 175 

17 

1,108 
296 

IS 

Rhode  Island 

40 

South  Dakota 

■f 

Texas 

1,140 

Utah                                                          

45 
03 
12 

no 

19 
33 

1 

8,540 
8,310 
2,055 

32,957 

1,805 

2,253 

50 

44 

1 

200 

VirEinia                                                                       

4n 

7 

3,150 

55 

47 

48 

2,250 

49 

9 
6 

900 

6 

900 

51 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico* 

'  Includes  1  station  In  District  of  Columbia,  in  order  that  tlie  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

FORMERS,   METERS,  CUSTOMERS,  AND    OUTPUT   OF   STATIONS,  BY   STATES  AND   TERRITORIES:   1907. 


153 


STATIONARY   MOTORS. 

TRANSFORMERS  IN  CIRCUITS  FOB 
CUSTOMERS. 

Number  of 

meters  on 

consumption 

circuits. 

Number  of 

customers 

furnisiied 

electric 

current. 

OUTPUT   OF  STATIONS,   KILOWATT 
HOURS. 

Number. 

Horsepower. 

Number. 

Kilowatts. 

Total  for  year. 

Average  per  day. 

162,677 

1,617,337 

255,337 

1,897,170 

1,468,763 

1,663,354 

5,572,813,949 

16,484,889 

1 

499 

339 

192 

11,265 

3,217 

5,412 
2,220 
1,107 
197,861 
41,028 

1,388 

605 

1,547 

20,297 

3,795 

6,944 
3,083 
6,388 
208,686 
44,863 

9,266 
6,026 
5,649 
136,933 
40,047 

12,176 

5,854 

9,311 

166,013 

45,519 

27,908,886 

9,392,302 

9,240,827 

657,765,890 

122,766,944 

77,289 
26,731 
25,549 
1,805,187 
336,905 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

2,586 

1,629 

68 

323 

385 

20,014 

13,049 

669 

10  601 

4,002 

3,472 
1,482 
1,070 
1,231 
1,936 

22,611 
7,838 
3,769 
9,508 

10,017 

17,926 
11,371 
2,729 
3,182 
6,710 

19,147 
10,094 
4,596 
5,599 
12,143 

64,199,442 
29,368,587 

4,358,7t3 
51,152,893 

9,030,453 

175,934 
80,402 
12,107 

140,784 
26,404 

7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

21,608 
4,725 
2,441 
1,214 
1,048 

137,405 
30,374 
13,936 
10,957 
9,396 

17,399 
8,63ti 
4,052 
2,215 
3,620 

91,216 
48,215 
20,576 
12,342 
17,480 

137,336 
52,644 
30,640 
16,949 
15,587 

151,886 
60,8(i6 
37,347 
22,839 
20,820 

439,685,766 
106,317,599 
30,387,174 
63,069,247 
33,113,858 

1,207,860 
295,138 

83,489 
145,644 

92,000 

12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

1,696 
1,296 
4,848 
15,370 
6,761 

16,065 
19,345 
19,391 
76,858 
51,236 

2,783 
4,622 
3,662 
13,983 
6,174 

6,978 
23,720 
21,596 
83,743 
57,049 

12,685 
15,905 
20,422 
78,603 
54,931 

12,244 
19,279 
21,462 
71,727 
60,096 

22,433,161 
64,200,146 
45,568,955 
206,383,440 
178,698,930 

61,843 
184,702 
124,818 
566,043 
492,573 

17 
18 
19 
20 
21 

3,411 
154 

8,837 
961 

1,664 

39,452 
1,213 
62,596 
33,236 
10,681 

4,368 
889 
7,674 
1,695 
1,884 

29,013 
6,162 
40,1.53 
33,411 
14,472 

29,645 
5,235 
44,339 
14,800 
18,273 

34,303 
7,466 
50,771 
17,265 
21,837 

75,441,141 

8,568,823 

135,838,680 

137,066,091 

28,269,376 

336,217 

23,338 

374,769 

391,349 

77,510 

22 
23 
24 
26 
26 

411 
1,061 
6,974 

195 
17,938 

6,850 
10,231 
27,523 

1,231 
393,004 

836 
3,798 
13,548 

303' 
30,539 

4,319 
18,098 
65,616 

1,949 
.    489,982 

2,305 

11,302 

.    63,949 

2,701 

211,062 

3,958 

13,425 

55,756 

4,494 

194,351 

29,621,730 

64,453,809 

139,357,377 

4,614,349 

1,441,317,340 

81,820 
151,353 
382,572 

12,080 
3,952,327 

27 
28 
29 
30 
31 

168 

312 

12,745 

1,078 

2,070 

3,416 
1,770 

63,260 
6,561 

20,444 

623 

232 

14,714 

1,965 

3,314 

3,036 

1,356 

77,514 

11,094 

24,713 

1,533 

6,182 

73,690 

13,019 

20,626 

3,240 
6,460 
76,122 
18,505 
31,735 

8,086,074 

7,210,255 

188,017,835 

23,057,560 

92,035,297 

22,420 
19,846 

517,054 
64,028 

253,477 

32 
33 
34 
36 
36 

9,955 

2,080 

898 

270 

1,175 

121,671 

12,946 

36,937 

3,610 

4,244 

36,125 

2,397 

1,597 

724 

2,253 

190,454 
16,304 
9,441 
6,616 
10,347 

136,854 
13,017 
4,465 
4,899 
9,665 

152,921 
11,392 
6,403 
6,287 
11,647 

402,666,869 
35,605,323 
66,664,585 
12,584,691 
27,493,009 

1,123,143 
97,275 
168,962 
37,377 
80,945 

37 
38 
39 

40 
41 

4,133 
325 
710 
170 

18,068 
4,979 
9,056 
2,826 

8,093 
666 

2,982 
831 

29,662 
6,831 

18,239 
6,048 

45,699 
1,001 

10, .548 
1,861 

66,683 
7,292 

12,171 
4,665 

71,215,508 

67,824,411 

26,160,843 

7,799,819 

197,948  ,    42 
158,898  I    43 
71,840  1    44 
22,749  •    45 

1,718 
338 

2,285 
131 

27,952 

4,392 

17,617 

685 

2,639 

1,984 

4,625 

271 

52,639 

10,092 

20,586 

1,901 

22,407 
5,890 

20,767 
3,199 

29,146 
9,034 
34,012 

5,116 

250,685,581 
23,157,102 
47,588,119 
5,499,084 

688,581 
66,902 

133,899 
15,080 

46 
47 
48 
49 

65 
102 

587 
1,082 

638 
420 

1,614 
2,002 

734 
2,490 

1,879 
5,059 

3,390,401 
5,049,047 

9,30<i 
13,833 

50 
61 

'  Includes  1  municipal  station  in  Porta  Rico,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


154 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  128.— COMMERCIAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS- 


STATE    OK  TERRITOKV. 

i 

:<'umber 

of 
stations. 

ARC 

LIQHTINO— 

KUMBEB 

OF  LAMPS  WIRED 

roR  SERVICE. 

Aggre- 
gate. 

Total. 

Direct<:urrent. 

1 
A  Itematlns-current. 

Commercial. 

Public. 

1 

Commercial. 

Public. 

Commercial. 

Public. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

1 

United  states 

3,462 

472,773 

11,581 

244,883 

48,87S 

167,434 

9,696 

12s,  l.W 

47,207 

54,066 

1,885 

119,733 

1,668 

113,368 

•> 

Alabama      

27 
15 
50 
115 
49 

36 
8 
24 
34 
40 

271 
132 
141 
79 
09 

21 
77 
28 
96 
130 

79 
29 
104 
31 
73 

5? 

57 

15 

267 

35 
21 

167 
58 
50 

282 
6 
23 
29 
50 

209 
22 
47 
37 

65 
43 
142 
18 

4,200 
754 
1,060 
18,826 
5,286 

6,928 
4,417 

388 
1,160 

889 

39,032 
16,667 
6,341 
4,180 
5,578 

7,979 
2,565 
8,577 
30,914 
12,973 

11,012 
857 

15,227 
3,043 
3,320 

327 
3,501 
21,798 

332 
94,240 

417 

907 

34,332 

3.130 

3,875 

62,627 

5,905 

1,737 

967 

2,679 

7,123 
293 

1,522 
721 

4,550 

2,157 

6,963 

617 

262 

78 

■""'175' 
88 

241 
37 

678 

109 

72 

2 

is' 

383 
155 
83 

7 
14 
16 

5 
13 

4 

8 
4 

397 

"3,' 264' 
2 
2 

4,929 

1 

is' 

44 
ei' 

i2' 

405 

2,429 

409 

SSI 

9,199 

2,179 

3,131 

2,599 

78 

439 

359 

26,258 
7,532 
3,131 
2,311 
1,355 

4,368 
1.091 
5,381 
15,138 
7,950 

7,445 
306 
11, 187 
1,965 
1,898 

195 

1,555 

8,806 

162 

56,794 

81 

582 

14,486 

1,503 

1.557 

23.524 

2.630 

634 

466 

1,338 

4.522 
259 
447 
319 

2,948 

1,017 

2,107 

262 

24 
27 

""807' 
1,677 

1,371 

361 

43 

172 

24 

1,765 

3,284 

939 

46 

36 

"  "iii' 

1.072 

2,329 

833 

1.422 

31 

264 

162 

11 

i9' 

2,642 
3 

3,849 

26' 

3,236 

29 

1,597 

17.182 
2,399 

9" 

375 

"  "iss' 

37 

54' 

340 
72 

1,485 

240 

509 

8,645 

1,322 

2,185 

1,420 

267 

549 

506 

10,331 
5.742 
2,199 
1,821 
4,187 

3.611 
1,.145 
1,741 
13,292 
4,107 

2,138 
506 

3,760 
911 

1,398 

132 
1,923 
10,342 

163 
33,200 

336 

305 

13,346 

1,596 

719 

16,992 
875 

1,103 
486 

1,332 

2,182 
34 
816 
365 

1,602 

1.074 

4,111 

183 

6' 

66' 

88 

229 
37 

1,775 
106 

20 
982 

75 

1,766 

1,989 

12 

,30 

2 
9 

"■'634' 
1,677 

1,371 

361 

23 

103 

5 

1,757 

3,251 

898 

46 

36 

"  "iii' 

1,072 

2,222 

719 

1,343 

'"'225' 
149 

6 

85 

27 

109 

335 

67 

474 

1,373 

18 

52 

3 

2,215 

1,630 

425 

601 

2,404 

106 

550 

1,523 

6,403 

790 

401 
27 
2,878 
32 
58 

262 

""m 

12 

53 

46 
2 

ii' 

i4' 

16 
3 
13 

654 

303 

531 

8,217 

2,104 

1,365 

610 

66 

409 

359 

11,817 
4,179 
1,564 
1,428 
1,219 

1,256 
801 
2,243 
6.475 
3,856 

2,476 
275 
4,514 
1,460 
1,822 

195 

1,523 

8,364 

103 

14,616 

76 

77 

4,550 

1,427 

1,548 

15,466 

823 

634 

3S2 

1,324 

3,684 
259 
447 
314 

1,356 
954 

1.456 
182 

22 
18 

'"  m 

26" 

69 
19 

8 
33 
41 

""'io?' 

114 

79 
31 
39 
13 
5 

"347" 
3 
14 

"287' 
29 

115 

i 

8 
5 

23 

45 

1,400 

213 

400 

8.310 

1,255 

1,711 
47 
249 
497 
503 

8,116 
4,112 
1,774 
1,220 
1,783 

3,505 

795 

218 

6.889 

3,317 

1,737 
479 
882 
879 

1,340 

132 
1.822 
7,773 

137 
17,892 

282 

189 

9,745 

1,452 

719 

9,302 
775 

1,016 
420 

1,295 

2,073 
34 
752 
255 

1,581 

1,026 

2,913 

152 

1 

4 

', 

6 

7 

8 

Q 

Florida 

in 

Georgia              

Idaho 

I' 

Illinois 

625 

63 

70 

2 

is' 

383 

155 

72 

7 
2" 

14,441 

3,353 

1,567 

883 

136 

3,112 
290 
3,138 
8,663 
4,094 

4,969 

31 

6,673 

505 

76 

11 

14 

ll 

16 

17 

IS 

Maine                 

14 

■>o 

?1 

Michigan 

r> 

■>? 

?4 

Missouri           

?•) 

?6 

Nebraska              

77 

W 

4 
S 

"392' 

'  '2,'236' 
2 

4,801 

1 

32 

442 

59 

42,178 

5 

505 

9,936 

76 

9 

8,058 
1,807 

19 
2,295 

"3,' 835' 

26' 

2,949 

"i,'597' 

17,067 
2,399 

101 

2,569 

26 

15,308 

54 

116 

3,601 

144 

4' 

5 

'  'i,'628' 

2' 

128 

is' 

9 

?« 

W 

New  Mexico 

11 

New  York 

1? 

11 

North  Dakota... 

14 

Ohio     

m 

16 

17 

Pennsylvania 

7,690 
100 
87 
66 
37 

109 

18 

10 

40 

35 

114 

14 

838 

8' 

367 

41 

4? 

41 

Utah 

44 

3 

""394' 

198 
32 

3i' 

295 
72 

64 
110 

21 

48 

1,198 

31 

58 

12" 

11 

4*) 

Virginia..                 

5 

1,592 
63 
651 
80 

46 

Washington 

47 

West  Virginia 

48 

49 

Wyoming , . 

9 

6 

67 
.539 

1 
1 

63 
139 

'    'isi' 

3 
269 

1 

11 
39 

"  "isi" 

3 

112 

1              52 

1            100 

51 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico ' 

157 

'  Includes  1  station  in  District  of  Columbia.  In  order  that  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

ANALYSIS  OF  SERVICE,   BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


155 


INCANDESCENT  UGHTING— NUMBER   OF  LAMPS  WIRED  FOR  SERVICE. 


Aggregate. 


37, 393.349 


Total. 


Commercial,  i    Public. 


36,76o,093  J      038,456 


190.354 
72,001 
115,134 
2,950.174 
032, 470 

523, 484 

403.023 

53.089 

05, 459 

114,386 

3,378.519 

1,027,022 

667,283 

392,456 

428,975 

332,894 

434,1,34 

623,073 

2.427,431 

1,293,431 

629,239 

53.019 

1,565.757 

226.073 

407,705 

63,904 

287,728 

1,644,928 

6,5.229 
6,807.077 

45, 456 
95,271 
1,893.288 
201.271 
359,947 

3,733,412 
382, 589 
103. 283 
93,476 
253,662 

768, 160  i 
44,993 

242,437  i 
62,697 

403,567 
156,692 
621,962 
59,315 


19,818 
58,492 


189,912 

71,480 

113,430 

2,924,367 

624,005 

517,038 

398,837 

51,982 

04,224 

113,519 

3,321,320 

1,015,016 

65<),  356 

390, 021 

424,450 

325,642 

427. 703 

608.308 

2,390,402 

1,275,642 

617,851 

52, 347 

1,559.918 

224,527 

404,161 

63.684 

279,359 

1,622,022 

54,537 
6, 576, 105 

44,613 

93.754 

1,860.084 

199,784 

354,864 

3,701,041 

373.148 

102.348 

92,359 

251,355 

763,109 
43,401 

231,708 
61,556 

397,433 

153,756 

612.954 

58, 41*3 


19.500 
57. 130 


442 

521 

1,704 

31,807 

7,865 

6,446 
4.186 
1,107 
1,235 
867 

57,199 
12,006 
10,927 
1,835 
4,525 

7,252 
6,431 
14, 7tS 
37.029 
17, 789 

11,388 
672 
5,841 
1,546 
3,544 

220  I 
8,369  i^ 
22,906 
692 
231, 572 

S43 

1,517 
33,204 
1,487  I 
5,083 

32,371 

9,441 

935 

1,117 

2,307 

5,051 

1,592 

10, 749 

1,141 

6,134 

2,936 

9.008 

852 


lO-candlepower. 


Commercial. 


318 
1,356 


31,679.031 


Public. 


163, 232 

59,295 

100.538 

2,390,419 

589,363 

416, 957 

383,898 

47, 998 

55, 140 

88,528 

2,555,685 
912,332 
551 , 696 
289,519 
345,234 

302.426 

353.896 

604.180 

2,273.972 

1,057,735 

552.306 

43.480 

1,015,413 

205.002 

311,787 

60,175 

254.154 

1,291.047 

37,177 
6,329,122 

36.829 
63,923 
l,5(i2,084 
190,597 
281.993 

3,226,477 

270,317 

93,154 

86,644 

229,864 

739,631 
33,506 

215,273 
50,832 

214,199 
137,450 
551.518 
49,918 


14,850 
47,4:7 


474,209 


32K:andlepowcr. 


Commercial. 


1,156.203 


Public. 


86, 212 


358 

449 

579 

26, 086 

7,072 

2,932 

3,277 

03 

929 

209 

46.619 
9,174 
3.428 
1,021 
3.010 

6.867 
1,929 
12,901 
15.644 
15.482 

7,763 
156 
2,731 
1.447 
1.964 

215 

4,794 

3,323 

625 

212,893 

46 

892 

29,027 

1.066 

2,822 

20.752 

3,210 

681 

611 

1,308 

3,468 
237 

1,986 
332 

4,299 

1.572 

6,654 

685 


216 

910 


11.125 

81 

4,935 

72 

8,016 

836 

94,032 

3,640 

14,771 

481 

8.123 

270 

10.226 

88 

3,398 

610 

6.233 

170 

6,438 

382 

94,565 

0,744 

56,780 

1,761 

30,660 

5,575 

17,469 

503 

10,628 

1.061 

5,663 

229 

27,170 

2,629 

1.739 

968 

50,647 

3,574 

48,339 

1,071 

16.639 
3,137 
40. 148 
11.103 
12,048 

1,330 

5,339 

201.519 

6,817 

S(i,058 

1,803 

8,719 
53,933 

5.951 
37,073 

80,952 

ll,8(i2 

6,607 

3,652 

4.371 

10.823 
3.173 
2.410 
5.926 

28,206 
7,303 

13,001 
3,205 


1,355 
3,083 


1,708 

382 

2,826 

94 

1,480 

5 

1,835 

7,422 

66 

3,303 

338 
423 

2,925 
387 

2.018 

6, 909 

6,927 

194 

404 

505 

1,201 

1,315 

7,962 

661 

1,512 
954 

1,942 
167 


AH  other  candlepower. 


Commercial. 


3,919,859 


Public. 


78,035 


15,555 

7,250 

4,876 

439,916 

20,471 

91,958 

4,713 

586 

2,845 

18.553 

671,070 
45,904 
74,000 
83, 6,33 
68,588 

17,553 
46,637 
2,383 
65,783 
169,548 

48,906 

3.730 

504.353 

8.420 

80,326 

2,179 
19,8()6 

128,856 
10,543 

190,925 

5.981 

21,110 

243. 467 

3.236 
35,798 

393,612 

90,969 

2,587 

2,163 

17,120 

12,655 
4,722 

13,907 
4,798 

155,028 

8,943 

48,435 

5,340 


3,295 
0.596 


269 

1,482 

312 

3,244 

821 

432 

136 

76 

3,836 

1,071 

1,924 

311 

454 

156 
1,873 

896 
17,811 
1,236 

1,917 

134 

284 

5 

100 


OTHER  VARIETIES  OF 
LAMP  S—N  ERNST, 
VACUUM,  VAPOR, 
ETC. 


Commercial. 


1,740 

12, 161 

1 

15,374 

259 
202 
1,252 
34 
243 

4,650 

304 

60 

42 

434 

382 

20 

801 

148 

323 
410 
412 


148,884 


67 
27 
79 
669 
735 

9,920 
3,282 

26 
421 

31 

8,533 

2,823 

831 

687 

245 

227 

252 

4,824 

4.074 

4,210 

2,230 

30 

6,399 

324 

1,000 

20 

434 

1,827 

150 

25, 413 

12 

258 

12,955 

648 

2,752 

36, 121 
606 
104 
147 
65 

9,183 


195 
600 

2,436 
479 

2,187 
320 


Public. 


4.584 


280 
285 


111 

2,400 

66 

20 


15 

"ii' 

"77' 

51 

'363' 


243 

100 

1 


STATIONARY  MOTORS. 


Number. 


Horsepower. 


162,677 


168 
'226' 


43 


499 

339 

192 

11,205 

3,217 

2,580 

1,629 

68 

323 

385 

21,608 
4,725 
2,441 
1,214 
1,048 

1,696 
1,296 
4,848 
15, 370 
6,761 

3,411 
154 

8,837 

901 

1,664 

411 
1,061 
5,974 

195 
17,938 

168 

312 

12,745 

1,078 

2,070 

9,955 

2,080 

898 

270 

1,175 

4,133 
325 
710 
170 

1,718 
338 

2,285 
131 


20 
12 


65 
162 


1,617,337 


5,412 
2,220 
1,167 
197,801 
41,028 

20,014 

13,049 

669 

10,601 

4,002 

137, 405 
30,374 
13,936 
10,957 
9,396 

16,005 
19,345 
19,391 
76,858 
51,236 

39,452 
1,213 
52,596 
33,236 
10,581 

6,850 
10,231 
27,523 

1,231 
393,004 

3,416 
1,770 

63,200 
6,561 

20, 444 

121,671 
12,940 
36, 937 
3,010 
4,244 

18,068 
4,979 
9,050 
2,820 

27,952 

4,392 

17,617 

685 


587 
1,082 


2  Includes  1  municipal  station  in  Porto  Rico,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


156 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  129.— COMMERCIAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— CHARACTER  OF  OWNERSHIP,  SERVICE, 


'  Includes  "  Other  forms  of  ownership,"  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  l>e  disclosed. 
'  Includes  1  station  in  District  of  Columbia,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

CAPITALIZATION,  AND  COST  OF  CONSTRUCTION  AND  EQUIPMENT,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


157 


CAPITAL  STOCK— continued. 


Common. 


Par  value. 


Authorized.    I  Outstanding. 


$798, 873,  386 


$060,003,772 


Dividends. 


$10, 883, 812 


4, 096,  400 

2, 225, 000 

1,350,200 

101,016,500 

11,605,500 

13,  400,  300 
6, 655, 000 
1,391,000 

11,785,350 
6, 053,  500 

64, 295, 100 
14,773,000 
8, 479, 250 
0,092.800 
7, 002, 200 

2,043,500 
8,264,140 
14, 358, 509 
40, 127, 300 
21,080,000 

15, 299, 700 
1,345,000 
33,303,911 
13, 900, 000 
6, 898,  450 

4.  4.50,  IKK) 

6,  5(0,0(10 

33, 000,  800 

1,040,000 

146,751,203 

2,  325,  5(X) 
1,  480,  OOO 

32, 530,  IWO 
5,916,000 
6,258,000 

59, 942, 873 
9,100,000 
8, 074, 500 
2,761,500 
3, 985, 500 

10,  783,  400 

3,  772, 000 
5, 034, 000 

839,500 

17,098,400 
3, 889, 000 
8,033,000 
1,294,000 


860,000 
1,38.8,100 


3,788, 

1, 697 

1,074, 

86,422, 

11,341 

7, 693, 
6, 408 
1,295; 
4,967, 
6, 52i; 

58, 298, 
12, 433, 
7,639, 

*,' 
5,315; 

1,814 
7,063, 
10,000, 
43, 628, 
19, 080, 

11,644, 
1,064, 
19, 693, 
11,364, 
6, 114, 

4, 333, 

6, 25ti, 

19, 070, 

752, 

126, 563, 

1,202, 
1, 170, 
30,117, 
4,39i: 
5, 734; 

57,292, 
5, 510; 
6,999, 
2,506; 
3,927 

8,277 

2,  495, 

4, 702, 

786, 

11,347, 
2,485, 


705, 
845, 


2,414 

7,200 

8,000 

685,  438 

137,340 

377,304 
380,000 


64,  727 
40,300 

1, 808, 490 
147, 174 
104, 860 
44,025 
143,965 

29,300 

114,838 

1,200 

3,  690,  428 

364, 185 

182, 491 

18,003 

838, 240 

187, 570 

35, 928 

39,000 

301,204 

400, 236 

9,000 

3, 750, 569 

17,800 
43,680 
475, 547 
29.420 
72,335 

1,497,191 

298,500 

7,844 

3,666 

1,125 

192, 691 

36,469 

38,381 

7,201 

192, 293 

62,160 

83,508 

4,600 


800 
940 


13,600 
71,749 


Preferred. 


Par  value. 


Authorized, 


$101,218,774 


550,000 
725,000 


15,()00,000 
2,700,000 

215,000 

500,000 

60,000 

1,645,000 


2,  .550,  .500 

1,305,000 

1,303,000 

100,000 


1,661,900 

12,906,774 

27,500 

7,370,000 

2,200,000 


3,050,000 
1,300,000 
1,002,500 


270,000 

355,000 

100,000 

15,840,000 


100,000 

13, 936, 000 

970,000 

1,212,500 

2, 103, 100 
500,000 

5,  425, 000 
562,500 


762,  500 

200,000 

60,000 

27,000 

1,600,000 

10,000 

453, 0(X) 

60,000 


Dividends. 


Outstanding., 


$75, 313, 725 


650,000 
600,000 


14,  857, 700 
2,447,500 

215,000 

500,000 

50,000 

395,000 


2,500,600 

724, 700 

1,087,000 


1, 277, 600 

8, 160, 054 

27,500 

3, 020,  760 

2,138,000 


3,060,000 

1,254,000 

484,300 


230,000 
325,000 


100,000 
8,294,600 

568,000 
1,212,500 

1,180,150 
400,000 

3,931,500 
562,500 


750,000 

110,833 

32,000 

7,000 

1, 412,  500 
10,000 
453,000 


,S2,  416,  760 


30,000 
20,000 


224, 076 
14,000 


20,000 
"2,' 766 


105, 610 
11,672 
28,500 


29,102 

450,085 

1,807 

153,211 

120,000 


125,000 
06,780 
24, 165 


9,000 
16,500 


291,000 


6,000 
418,078 
16, 440 
60,626 

37,296 

14,000 

6,260 

200 


37,500 

l,6<i3 

100 

560 

75,000 


240 


Par  value. 


Authorized, 


$815, 516,  C72 


6,  660,  OCO 

1, 527, 900 

860, 000 

108,070,000 

16,805,000 

9,415,000 
8,850,000 
550, 500 
13,771,000 
1,320,729 

63, 087, 000 

27,  4(»,  800 

6, 358, 500 

4, 925, 000 

8,  385,  500 

2,  740, 000 
9, 1.38, 000 

40,257,500 
4, 197, 500 

25, 836,  400 

28,118,000 

115,000 

32, 270, 000 

14, 845, 000 

4, 649, 600 

780,000 

4, 157, 100 

27,  655,  (KX) 

1,061,000 

187, 260,  760 

519, 100 
980,  (XX) 

17, 268, 600 
4,897,000 

12,216,000 

80, 795,  433 
1,710,(XI0 
3, 365, 000 
2, 375, 000 
2, 816,  500 

4,804,000 

1,930,000 

3,911,050 

690,000 

16,012,000 

1,501,300 

8, 137, 000 

561,000 


6.5,000 


Outstanding, 


$000, 677, 085 


Interest. 


COST  OF  CONSTRtrCTION  AND 
EQUIPMENT. 


Total. 


$26,842,330   1  $1,064,034,175 


3, 785, 100 

908,900 

812,000 

84, 696, 367 

12, 297, 650 

5, 015, 375 
5,720,600 

487,  443 
3, 629, 500 

958,429 

41,003,800 
15, 287, 950 
5,244,000 
2,893,500 
5,  745, 600 

2,503,000 
7, 569, 000 

28,291,500 
3,821,000 

15,295,400 

19, 045,  750 
115,000 

30,910,500 
7, 203, 500 
3, 818, 600 

780,000 

3,880,500 

26, 889, 260 

755,000 

164, 079, 802 

369, 100 

734,000 

11,401,600 

3,946,000 

7,  463, 600 

49,851,219 
1,260,000 
2,209,000 
1, 494, 000 
2, 736, 800 

3, 905, 000 

1,  702, 250 

3,042,500 

600,000 

8,348,000 

1,054,300 

7,289,500 

378,000 


66,000 


195,  846 

50,003 

37,400 

4,204,320 

634,009 

526,  364 
224,  400 

29,  706 
183,065 

56,914 

1, 782,  357 
693, 939 
265, 228 
151,150 
270, 335 

S3, 664 
311,832 
1,191,571 
180, 644 
749, 258 

072, 287 

6,550 

1, 536, 190 

365, 233 

178,  608 

46,800 

200,  250 

890, 646 

18,  323 

6,399,290 

18, 708 

39,000 

6tXI,  674 

211,455 

354, 162 

2,223,500 
61,850 

106,  724 
72,600 

110,  464 

190, 598 
99,  482 

145,  7tW 
13,200 

422,112 
53, 885 

296,011 
20,073 


3,250 


0,804,059 

1, 672, 589 

1,505,602 

110,871,577 

23,005,636 

12, 696, 303 
12, 626, 298 
811, 195 
0, 226, 692 
3, 203, 567 

82, 195, 708 

23,  427, 532 

8,953,989 

6, 842, 608 

9, 831,  444 

11,137,261 
12,  443, 798 
21,036,079 
40, 523, 246 
32, 666, 235 

22, 192,  763 

1,321,554 

32, 554, 571 

17,903,167 

6,  863, 096 

4,299,631 

8,618,803 

64,961,012 

989,317 

251, 199,  602 

1,  426,  512 
1,474,985 

39, 132, 506 
6,928,514 

14,281,632 

72,210,665 
7, 295, 943 
8, 390, 850 
2, 607, 668 
6, 672, 899 

10, 905, 677 
4,813,440 
6, 652, 907 
1, 338, 257 

18, 621,  544 

2, 582, 063 

9,381,298 

942,  326 


626,  837 
632, 936 


During 

the  year. 


$95, 746, 208 


408, 
180, 
99 

8, 849; 

2,005, 

886, 

1, 162, 

56, 

178, 

587 

7,900, 

1, 175, 
506, 
837 

301 

490; 

2,914, 

4,613, 

3, 761 

2,632, 

115, 

2,209, 

1,151 

713; 

107, 

279. 

3,834, 

93, 

23,  403, 

159, 
152, 

3, 572, 
565, 

1,65; 

6,680, 
632, 

1, 612, 
170, 
883, 

1,616, 
559, 
406, 
157, 

2, 444, 
362 
629: 
05; 


227, 


721 
380 
945 
0.'i2 
800 

146 
492 
395 
335 
200 


051  12 
947  13 
308  I  14 
343  ;  15 
167  16 


804 
082 
439 
916 
219 

701 
698 
581 
941 
977 

953 
340 
018 
518 
555 

795 
414 
162 


401 
307 
097 
395 
711 

022 
483 
181 
215 

666 
314 
128 
949 


17 
18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 

24 
2S 
26 

27 
28 
29 
30 
31 

32 
33 
34 
35 
36 

37 
38 
39 
40 
41 


50 
51 


*  Includes  1  municipal  station  in  Porto  Kico,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


158 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  130.— COMMERCIAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC   STATIONS— CONDENSED  STATEMENT:  INCOME  AND   EXPENSES, 

BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


STATE  OR  TEKEITOEY. 


United  states. 


Alabama.. 
Arizona... 
Arkansas.. 
California. 
Coloraio.. 


Connecticut - 
Delaware'... 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 


Illinois 

Indiana... 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky. 


Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. 
Michigan 


Minnesota . . 
Mississippi. 

Missouri 

Montana... 
Nebraska... 


Nevada 

New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 


North  Carolina. 
North  Dakota.. 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 


Pennsylvania.. 
Rhode  Island . . 
South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota.. 
Tennessee 


Texas 

Utah 

Vermont . 
Virginia.. 


Washington... 
West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


Alaska 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico  >. 


Number 

of 
stations. 


3,462 


27 
15 
50 
115 
4g 


8 
24 
34 
40 

271 
132 
141 
79 


21 

77 
28 
96 
130 

79 
29 
104 
31 
73 


52 

57 

15 

267 

35 
21 
167 
58 
50 

282 
6 
23 
29 
50 

200 
22 
47 
37 

65 
43 
142 

18 


tl6l,630,339 


Gross 
income. 


827,167 

669,850 

853,247 

14,125,542 

3,358,063 

2,305,778 

1,422,478 

274,022 

657,015 

687,522 

13,960,932 
3,580,833 
2,063,180 
1,282,639 
1,480,713 

1,609,836 
1,383,022 
1,790,939 
9,999,531 
4,838,924 

2,706,790 
357,818 
5,301,950 
2,439,922 
1,344,080 

372, 108 
1,400,058 
5,882,309 

292,682 
34,410,708 

229,882 

456,641 

6,508,718 

1,019,945 

1,923,302 

15,355,241 

1,710,432 

754,011 

439,767 

1,012,443 

3,584,969 
608, 107 
732,283 
253,055 

2,874,880 
669, 518 

1,899,907 
317,680 


416,103 
321,592 


»156,000,257 


Electric  service. 


Total. 


815,290 

544,192 

543,086 

13,637,803 

3,266,527 

2,288,674 

1,400,512 

260,290 

644,775 

660,616 

13,068,516 
3,384,723 
1,937,006 
1,199,163 
1,432,688 

1,587,491 
1,255,847 
1,766,137 
9,870,337 
4,574,513 

2,614,904 
348,844 
5,189,372 
2,347,663 
1,259,929 


352, 
1,299, 
5,841, 

289, 
33,628, 

219, 

410, 

6,368, 

1,012, 

1,799, 


14,747,144 

1,613,068 

733,041 

420, 785 

991,782 

3,461,488 
570,306 
691,475 
246, 161 

2,691,626 
635,224 

1,773,563 
303,683 


397,332 
307,774 


Lighting. 


$112,714,851 


127,995,177 


648, 420 

446,962 

500,051 

7,881,923 

2,131,673 

1,728,036 

1, 144, 224 

248,828 

295,746 

515, 176 

8, 787, 325 
2,658,004 
1,648,543 
880,519 
1,207,769 

1,344,652 

901,767 

1,412,184 

7,907,106 
2,708,581 

2,015,020 
313,791 

3,642,998 
1,121,493 
1,025,414 

194,525 

803,663 

5,057,810 

228, 151 

23,869,100 

129,843 
353,139 

5, 199, 494 
837,175 

1,240,630 

11,445,777 

1,243,419 

281,430 

308,761 

808,961 

2,875,221 
199, 145 
508,980 
200,265 

1,573,671 
512,732 

1,434,932 
291,822 


287, 347 
269,455 


Stationary 
motors. 


$15,290,229 


81,513 

71,808 

17,856 

3,773,587 

950,156 

389,156 
191,584 
5,342 
127,744 
99,611 

2,439,673 
532,260 
247,639 
216,868 
206,072 

226,576 
284,302 
344,939 
1,425,625 
842,845 

506,196 
20,744 
970,985 
963,609 
160,902 

148,560 

190,764 

680,971 

24,033 

5,677,498 

64,797 

39,410 

1,034,606 

103,140 

375,273 

2,083,559 
302,493 
428,599 
109,871 
111,032 

362,053 
166,920 
155,160 
26,396 

509,774 
42,684 

248,231 
11,761 


All  other. 


109,985 
32,295 


85,357 
26,422 
25, 179 
1,982,293 
184,698 

171,482 
64,704 
6,120 

221,285 
45,829 

1,841,518 
194,459 

40,824 
101,776 

18,847 

16, 263 

69, 778 

9,014 

537,606 

1,023,087 

93,688 

14,309 

575,389 

262,461 

73,613 

9,874 

305,217 

102,291 

37,778 

4,081,945 

25,235 
17, 519 

133,965 
72,018 

183,689 

1,217,808 

67,156 

23,012 

2,1.53 

71,789 

224,214 

204,241 

27,335 

19,500 

608, 181 

79,808 

90,400 

100 


6,024 


All  other 
sources. 


$5,630,082 


11,877 
25,658 
10,161 
487,739 
91,536 

17,104 
21,966 
13, 732 
12,240 
26,906 

892,416 
196,110 

126. 174 
83,476 
48,025 

22,345 

127. 175 
24,802 

129, 194 
264,411 

91,886 
8,974 
112,578 
92,359 
84, 151 

19, 149 
100,414 

41,237 

2,720 

782, 165 

10,007 
46,573 

140,653 
7,612 

123,710 

608,097 
97,364 
20,970 
18,982 
20,661 

123,481 
37,801 
40,808 
6,894 

183,254 
34,294 

126,344 
13,897 


$97,037,961 


18,771 
13,818 


EXPENSES. 


Total. 


$31,935,309 


528,317 
414,347 

355,807 
8,188,387 
2,118,644 

1,334,099 
841,098 
214,647 
340,430 
397,611 

7,185,497 

2,311,436 

1,398,440 

873,851 

905,091 

1,006,710 
834,066 
1,444,125 
6,340,137 
2,964,020 

1,707,166 

223,256 

3,411,378 

1,084,484 

846,697 

198,491 

693,051 

3,664,470 

208,614 

19,228,083 

156,884 
300,081 

4,594,430 
727,276 
890,308 
I 

9,495,470 
982,260 
394,361 
301,907 
567,354 

2,780,970 
320,837 
452,250 
161,857 

1,642,823 
432,949 

1,357,715  ! 
215,773 


Salaries 
and  wages. 


165,563 
130,663 
126,464 
3,030,781 
762,665 

496,549 
249,883 
78, 131 
121,643 
162,911 

2,586,872 
772,042 
447,894 
306,631 
261,964 

328,955 
288,456 
468,884 
2,066,254 
807,680 

575, 364 
80,656 
1,190,072 
353,928 
268,552 

77,264 

281,089 

1,354,660 

66,981 
5,692,784 

58,959 
90,642 
1,248,964 
237,658 
405,421 

3,087,148 
347,947 
109,305 
108,603 
180,251 

746,331 
140,159 
163,190 
70,393 

667,978 

148,083 

444,231 

77,811 


Cost  of 
supplies, 
materials, 
and  fuel. 


$39,490,881 


322,810 
208,401 


131,371 
85,509 


230,833 
231,221 
177,869 
2,966,408 
805,3-28 

538,214 
335,329 
109,660 
127,212 
169,277 

2,806,088 

1,031,592 

725, 178 

399,956 

443,644 

375,274 

329,058 

507,409 

2,571,926 

1,537,492 

792,642 
99,228 
1,294,164 
413,661 
406,780 

66,467 
250,362 

1,676,232 
101,197 

6,879,997 

70,290 

176,438 

1,795,938 

327, 510 

288,928 

4, 103, 464 
407,480 
121,651 
166,530 
248,663 

1,475,057 
113,586  ! 
150,613  ' 
62,114 

612,057 
217,945  , 
650,064 
102,965 


Rents, 
taxes,  in- 
surance, 
and  other 
miscella- 
neous ex- 
penses. 


$25,611,771 


162,247 
81,710 


131,921 

52,463 

51,474 

2,191,198 

550,651 

299,330 

255,886 

26,956 

91,575 

65,423 

1,792,537 
507,802 
225,368 
167,264 
199,483 

302,481 
216,552 
467,832 
1,701,957 
618,848 

339, 160 
43,372 
927,142 
316,895 
171,365 

54,760 
161,600 
033,584 

40,436 
6,655,302 

27,635 
33,001 
1,549,528 
162,108 
195,959 

2,304,858 
226,833 
163,405 
26,774 
138,440 

559,582 
67,092 

138,447 
29,350 

362,788 
66,921 

263,420 
35,007 


29,192 
41,183 


*  Includes  1  station  in  District  of  Columbia,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 
'  Includes  1  municipal  station  in  Porto  Rico,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


159 


Table    131.— COMMERCIAL    CENTRAL 


ELECTRIC    STATIONS— ANALYSIS    OF 
TERRITORIES:    1907. 


INCOME,     BY    STATES    AND 


STATE  OR  TERRITORY. 


United  States. 


Alabama.. 
Arizona... 
Arkansas. . 
California . 
Colorado.. 


Connecticut. 
Delaware  i . . 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 


Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky. 


Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts.. 
Michigan 


Minnesota.. 
Mississippi. 

Missouri 

Montana . . . 
Nebraska., 


Nevada 

New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 


North  Carolina. 
North  Dakota.. 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 


Pennsvlvania.. 
Rhode  Island . . 
South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota.. 
Tennessee 


Texas 

Utah 

Vermont. 
Virginia.. 


Washington 

West  V'irginia. . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


Number 
of 

stations. 


3,462 


Alaska 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico  2 


27 
15 
60 
115 
49 

36 
8 
24 
34 
40 

271 
132 
141 
79 
69 

21 
77' 
28 
96 
130 

79 
29 
104 
31 
73 

9 
52 
57 
15 
267 

35 
21 
167 
58 
60 

282 

6 

23 

29 

50 

209 
22 
47 
37 

65 

43 

142 

18 


Gross 
income. 


{161,630,339 


827,167 

569,850 

553,247 

14, 126, 542 

3,358,003 

2,305,778 

1,422,478 

274,022 

657,015 

687,522 

13,960,932 
3,580,833 
2,063.180 
1,282,639 
1,480,713 

1,609,836 
1.383,022 
1,790,939 
9,999,531 
4,838,924 

2,706,790 
357,818 
5.301,950 
2,439,922 
1,344,080 

372,108 
1,400,058 
5,882,309 

292.682 
34,410,708 

229,882 

456,641 

6,508,718 

1,019,945 

1,923,302 

15,355,241 

1,710,432 

754,011 

439,767 

1,012,443 

3,584,909 
608,107 
732,283 
253,055 

2,874,880 
669,518 

1,899,907 
317,580 


Electric  service. 


416.103 
321,592 


Total. 


$156,000,257 


$92,942,447 


Lighting. 


Commer- 
cial. 


$19,772,404   $27,995,177 


397,332 
307,774 


558,597 

415,860 

437,605 

7,064,389 

1,879,278 

1,362,122 
965,063 
208,011 
233,862 
461,543 

7,727,753 

2,040,624 

1,304,038 

736,855 

868,578 

1,078,890 
731,822 
1,164,953 
5,942,486 
2,372,164 

1.674,902 

263,281 

3.290,3,39 

1,019,008 

887.429 

184,7.30 

,')84,595 

3,660.638 

208,587 

20.204.998 

95,230 
315.929 

4,025,919 
706,374 

1,061,886 

8,588,268 
828, 189 
207,713 
263.132 
090,963 

2,033,728 
181,408 
408,813 
166,121 

1,446,819 
418,774 

1,111,195 
258,480 


276,514 
219,319 


Public. 


Stationary 
motors. 


89,823 
31,102 
62,446 
817,634 
252,395 

365,914  ' 
179,161 
40,817 
61,884 
53,633 

1,059,672 
617,480 
344,505 
143,664 
339, 191 

266.762 
169,945 
247.231 
1,964,620 
336,417 

340,118 
50,510 
352,659 
101.885 
137,986 

9.789 

219,0()8 

1,397,172 

19,564 

3,6(H,102 

34,613 
37,210 
1,173,, 575 
130,801 
178,744 

2,857.609 

416,230 

73,717 

45,629 

117,998 

241,493 
17,737 

100, 167 
34, 144 

126,852 
93,958 

323,737 
33,342 


10,833 
50,136 


81,513 

71,808 

17,866 

3,773,687 

950,156 

389,156 

191,684 

5,342 

127,744 

99,611 

2.439,673 
532,260  ! 
247,639 
216,868  1 
206,072  I 


Electric- 
railway 
service. 


$7,829,275 


226,576 
284,302  I 
344,939 
1,42.5,625 
842,845 

506,196 
20,744 
970,985 
963.609 
160,902 

148,660 
190,764 
680,971 
24,033 
5,677,498 

64,797 

39,410 

1,034,606 

103,140 

375,273 

5,08.'?,  559 
302,493 
428,599 
109,871 
111,032 

362,063 
166,920 
155,160 
26,396 

509,774 
42,684 

248,231 
11,761 


109,986 
32,295 


00,683 
17,818 
17,075 
1,396,735 
29,071 

46,323 
30,939 
3,683 
13,203 
12,600 

1,604,328 

112.578 

28,896 

41,379 

16,627 

7,871 
29,454 

7,114 
288,638 
277, 115 

22,628 


Current 

sold  to 

other 

electric 

companies. 


$5,513,302 


471,694 
57.112 
18,067 

8,340 

217.361 

93,491 

5,924 

1,168,700 


10,362 
47,477 
60,977 
167,072 

901,564 
62,982 


1,100 
69,964 


187,276 


13,281 
1,825 

143,183 
4,714 
52, 191 


7,104 


550,159 
154,412 


122,973 


204,654 
32,504 

147,435 

41,703 

677 

44,753 


421 
37,301 

100 
243,946 
679,961 

41,629 
2,849 
96,694 
188,  ,529 
40,684 


73,610 

4,166 

28.919 

1,579,357 

25,235 

4.000 

48,476 


12,446 

273,315 
3.000 
22,557 


555 


203,407 
8,620 
16,980 

463,138 
72,434 
35,799 


1,979 


Electric 
beating. 


$265,241 


1,075 


18 

16,601 

954 

626 
3,627 


725 

77,307 

34,005 

5,131 

3,237 

60 


Charging 
automo- 
biles. 


$153,459 


$1,528,962 


3,021 


2,116 
44,306 


6,801 
2,734 


8,465 

1,444 
105 

2,676 
940 

4,1.53 


200 
2,360 
4,000 
2,384 

30,627 
.500 
260 


300 

2,065 

834 

162 

15 

663 


1,776 
100 


764 


616 
78 


1,204 
26,600 


8,547 

1,393 

2,626 

921 

150 


796 
615 


3,298 


3,739 
30 

2,707 

90 

86 

1,173 

25 

91,819 


All  other. 


23,699 

500 

8,086 

19, 182 
183 

356 
3,638 
2,537 
3,368 


3,901 
4,780 
3,594 
11,486 
2,010 

7,971 


1,800 
2,111 
21,090 

19,332 
8,726 
4,262 

16,790 
3,800 


14,065 

886 

1,970 

1,237,916 


37 

290 

1,000 


3,436 
674 


1,529 


195 

1,053 

970 

33,354 


All  other 
sources. 


2,920 

35.372 

6,041 

1,787 

8,866 


5,272 
680 

1,156 

2,660 

597 


$5,630,082 


3,106 


11,877 
25,658 
10,161 
487,739 
91,536 

17,104 
21,966 
13,732 
12,240 
26,906 

892,416 
196,110 
126, 174 
83,476 
48,025 

22,34S 
127,175 

24,802 
129,194 
264,411 

91,886 
8,974 
112,578 
92,369 
84,151 

19,149 
100,414 

41,237 

2,720 

782, 165 

10,007 
46, 673 

140,653 
7,612 

123,710 

608,097 
97,364 
20,970 
18,982 
20,661 

123,481 

37,801 

40,808 

6,894 

183,254 
34,294 

126,344 
13,897 


18,771 
13,818 


'  Includes  1  station  In  District  of  Columbia,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 
2  Includes  1  municipal  station  In  Porto  Rico,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 

25142—10 11 


160 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  132.— COMMERCIAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— ANALYSIS  OF 


STATE  OR  TEHBITORY. 

Number 

of 
stations. 

Aggregate 
cost. 

SUPPLIES  AND  HATEKIALS. 

Total 
cost. 

Meters. 

Motors. 

Transformers. 

Incandescent  lamps. 

Nernst 

lamps, 

vacuum 

and 

vapor 

lamps, 

etc. 

(cost). 

Lamp 
fittings, 
etc.,  ex- 
cept for 

arc 
lamps 
(cost). 

Num- 
ber. 

Cost. 

Num- 
ber. 

Cost. 

Num- 
ber. 

Cost. 

Number. 

Cost. 

1 

United  States 

Alabama 

3,462 

$39,490,881 

119,665,919 

28,024 

1378,432 

4,522 

$270,661 

5,468 

$288,586 

19,036,086 

$2,973,508 

$69,230 

$676,339 

? 

27 
15 
60 
115 
49 

36 
8 
24 
34 
40 

271 
132 
141 
79 
69 

21 

77 
28 
96 
130 

79 
29 
104 
31 
73 

9 

52 

57 

15 

267 

35 

21 
167 
68 
60 

282 
6 
23 
29 
50 

209 
22 
47 
37 

65 

43 

142 

18 

230,833 
231,221 
177,869 
2,966,408 
805,328 

538,214 
335,329 
109,560 
127,212 
169,277 

2,806,088 

1,031,592 

726, 178 

399,966 

443,644 

375,274 

329,058 

507,409 

2,571,926 

1,537,492 

792,642 
99,228 
1,294,164 
413,661 
406,780 

66,467 
250,362 

1,676,232 
101,197 

6,879,997 

70,290 

176,438 

1,795,938 

327,510 

288,928 

4,103,464 
407, 480 
121,651 
166,630 
248,663 

1,476,057 
113,686 
150,613 
62,114 

612,057 
217,945 
660,064 
102,956 

72,709 

52,989 

46,717 

1,884,062 

324,559 

238,619 
191,452 
29,643 
61,418 
133,630 

1,166,610 
392,107 
304,085 
148,596 
177,394 

177,884 
212,970 
214,124 
1,318,930 
963,067 

489, 237 
22,389 
668,214 
297,758 
153,037 

50,600 
108,559 
687,084 

48,399 
3,975,968 

23,033 
23,399 

748,677 
66,944 

124,903 

2,249,871 
163,915 
68,491 
44,921 
82,896 

350,807 
108,163 
102,603 
31,964 

454,172 

115,013 

268,659 

24,698 

262 

52 

132 

2,234 

497 

137 
93 

36 
68 
231 

1,986 

3,031 

570 

284 

133 

23 
135 

92 

3,972 

419 

614 
44 
698 
491 
264 

1 

474 

4,560 

6 

986 

2 
80 
749 
113 
212 

1,409 
232 
145 
610 
130 

965 
65 

119 
37 

207 
15 

436 
83 

3,518 

882 

1,622 

43,264 

5,935 

2,4?7 

1,149 

564 

736 

3,930 

24,906 

36,262 

8,099 

5,120 

1,736 

336 

1,678 

1,653 

53,738 

4,529 

6,606 
579 
18,400 
5,662 
3,696 

20 

6,682 

47,636 

84 

16,994 

34 

1,158 

11,129 

1,414 

3,461 

16,287 
3,393 
1,843 
6,414 
1,804 

11,447 

629 

2,367 

482 

2,933 
235 

6,182 
949 

4 
10 

250 
2,809 

30 
29 
65 
458 
62 

33 
59 
38 
10 
61 

529 

354 

155 

34 

73 

23 
45 
99 
394 
134 

87 
23 
157 
18 
14 

30 
86 

375 
2 

269 

6 

6 

255 

64 

42 

498 
69 
59 
20 
59 

356 
85 
55 
19 

45 
23 
49 
12 

1,160 
1,950 

2,778 

25,498 

4,046 

2,889 
2,346 
1,605 
422 
5,664 

21,542 

28,886 

6,225 

1,461 

2,774 

540 

3,037 

2,840 

29  245 

4,488 

5,066 
931 

6,121 
537 

1,215 

3,805 
3,481 

18,282 
275 

12,093 

450 

303 

9,466 

2,815 

3,093 

18,159 
7,951 
2,131 
4,499 
2,142 

12,389 

12,276 

3,421 

962 

4,399 

1,114 

1,370 

446 

29,796 
29,966 
16,269 
740,765 
266,714 

288,616 

233,562 

26,785 

30,860 

41,315 

2,166,847 
362,600 
146, 185 
131,286 
126,407 

220,690 
167,214 
406,652 
1,892,107 
666,775 

373,762 
23,715 

421,447 
97,996 

216,318 

10, 101 
69,150 

1,019,660 
7,402 

4,495,742 

12,480 
13,959 

707,661 
35,694 

122,398 

2,047,319 
229,293 
45,358 
37,532 
129,105 

273,378 
14,659 
99,297 
22,499 

235,024 
58,667 

247,066 
13,114 

5,381 
5,166 
2,957 
125,091 
43,691 

51,416 
40,982 
4,994 
5,096 
9,413 

322,401 
60,786 
27,858 
22,289 
19, 743 

32,171 
28,954 
78,945 
306,452 
125,206 

62,249 
4,051 
64,770 
16, 927 
36,320 

2,258 
13,253 

164,659 

1,252 

592,143 

2,484 
2,423 
102,708 
6,488 
18,209 

328,571 
39,339 
8,124 
6,053 
26,380 

44,000 
2,786 

15,882 
4,047 

34,386 
10,684 
42,475 
2,696 

3,352 

4,386 

1,783 

82,396 

20,219 

1,834 
453 
6,228 
2,020 
5,779 

89,613 
15,317 
14,053 
12,888 
8,565 

4,096 
37,871 
3,051 
4,668 
18,428 

30,295 
1,288 

19,486 
1,306 

16,415 

205 

4,525 

2,976 

2,110 

64,515 

2,924 

694 

20,647 

884 

2,05S 

45,014 
4,221 
5,970 
5,947 
5,873 

17,890 
4,233 

19,928 
1,862 

30,666 
1,898 

26,491 
1,163 

1 

4 

5 

California 

302 
13 

48,049 
1,025 

62 
328 

819 

200 

25 

6 

Colorado 

7 

Connecticut 

8 

9 

Florida 

3 
4 
24 

76 
61 
22 
82 
32 

419 
216 
800 

5,798 
7,646 
1,754 
5,318 
2,844 

10 

11 

175 

725 
492 

419 

667 

93 

129 

714. 

1,436 

2,136 

4,377 

326 

1? 

lUlnois 

n 

Indiana  . .               .      ... 

14 

!<; 

16 

17 

18 

78 

6 

256 

48 

3 

15,100 

750 

37,461 

4,049 

229 

19 

Maryland                    

?n 

?1 

Michigan                          

?? 

?1 

?4 

35 
10 

22 

6 
19 
72 

3 
2,722 

3,320 
2,193 
1,387 

1,765 

2,349 

1,217 

376 

77,609 

7,652 

50 

1,562 

?«i 

?fi 

Nebraska. .          

?7 

78 

234 
406 

W 

f^O 

11 

16,174 

56 

62 

877 

160 

3 

13,689 
120 

I' 

1? 

North  Dakota 

6 

4 

275 
305 

14 

Ohio...                            

1*1 

16 

37 

244 

7 
7 
22 

1 

261 
6 
15 

26,512 

1,137 

600 

1,546 

90 

10,393 

607 

1,882 

18 

Rhode  Island  .              ... 

19 

40 

South  Dakota 

6 

41 

4? 

11,017 

41 

Utah             

44 

1,050 
52 

1,096 

41 

Virginia 

46 

1 

70 

47 

West  Virrfnia 

48 

32 
3 

2,344 
180 

1,342 
632 

49 

Alaska 

fin 

9 
6 

162,247 
81,710 

47,251 
22,992 

20 
254 

260 
3,695 

3 

514 

24 

1,262 

20,063 
10,697 

6,040 
1,809 

3,203 
455 

61 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico  «. . . 

1  Includes  1  station  in  District  of  Columbia,  in  order  tliat  tbe  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

SUPPLIES,  MATERIALS,  AND  FUEL,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


161 


SXn*PLIES  AND   MATERIALS—eOIltillUCd. 


COST  OF  FUEL. 


Carbons, 
gloljes, 
hoods,  and 
other  sup- 
plies for  arc 
lamps,  and 
repairs 
(cost). 


I'olcs 

and  other 

supports 

(cost). 


$1,456,927 


8,047 

3,068 

1,797 

77, 164 

25,028 

22,671 
13, 574 
1,622 
3,403 
3,680 

125,007 

61,303 

17,369 

7,141 

19,151 

14, 413 
12, 224 
67,897 
70,569 
30, 755 

29,677 
2, 439 
43,114 
11,121 
8,385 

173 

8,627 

95,9()0 

808 

213,944 

1,591 
2,217 
81,482 
9,279 
8,573 

241,304 

24, 481 

3,953 

1,856 

14,166 

21,553 
1,015 
4,672 
1,144 

13,706 
6,288 

17,641 
1,875 


506 
,104 


J701,081 


3,961 
2,044 
2,797 
111,428 
7,916 

15,485 

14,658 

1,002 

5,180 

3,709 

18,533 
20,797 
8,410 
4,048 
3,003 

5,270 
4,231 
2,812 
56,678 
8,408 

41,760 
582 

36, 126 
1,063 
2,200 

8,327 

4,276 

40,921 

711 

94,608 

1,187 
1,346 
25, 231 
2,446 
8,940 

57,783 
8,488 
5,454 
3,126 
4,336 

17,193 

4,542 

4,028 

616 

12,541 
1,451 

10,090 
1,340 


Wire  and 
cable 
(cost). 


$1,623,078 


10,896 
6,359 
4,970 
153,588 
27,522 

25,067 
36, 141 
3,388 
8,302 
6,789 

157,327 
69,070 
24,053 
8,276 
18,226 

18,062 

15,921 

7,493 

221,682 

39,064 

22,046 
1,990 
27, 546 
13,552 
14,456 

7,075 

10, 187 

100, 732 

1,378 
185,260 

1,958 
4,021 

92, 074 
2,906 

16,350 

97,783 
16,073 
5,037 
5,543 
4,237 

48,331 
6,101 

13,234 
3,454 

25,816 
2,459 

28,025 
3,258 


1,395 
1,009  ' 


4,099 
883 


All  other 
supplies 
and  mate- 
rials, in- 
cluding wa- 
ter for  boil- 
ers, mill 
supplies, 
etc.  (cost). 


$3,993,181 


33,867 
16,678 
18,260 
514,022 
62,637 

54, 187 
10, 494 
6,652 
13,844 
15,148 

1,53,824 
80,868 
56,882 
37, 730 
64,360 

27,464 
29,148 
40,968 
219,261 
71,733 

56,602 
7,264 
90,175 
33,375 
50,409 

10,972 
25,538 

165,886 
10,267 

597,282 

8,715 
8,427 
372, 236 
22,353 
44,064 

618,889 
42,246 
15,359 
6,578 
20,405 

94,  276 
2,5,883 
12,589 
7,  .588 

34, 158 
16,386 
56,466 
10,766 


10,863 
3,258 


Power  purchased. 


Electric 
(cost). 


$6,080,905 


7,148 

2,580 

651,530 

109,634 

38,678 
71,391 
954 
17,664 
78,079 

146,  478 
1,440 

108, B53 
31,538 
36,297 

70,427 
32,  762 
6,035 
243,546 
606,345 

170,606 


336, 239 

195, 185 

5,579 

15,000 
12,613 
24,417 
28,919 
2,024,008 

2,330 


12,446 
16, 707 
11,920 

708,143 
16,122 
19,921 


240 

27, 792 
48,916 
6,975 
8,097 

28,560 

69, 266 

28,507 

1,218 


All  other 
(cost). 


$615,283 


6,870 
4,783 


5,650 


69,691 
3,125 

17, 767 
9,219 


3,716 
7,006 


12, 727 
14,330 

24, 126 
3, 270 
1,620 

11,489 
2,349 


4,992 
15,  .546 


65,069 
950 


6,360 
1,080 
1,100 

22,603 


3,166 
5,241 


11,070 
2,400 

255,859 

"32,'ii6 


Rent  of 
water  priv- 
ileges for 

water 

wheels  or 

turbines 

(cost). 


Freight, 
not  in- 
cluded in 

cost  of 
materials. 


$351, 443 


$187,265 


900 
2,500 


46,158 
11,150 

15,518 


27, 360 
2,690 


1,258 
22,340 


59,153 
17,614 

36,043 


5,260 
5,172 

1,000 
9,580 
2,285 
2,220 
12,581 

250 


1,295 
"3,"  655 
22,514 


400 

3,220 

300 

4,900 

1,100 

9,887 

1,660 

14,595 


750 
579 


1,377 


303 
1,020 
5,428 

1,938 

65 

3,192 


375 

13,505 
4,426 

10,563 

2,713 

612 


•1,984 

244 

1,6.35 

13,731 

3,607 

15 

13,646 

158 

5,002 


2,222 
6,162 


105 
2,473 
12, 421 

422 
3,479 

32,620 

344 

99 

3,354 

668 

26,065 
876 
605 
160 


3,682 

2,021 

175 


18,359 
10,300 


Total. 


$19,824,962 


168, 124 
178, 232 
131,152 
1,082,356 
480,769 

299,596 
143,877 
79,917 
65, 794 
35,647 

1,639,478 
639, 485 
421,093 
251,360 
266,250 

197,390 
116,088 
293, 285 
1,252,996 
574, 435 

303,405 
76,839 
625,950 
115,903 
253,743 

16,867 
141,803 
989,148 

52, 798 
2,904,029 

47, 257 
163,039 
1,047,261 
260,566 
164,026 

1,853,693 
243,565 
53,160 
121,609 
165, 767 

1,124,250 

5,423 

48,010 

30,150 

157,885 

102,932 

381,405 

78,257 


114,996 
58,718 


Crude 
petroleum. 


$16,780,874  ;  $2,043,000 


151,427 

6,310 

119,261 


478,349 

295,498 
143,877 
12,048 
42,344 
23,920 

1,637,373 
627,3.57 
418,984 
186,796 
264,888 

138,810 
108,  732 
289, 751 
1,226,917 
566,846 

269,295 
64, 198 
562,078 
105,113 
247,492 

8,192 

129,902 

980,868 

51,154 

2,886,567 

40,114 
151,944 

973. 140 
232, 190 

6,060 

1,787,007 
239,066 
36,657 
113,622 

164. 141 

378,867 
5,413 
45,999 
28, 760 

84,568 

76,061 

316,682 

78,257 


13,000 
32,652 


167,922 


911,668 


Natural 


Hanufoc- 
turedgas. 


$269,181  I  $194,816 


1,500 

2,921 

336 

18,500 


43, 896 
555 


2,301 


4,496 
1,610 


50 

'82,' 780' 

1,302 
4,500 
4,118 


31,124 


14, 770 
26,066 


150,407 


7,850 


44,839 


714 


59,392  I      11,086 


6,732 


69,451 
27,457 


64,171 


12,691 


23,783 


All  other 
fuel. 


$547,091 


6,697 
4,000 
11,901 
20,381 
2,420 

4,097 


67,8f)9 
23,450 
11,727 

605 
1,367 
1,773 
1,225 
1,362 

13,971 
6,801 
3,534 

23, 778 
17,377 

21,419 
12,641 

3,394 
10, 790 

6,251 

7,675 
7,405 
6,610 
1,644 
3,082 

7,143 

1,095 

4,620 

919 

75,185 

1,098 


13,385 
7,987 
1,626 

41,253 

10 

2,011 

1,390 

42, 193 


*  Includes  1  municipal  station  in  Porto  Rico,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed 


162 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  133.— COMMERCIAL    CENTRAL    ELECTRIC    STATIONS— NUMBER    OF    SALARIED    EMPLOYEES    AND    TOTAL 

SALARIES,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


STATE  OR  TEKKITOBY. 


United  States 

Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware' 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode"  Island 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Alaska 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico ' 


Number 
o[ 

stations. 


3,462 


27 
15 
SO 
115 
49 


8 
24 
34 
40 

271 
132 

141 
79 


21 
77 
28 
96 
130 

79 
29 
104 
31 
73 


52 

67 

15 

267 

35 
21 

167 
58 
50 

282 

6 

23 

29 

50 

209 
22 
47 
37 

65 
43 
142 

18 


Number.       Salaries. 


11,375 


82 

68 

60 

900 

211 

160 
84 
45 
54 


961 

355 

225 

.  139 

1U8 

81 
161 
154 
595 
378 

195* 
47 
423 
119 
96 

23 

104 

392 

27 

1,821 

32 
39 
454 
107 
112 

1,144 
71 
72 
49 


361 
62 


190 
79 

236 
35 


SlO,  738,955 


64,583 

55,596 

41,070 

1,120,694 

214,710 

157,749 
79,315 
25,514 
52,087 
78,955 

930,231 
254,827 
158,729 
113,995 
89,391 

73,409 
96,679 
164,856 
649,248 
280,514 

186,673 
36,335 
410,215 
172,111 
90,696 

27,071 

80,918 

415,904 

21,505 

1,745,757 

20,760 
32,898 

442,096 
83,217 

127,797 

1,026,502 
100,927 
62,958 
48,170 
71,775 

265,755 
48,183 
69,946 
31,072 

213, 192 
48,065 
158,595 

28,722 


52.350 
32,091 


GENERAL  OFFICERS  OF 
CORPORATION. 


Number.       Salaries. 


1,761 


11 
16 

7 
72 
34 

64 
11 
6 
10 
11 

109 
72 
68 
23 
14 

18 
37 
27 
122 
47 

28 
9 
46 
23 
18 

1 

38 

53 

6 

191 


85 
16 
7 

204 
6 
18 


$2,202,028 


13,119 

13, 3U 

3,089 

144,098 

50,162 

57,134 
23, 516 
2,410 
10,690 
20,955 

133,774 
65,686 
39, 741 
19,905 
23,366 

24,662 
23,283 
47,122 
174,925 
49,496 

37,613 
9,082 
74,144 
38,385 
20,985 

250 

24,619 

111,866 

2,799 

336,488 

3,520 
5,918 
119,074 
13,666 
16,960 

195,516 
25,601 
15,466 
12,306 
19,240 

61,184 
1,230 
8,680 
5,030 

45,245 
7,245 

44,073 
5,440 


10,680 
521 


OENEKAL     MANAGERS, 

SUPERINTENDENTS, 
ETC. 


Number        Salaries 


3.268 


28 
21 
31 
209 
68 

39 
16 
22 
26 
27 

239 
119 
82 
64 
43 

18 
63 
31 
119 
125 

73 
20 
120 
39 
44 

12 
32 
81 
15 


15 
17 
119 
42 
41 

316 
16 
25 

28 


124 
31 
31 
25 

68 
37 


$4,243,307 


28,600 
29,854 
27,631 
389,166 
91,332 

54,630 
20,015 
15,839 
31,238 
38,174 

338,383 

108, 107 

79,057 

65,928 

44,050 

19,117 
49,326 
45,893 
224,813 
132,746 

93,942 
19,311 
171,617 
75,619 
49,684 

16,970 
36,472 

116,749 
14,230 

569,594 

14, 170 
18,460 
150,103 
42,443 
58,482 

414,610 
33,595 
25,881 
27,343 
35,663 

118,402 
40,090 
31,927 
19,762 

89,067 
31,770 
77,313 
17,140 


32,500 
20,001 


CLERKS  AND  BOOK- 
KEEPERS. 


Number.       Salaries. 


6,346 


43 
22 
22 
619 
109 

67 
58 
17 
18 
30 

613 

164 
85 
52 
51 

45 
61 
96 
364 
206 

94 
18 
268 
67 
34 

10 

34 

258 

6 

1,261 

9 

14 

250 

49 

64 

626 
49 
29 
12 
37 

169 
16 


$4,293,620 


22,864 
12,431 
10,350 
687,430 
73,210 

45,985 
35,784 
7,265 
10.159 
19,826 

458,074 
81.034 
39.931 
28,162 
21,985 

29,640 
23,070 
61,840 
249,510 
98,273 

65,118 
7,942 
164,454 
58, 107 
20,027 

9,851 
19,827 
188,289 

4.476 
839,675 

3.060 

8,520 

172.919 

27,118 

52,305 

416,376 
41,731 
11,611 
8,522 
16,872 

86, 169 
6,863 

19,338 
6,280 

78,880 
9,050 

37.209 
0,142 


9,170 
11,569 


1  Includes  1  station  in  District  of  Columbia,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 
'Includes  1  municipal  station  in  Porto  Rico,  in  order  that  the  operations -of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


163 


Table  134.— COMMERCIAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  TOTAL 

WAGES,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


STATE   OR  lEEBlTOHY. 


United  States. 


Alabama.. 
Arizona . . . 
Arkansas. 
California. 
Colorado.. 


C-onnecticut . 
Delaware ' . . . 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 


Illinois 

Indiana. .. 
Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky . 


Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts . 
Michigan 


Minnesota.. 
Mississippi . 

Missouri 

Montana . . . 
Nebraska.. . 


Nevada 

New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 


North  Carolina. 
North  Dakota.. 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 


Pennsylvania... 
Rhode"  Island... 
South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota. . 
Tennessee 


Texas 

Utah 

Vermont . 
Virginia.. 


Washington . . . 
West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


Alaska 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico'. 


Number 

of 
stations. 


3,462 


27 
15 
60 
115 
49 

36 
8 
24 
34 
40 

271 
132 
141 
79 


21 
77 
28 
96 
130 

79 
29 
104 
31 
73 

9 
52 
57 
15 
267 

33 
21 

167 
58 
50 

282 
6 
23 
29 
50 

209 
22 
47 
37 

65 
43 

142 
18 


Average 
number. 


Wages. 


30,691  i  $21,196,354 


167 
90 
138 
2,143 
688 

643 
243 
90 
115 
110 

2,393 
931 
464 
296 
413 

363 

322 

473 

1,853 


592 

80 

1,191 

190 

235 

56 

308 

1,338 

56 
5,679 

85 

85 

1,160 

257 

334 

3,146 
375 
119 
95 
211 

852 
119 
160 


554 
150 
463 
61 


49 


100,980 

75.067 

85,394 

1,910,087 

547, 955 

338,800 
170,568 
52,617 
69,556 
83,956 

1,656,641 
517,215 

289. 165 
192,636 
172, 573 

255,546 

192. 777 

314,029 

1,417,006 

527. 166 

388,691 
44, 321 
779,857 
181,817 
177,856 

50,193 
200,171 
938,756 

45, 476 
3,947,027 

38.209 
57,744 
806,868 
154,441 
277, 624 

2,060,646 

247, 020 

56,347 

60,433 

108, 476 

480,576 
91,976 

103,245 
39,321 

454,786 
100,018 
285,636 
49,089 


79,021 
53,418 


FOREMEN. 


Average 
number. 


1,344 


114 

41 

28 
7 
3 

'     7 
U 

73 
29 
24 
11 
12 

7 
Hi 
23 
77 
55 

26 
4 
50 
17 
7 

5 
13 
29 

3 
248 


4 
47 
13 
26 

129 
12 
11 
4 
6 

34 
3 

17 
3 

42 
6 

25 
3 


Wages. 


11,446,048 


6.970 

6,190 

1,470 

154,213 

52,914 

30,228 
7,368 
2,582 
7,760 

10,530 

70,864 
23,584 
20,006 
10, 144 
9,505 

8,400 
14, 261 
21,969 
81.432 
51,997 

19,  ,590 

5,040 

53,466 

25,740 

6,720 

6,750 
12, 186 
27,537 

3,480 
302, 620 

1,500 

4,400 

47.385 

10,695 

27,510 

139, 747 
13,360 
6,588 
2.246 
4,900 

29,740 
2,460 

14,289 
1,715 

63,110 
4,520 

23,127 
3,240 


9,120 
3,600 


INSPECTORS. 


.\verage 
number. 


860 


159 

17 
4 
6 
2 

10 
6 
19 
68 
27 


160 


Wages. 


t668,466 


39,580 
6,360 


8,148 
6,690 


1,600 

102,027 
13,088 
2,915 
4,296 
1,200 

9,240 
3,857 
18,240 
57,609 
17,741 

15,842 


38,943 
4,390 
5,400 


1,560 
20,853 


132,562 


720 

40,555 

1,166 

6,487 

69,908 
9,614 
1,590 


5,750 

4,327 

960 

3,419 


840 
"7,'369' 


1,800 
3.380 


ENOmEERS. 


Average 
number. 


35 
21 

40 
120 

82 

69 
23 
27 
23 
21 

413 
190 
170 
102 
90 

33 

42 

61 

204 

153 

96 
27 
129 
28 
60 

7 
31 

146 

17 

383 

17 
32 


445 
12 
19 
33 
50 

261 
13 
26 
30 

67 

57 

134 

18 


Wages. 


$3,484,231 


23, 715 
24, 573 
29,209 
132,953 
73,649 

63,313 
20,266 
17,832 
14,876 
15,446 

315, 451 
128,988 
113,527 
73. 437 
59,737 

30,083 
27,805 
40,823 
201,867 
99,340 

77,040 
18, 740 
90,721 
29,397 
43,411 

6,056 
28,327 

134, 366 
17,028 

340,363 

9,681 
24,247 
198,659 
64,621 
44. 343 

347. 178 
12,634 
11,415 
21.651 
31,825 

167, 298 
9,609 
18,966 
16,340 

63,503 
43,268 
89,363 
17,592 


25,085 
8,770 


ALL  OTHER  EMPLOYEES 
(INCLUDING  FIREMEN, 
DYNAMO  AND  SWITCH- 
BOARD MEN,  LINEMEN, 
MECHANICS,  AND  LAMP 
TRIMMERS). 


Average 
number. 


24,041 


119 

62 

96 

1,872 

559 

435 
204 
60 

85 
75 


695 
266 
177 
309 

313 
258 
380 
1,504 
593 

454 
49 
960 
140 
161 

43 

262 

1,131 

36 

4,888 

66 

48 

798 

153 

254 

2,483 

340 

86 

58 

148 

560 
102 
112 
46 

444 

87 

293 

40 


Wages. 


$15,597,610 


67,306 

43,404 

54,715 

1,583,341 

415,132 

237,111 

136,244 

32,203 

46,920 

66,480 

1, 168, 299 
351,555 
162,717 
104,759 
102, 131 

207, 823 
146,854 
232,997 
1,076.198 
358,088 

276, 219 
20, 641 
696,727 
122,290 
122,325 

37,388 
158,098 
756.000 

24,968 
3,171,492 

27,028 
28,377 

520,369 
78,059 

199,284 

1,503.813 

211,412 

36.764 

36, 536 

6(),001 

279,211 
78, 947 
66,571 
21,266 

337,333 
62,230 

166,837 
28,257 


43.016 
37,668 


'  Includes  1  station  in  District  of  Columbia,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 
2  Includes  1  municipal  station  in  Porto  Rico,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


164 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  136.— COMMERCIAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— ANALYSIS  OF  MISCELLANEOUS  EXPENSES,  BY  STATES 

AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


STATE  OB  TEREITORT. 


United  States 

Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware ' 

Florida 

Oeorgia 

Idaho 

IlUnois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Alaska 

Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico ' 


Number 

of 
stations. 


3,462 


27 
15 
50 
115 
49 

36 
8 
24 
34 
40 

271 
132 
141 
79 
69 

21 
77 
28 
96 
130 

79 
29 
104 
31 
73 


62 
67 
15 

267 

35 
21 
167 
58 
50 

282 

6 

23 

29 

SO 

209 
22 
47 
37 

65 

43 

142 

18 


Total 
expenses. 


$25,611,771 


131,921 

52,463 

51,474 

2, 191, 198 

560,661 

299,336 
256,886 
26,956 
91,576 
65,423 

1,792,537 
507,802 
225, 368 
167,2(i4 
199,483 

302, 481 
216, 552 
467,832 
1,701,957 
618, 848 

339, 160 
43,  .372 
927, 142 
316, 895 
171,365 

64,760 
161,600 
633,584 

40,436 
6,656,302 

27,635 
33,001 
1,549,528 
162, 108 
195,959 

2,304,868 

226,833 

163,406 

26,774 

138,440 

569,682 
67,092 

138,447 
29,360 

362, 788 
66,921 

263,420 
35,007 


29,192 
41,182 


Rent  of 
stations, 
line-wire 
supports, 
conduits, 
etc. 


$2,317,099 


151 

840 

2,060 

2,890 

6,797 

719 


4,000 
5,928 

47,525 

1,427 

909 

817 
297 


104 
93,317 
32,326 
69,685 

2.465 


16,626 

1,364 

240 

12,620 

309 

4,951 


1,212,641 

300 

492 

617,660 

1,470 

120 

142,327 

164 

17,012 


100 

700 
3,000 
1,441 

137 

2,701 

960 

8,728 


236 


Rent  of 
offices. 


$666,472 


8,706 

3,185 

1,504 

58, 477 

26,361 

6,623 
2,766 
1,660 
4,379 
6,366 

66,946 
19, 753 
12,436 
8,228 
3,998 

4,266 
4,314 
10,916 
25,962 
12,966 

13,190 

1,110 

21,960 

10, 6(i7 

7,009 

4,130 
6,898 

21,002 
1,004 

75,616 

874 

1,211 

21,289 

6,267 

6,305 

37,892 
5,700 
2,228 
1,764 
3,513 

11,708 
3,222 
4,224 
3,349 

5,855 
2,253 
7,974 
1,669 


480 
3,300 


Taxes. 


Injuries 
and 

damages. 


$6,345,796  $602,623 


34,704  ; 

13,749 

7,046 

491,465 

120,656 

44,177 
59,016 
6,131 
19,038 
11,042 

646,268 
111,488 
49, 744 
33,150 
81,  %2 

105,919 
46,673 
73,338 
677, 379 
167,917 

136,425 
8,941 

246,671 
78,076 
65,057 

11,558 

.  39,117 

207,360 

6,682 

1,679,845 

6,666 

9,389 

276,431 

16,893 

62,864 

421,169 
99,853 
20,986 
6,946 
29,836 

98, 895 

22,780 

17,286 

4,788 

108,224 

11,814 

57,122 

7,372 


1,648 
1,623 
3,060 
26,399 
10,363 

5,528 

6,946 

600 

172 

238 

86,043 
11,484 
7,699 
3,232 
6,994 

11,720 
8,318 
20,528 
13,176 
7,405 

10, 181 
3,813 

23,796 
7,109 
2,847 

66 

2,506 

20,934 

409 

179,944 


952 

34,233 

1,978 

1,007 

29,078 

1,241 

427 

230 

1,943 

31,157 

2,100 

33 

1,448 

4,836 

4,400 

4,156 

464 


3,683 
11,433 


Insurance. 


$1,467,936 


13,533 

4,022 

7,965 

82, 157 

38,106 

16, 164 
7,870 
3,430 
3,631 
2,790 

129,969 
36,769 
23,620 
13,761 
17, 161 

11,687 
15,441 
25,062 
136,243 
26,259 

20,294 
6,456 

61,984 
7,020 

14,677 

6,493 
20,669 
46,468 

2,356 
317,854 

3,245 
2,643 
34,359 
13,696 
10, 178 

142,790 

27,621 

4,916 

3,260 

9,351 

34,661 

171 

10,685 

3,687 

19,373 
7,877 

27,631 
3,023 


720 
1,965 


Ordinary 
repairs  of 
buildings 

and 
machinery. 


$3,986,586 


22,333 
11,429 
13,627 
468,241 
81, 149 

74,135 
63,459 

5,696 
10,731 

4,939 

330,857 
164, 134 
43,506 
30,181 
37,937 

20,488 
26,678 
49,856 
267,984 
110,976 

54,549 
11,413 
143, 223 
19,476 
37,996 

6,142 
34,420 
110,714 

6,760 
797,964 

6,071 

9,445 

172, 737 

22,857 

49,867 

312,045 

14,825 

20,350 

4,808 

39,247 

96,691 
6,645 

31,738 
2,808 

64,290 
18,949 
44,806 
10,718 


6,671 
6,866 


Another 
expenses. 


$10,326,359 


60,847 

17,616 

16,223 

1,061,579 

269,219 

152, 100 
115,830 
9,539 
49,624 
35,130 

596,929 

163,747 
87,455 
77,895 
62,144 

148,401 
115,124 
194,816 
548,887 
223,642 

102,066 
11,039 
423,983 
193, 194 
53,639 

13,761 

58,682 

222,165 

23,225 

2,491,638 

12,500 

8,869 

392,819 

99,958 

66,618 

1,219,657 
77,439 
97,487 
9,776 
64,460 

286,870 
30,274 
73,040 
13,133 

157,509 
20,668 

113,003 
11,761 


18,738 
17,383 


'  Includes  1  station  in  District  of  Columbia,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 
•  Includes  1  municipal  station  in  Porto  Rico,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


165 


Table  136.— MUNICIPAL   CENTRAL    ELECTRIC    STATIONS— SUBSTATION    EQUIPMENT,    MOTORS,    TRANSFORMERS, 
METERS,  CUSTOMERS,  AND  OUTPUT  OF  STATIONS,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


STATE  OR  TERMTOHY. 


United  states. 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Micliigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

New  llanipstiire 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

All  other  states  ' 


SUBSTATION  PLANTS. 


Number 
of       I 
stations.     ,  Total 
kilowatt 
capacity. 


13 
59 
112 
68 

51 
32 
14 
21 
4 


24 
104 
92 
39 

58 
25 
4 
7 
47 

36 
8 
105 
14 
11 

45 

17 

8 

28 

9 
9 
13 
14 


184 
3,591 


497  ! 


262 

2.165 


300 

180 
'96' 


Transformers. 


Number. 


250 

145 
246 
140 
75 


300 
218 


2,400 


230 


164 


10 


Kilo- 
watts. 


184 
3.591 


Kilowatt 
capacity 
of  miscel- 
laneous 
appa- 
ratus. 


497 


282 
1,032 


75 

366' 

180 

■96' 

256" 

120 
246 
140 
75 


300 
218 


2,400 
"236" 


1,158 


STATIONARY 
MOTORS. 


Number. 


1.133 


25 


4,507 


295 

15 

155 

1 
121 

87 
67 
407 

202 

211 

76 

17 

8 

45 
507 
328 
300 

27 

86 
55 


20 
113 

81 
15 
338 
8 
2 

108 
71 


215 

2 

81 

33 


Horse- 
power. 


31,689 


238 

10 

2,206 

133 

1,132 

4 
915 

477 

256 

3.342 

611 
1,076 

566 
45 
27 

412 
4.388 
2.009 
1.643 

307 

1,515 
195 


81 
951 


46  I 
1,681 
25  I 


790 
451 
39 
280 

566 
540 
722 
864 

1,734 

40 

378 

57 


TRANSFORMERS  IN 
CIRCiriTS  FOR 
CUSTOMERS. 


Number. 


44. 152 


649 
370 
1,328 
251 
185 

64 

934 

1,994 

2,932 

3,660 

855 
896 
962 
589 
236 

162 
2.182 
4.048 
1,881 
1,069 

1.857 
549 
232 

282 
1.927 

903 
HI 
4,277 
294 
125 

1.453 
859 
99 
756 

800 
278 
516 
464 

1,304 


283 


Kilo- 
watts. 


1,946 
1,008 
4,947 
770 
1,651 

240 
4.414 

4.877 
7.851 
15.584 

2,846 
3.264 
2,695 
1.884 
490 

759 
10.581 
15.614 
6.247 
3,629 

6.032 
2,674 
738 
1.154 
6.064 

3.359 

396 

13.550 

958 

514 

5.288 

1.754 

580 

2.180 

2.082 
1,402 
2.557 
1,716 

11,018 

235 

5.124 

725 


Numljer 
of  meters 
on  con- 
sumption 
circuits. 


Number 
of  custom-! 
ersfur-  I 
nished    i 
electric 
current.  I 


2,180 
954 
6,451 
1,003 
2,146 

389 
5,241 
6.893 
8,872 
19,839 

8,952 
4.415 
2.763 
2.431 
325 

432 
9,221 
24,019 
17,056 
3.999 

6,331 
4,437 

462 
1.347 
6,400 

4,535 
1.311 

19,274 
918 


6.332 
2,167 
1.601 
1,832 

1,926 
696 

2,150 
974 

16,292 

46 

8.006 

950 


283,625 


4,085 
2,760 
7,016 
1,392 
2,367 

1,071 
5,944 
9,853 
15, 760 
25,371 

11,169 
6,453 
3.462 
3.728 
335 

706 
8,986 
27,404 
19,911 
6.373 

10.804 
5.249 
657 
1.423 
7.350 

6,479 
1,539 
23,949 
2,060 
1,740 

8,036 
2,651 
1.653 
4,879 

2,764 
3.920 
3.190 
2,314 

17,306 

370 

10.069 

1.077 


OUTPUT  OF  STATIONS, 
KILOWATT  HOURS. 


Total  for  year. 


289,462,788 


2,937,878 
2,278,489 
3,840.413 
508.268 
3,206,790 

1.174,935 
7,407,231 
8,158,309 
27,971,563 
23,946.094 

7,341.898 
6,670,932 
4,118.765 
3,988,155 
1.936.505 

2,309,720 
13,042.167 
29, 455. 289 
12.138.290 

7,145,801 

11,489,766 

3,889,363 

805,112 

1.170,145 

10.905,131 

5,085,607 

1,019,510 

29,294.089 

1.928.343 

772,695 

13,887,298 
2.041.839 
1.030,324 
7,354.947 

4,613.600 
3.848.250 
3,762,490 
2,408,541 

7,099,655 
1,714,215 
4,958.091 
1.006,305 


Average 
per  day. 


810,820 


8,477 
6,242 
10,982 
2,383 
8,786 

3,219 
20,499 

22,468 
76.939 
67,346 

20,254 
19,112 
11,287 
10,998 
5,637 

6.328 
35.734 
78.609 
34.228 
19,908 

32.150 

10,294 

2.209 

3.294 

36,374 

15,017 
2,795 

82, 725 
5,400 
2,356 

38,166 
6,588 
2,945 

20,258 

12,640 
10,852 
10,309 
6,598 

19,453 
4,741 

13,663 
2. 757 


1  Includes  states  having  less  than  3  stations,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 
Montana,  2;  Rhode  Island,  1. 


These  stations  are  distributed  as  follows:  Idaho,  2; 


166 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  137.— MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— PRIMARY  POWER 


STATE  OE  TEKHI- 
TOET. 

Num- 
ber 

of    ! 
sta- 
tions. 

PEIMABY  POWEE. 

Aggregate. 

Steam  engines. 

steam  turbines. 

Total. 

600  H.  P. 
and  under. 

Over500H.P. 
but  under 
1,000  H.  P. 

1,000  H.  P. 
but  under 
2,000  H.  P. 

Total. 

600  H.  P. 
and  under. 

Over500H.?. 
but  under 
1,000  H.  P. 

1,000  H.  P. 
but  under 
2,000  H.  P. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

1,648 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num-  Horse- 
ber.    power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num-;  Horse- 
ber.     power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

1 

United  States.. 

1,252 

2,017 

321,351 

1,685 

264,033 

236,893 

33 

22,840 

4      4,300 

29 

19,385 

16 

4,485 

5 

3,500 

6 

6,100 

2 

28 
13 
14 

7 
5 

6 

13 

59 

112 

68 

51 
32 
14 
21 
4 

8 
24 
104 
92 
39 

58 

25 

4 

7 

47 

36 
8 
105 
14 
11 

45 

17 
8 
28 

9 
9 
13 
14 

6 
5 
64 
5 

33 
18 
22 
9 
20 

12 
35 
71 
183 
112 

80 
50 
23 
35 
9 

21 
60 
179 
140 
63 

77 

39 

7 

12 

77 

51 
13 
188 
17 
10 

88 
21 
15 
49 

14 
U 
22 
18 

7 

7 

94 

5 

4,538 
2,909 
5, -230 
970 
4,590 

1,340 

7,969 

9,964 

30,847 

20,446 

9,811 
7,521 
4,584 
4,287 
2,245 

2,455 
15,805 
31,504 
17,325 

8,167 

12,046 

4,231 

915 

1,697 

12,739 

6,775 

1,425 

29,427 

2,195 

604 

13,541 
2,605 
1,768 
6,820 

2,940 
2,720 
4,948 
3,859 

5,409 

1,575 

9,870 

735 

31 
18 
19 
9 
13 

12 
20 
69 
168 
94 

70 
43 
23 
35 
1 

13 
40 
139 
122 
56 

72 

30 

3 

9 

59 

45 
13 
168 
17 
5 

77 
21- 
10 
44 

13 
2 
3 
9 

2 

7 

71 

4 

4,206 
2,909 
4,250 
970 
3,815 

1,340 

3,816 

9,784 

30,527 

17,455 

9,238 
6,909 
4,584 
4,287 
500 

2,310 
9,842 
23,053 
15,165 
7,957 

11,795 

3,792 

310 

1,532 

9,208 

6,334 

1,425 

25,478 

2,195 

347 

12,530 
2,605 
1,510 
6,580 

2,865 
210 
490 

1,406 

365 
1,575 
8,029 

535 

31 
18 
19 
9 

n 

12 
19 
69 
154 
92 

69 
43 
21 
35 

1 

13 

44 
135 
122 

56 

70 

30 

3 

9 

59 

45 
13 
166 
17 
5 

75 
21 
10 
42 

12 
2 
3 
9 

2 

7 

71 

4 

4,206 
2,909 
4,250 
970 
2,465 

1,340 
3,066 
9,784 
19,027 
16,205 

8,688 
6,909 
3,084 
4,287 
500 

2,310 
8,542 
20,303 
15,165 
7,957 

10,395 
3,792 
310 
1,532 
9,208 

6,334 

1,425 

24,438 

2,195 

347 

11,030 
2,605 
1,510 
5,080 

2,115 
210 
490 

1,406 

365 
1,575 
8,029 

535 

3 

Arkansas 



4 

California 

1 

760 

1 

750 

s 

Colorado 

fi 

2 

1,350 

7 

8 

Florida 

1 

750 

9 

3,990 

6 

990 

3 

3,000 

R 

10 

Illinois 

U 
2 

1 

8,200 
1,250 

550 

3 

3,300 

11 

3 

2,000 

3 

2,000 

12 

1.1 

Kansas.. 



14 

Kentucky 

1 

.     500 

1 

1,000 

1.1 

Ifi 

Maine...              

17 

Maryland 

18 

Massachusetts 

2 
4 

1,300 
2,750 

3 
3 

1 

4,400 

3,875 

300 

2 

2,100 

19 

2 
1 

875 
300 

20 



21 

2? 

2 

1,400 

2.f 

Nebraska.. 

24 

New  Hampshire 

2.') 

2fi 

New  York. 

2 

1,250 

1 

500 

1 

750 

27 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

28 

W 

2 

1,040 

4 

2,200 

3 

1,200 

1 

1.000 

,<10 

Oklahoma. . 

81 

Oregon . 

..    . 

1 

32 

Pennsylvania '.. 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

2 

1,500 

.13 

34 

31 

2 

1 

1,500 
750 

36 

Texas 

37 

Utah 

■* 

38 

Vermont . . 

1 

450 

1 

450 

3<t 

Virginia. . . 

40 

Washington 

41 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin . 

4? 

2 

170 

2 

170 

43 

All  other  states' 

■  Includes  states  having  less  than  3  stations,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed.   These  stations  are  distributed  as  follows:  Idaho,  2; 
Montana,  2;  Rhode  Island,  1. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

AND  GENERATING  EQUIPMENT,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


167 


PRIMARY  POWER— continued. 

GENERATING   AND   OTHER  MAIN-STATION 

EQUIPMENT. 

Steam  tur- 
bines— Con. 

Water  wheels. 

: 

Dynamos. 

Gas 
engines. 

.Vuxiliary 
engines. 

Aggregate. 

2,000  H.  P. 
but  under 
5,000  H.  1'. 

Total. 

500  H.  P. 
and  under. 

Over500H.P. 
but  under 
1,000  H.  P. 

1,000  H.  P. 

but  under 
2,000  H.  P. 

2,000  H.  P. 
but  under 
5,000  H.  P. 

Total. 

Under  200 
K.  W. 

200  K.W. 
but  under 
500  K.W. 

Nam-  Horse- 
ber.    power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Ilorse- 
ppwer. 

Num- 
ber. 

Horse-  Nura- 
power.  ■  ber. 

Horse- 
power. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts: 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

2 

5,300 

1S3 

30,347 

149 

23,947 

1 

800 

1 

1,200 

2 

4,400 

78 

6,082        72 

1,504 

2,395 

209,016 

2,208 

151,013 

172 

44,753 

1 

1 

2 

332 

2 

332 

36 
23 

23 
12 
19 

17 
33 

79 
264 
148 

95 
56 
30 

42 
8 

20 
80 
205 
161 
59 

94 
40 
5 
12 
93 

68 
15 
235 
17 
11 

118 
23 
15 

49 

21 
10 
22 
23 

6 
14 
95 

9 

3,252 
2,044 

2,868 

665 

2,710 

970 
3,688 
7,115 
18,931 
15,352 

6,3fi0 
4,914 
2,809 
2,905 
862 

1,312 
9,822 
19,652 
11,209 
5,264 

7,627 
3,011 
545 
1,217 
8,367 

4,849 

1,010 

20,655 

1,385 

491 

8,861 
1,976 
1,020 
5,141 

2,333 
1,460 
2,797 
2,132 

3,810 
717 

6,249 
659 

33 

22 
15 
12 
14 

17 
30 
73 

2.58 
126 

93 
51 

26 
40 
6 

19 

67 
190 
153 

54 

90 

38 

5 

11 

85 

56 
14 
213 
16 
11 

112 
22 
15 
43 

14 

7 

16 

20 

4 

14 

94 

9 

2,612 
1,844 
1,038 
665 
1,205 

970 
3,008 
5,875 
15,781 
8,944 

5,860 
3,784 
1,559 
2,405 
362 

982 
4,647 
13,366 
9,209 
4,189 

6,252 

2,611 

545 

967 
6,267 

4,449 

810 

14,595 

1,185 

491 

7,009 
1,726 
1,020 
2,891 

633 

610 

1,315 

1,432 

510 

717 

6,024 

659 

3 

1 
8 

640 

200 

1,830 

•> 

1 

1 

200 

1 

200 

1 

30 

2 

90 

2 

90 

5 

685 

5 

1,505 

i 

1 

40 

6 

123 

3 

6 
3 

21 

2 
5 
3 

2 
2 

1 

12 
14 
8 
6 

4 
2 

680 
1,240 

900 
5,908 

500 
1,130 
750 
500 
500 

330 

3,676 
4,296 
2,000 
1,075 

1,375 
400 

1 

2' 

180 

2 

180 

1 

11 
4 

2 
5 

302 
340 

166 
377 

4 
5 

5 

1 

18 
120 

52 
36 

10 

6 

3 
1 

531 

355 
200 

6 

3 
1 

531 

355 
200 

P 

I? 

1 

]«> 

8 

1,745 

8 

1,745 

1 

) 

2 
4 
3 

6 

35 
328 
269 
361 

6 

1 
5 
1 
7 

4 
3 

110 
50 

78 

3 

210 

181 
63 

17 

1       2,300 
1       3,000 

6 
29 
10 

1,185 
4,229 
1,496 

6 

28 
10 

1,185 
3,029 
1,496 

1 

1,200 

19 

.     j.. 

O] 

I 

70 
386 

oo 

1 

'n 

4 

1 
13 

2 

605 

112 

2,045 

286 

4 

1 
13 

2 

605 

112 

2,045 

286 

'>t 

2 
2 

63 
230 

1 

7 

2 

21 

250 
1,600 

400 

200 

5,560 

200 

1 
4 

6 
165 

9fi 

1 

07 

1 

Off 

3 

355 

3 

355 

S 

1,325 

6 

69 

'^ 

2 
2 

175 
285 

2 
2 

176 
285 

3 
9 

82 
726 

?1 

852 
250 

?*> 

1 

1 

1 

3 

232 

2 
2 

1 

26 
60 

75 

M 

3 

180 

3 

180 

7 
3 
6 
3 

1,060 

1,700 
850 

1,482 
700 

16 

9 
15 
9 

4 

2,510 
3,988 
2,453 

5,040 

8 
IS 
9 

2 

1,710 
3,988 
2,453 

640 

1 

800 

V 

3 

20 

IS 

19 

2 

4,400 

1 

4 

40 

41 

15 

1 

1,570 
200 

15 

1 

1,570 
200 

1 

75 

S 

28 

1 

225 

i"* 

43 

1 



1 

168 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  137.— MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— PRIMARY  POWER  AND 


STATE  OR  TEEBITORY. 

OENEHATINO   AND  OTHER  MAIN-STATION   EQUIPMENT— Continued. 

Dynamos— Continued. 

Aggregate— Continued . 

Direct-current,  constant-voltage. 

Direct-current,  constant-amperage. 

500  K.W. 
but  under 
1,000  K.  W. 

1,000  K.W. 

but  imder 
2,000  K.  W. 

2,000  K.W. 
but  under 
6,000  K.  W. 

1       Total. 

Under  200 
K.W. 

200  K.  W. 
but  under 
500  K.  W. 

Total. 

Under  200 
K.W. 

200  K.W. 
but  under 
600  K.  W. 

Num- 
ber. 

KUo- 

watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

1 

tTnited  States 

11 

6,450 

3 

4.!inn 

1 

2,000 

511 

26,754 

606 

25,554 

5 

1,200 

439 

19,239 

435 

17,971 

4 

1,268 

Alabama 

7 

5 
5 
3 

297 
186 
50 

5 
5 
3 

297 

186 

50 

» 

Arkansas 

4 
2 

1 
1 

268 
45 
22 
60 

4 
2 
1 

1 

268 
45 
22 
60 

4 

California 

5 

Colorado 

6 

ConnfiptiOMt^ 

7 

10 
6 
6 
42 
21 

45 
13 

7 
17 

725 

410 

600 

198 

1,768 

1,527 

2,724 
715 
341 
759 

7 

10 
5 
6 
42 
21 

44 
13 

7 
17 

725 

410 

400 

198 

1,768 

1,527 

2,424 
715 
341 
759 

7 

Delaware 

S 

Florida 

1 

200 

3 

2 

117 

36 

5 
2 

7 

.     1 

4 

9 
20 
55 

9 

375 

60 

6,407 

1,953 

179 

75 
258 

38 
112 

270 

470 

2,241 

248 

3 

2 

117 

34 

5 

2 

7 
1 
4 

9 
20 
55 

9 

375 

SO 

6,407 

1,185 

179 
75 

258 
38 

112 

270 

470 

2,241 

248 

A 

Georgia 

in 

Illinois 

3 

1 

2,250 
500 

11 

Indiana 

2 

768 

1? 

1 

300 

n 

Kansas 

"' 

11 

1 

500 

T> 

Louisiana 

10 

Maine 

17 

Marvland 

6 
S 
23 
91 
11 

21 

17 

272 

192 

1,382 

4,742 

485 

958 
948 

6 

8 

23 

89 

11 

21 
17 

272 

192 

1,382 

4,242 

485 

958 
948 

W 

Massachusetts 

1 

1,500 

1") 

1 

2,000 

•>fl 

Minnesota 

2 

600 

■"l 

Mississippi 

w 

Missouri 

12 

1 

445 
75 

12 

1 

445 
75 

?T 

•Jj 

New  Hampshire 

■'i 

1 
15 

9 
9 
42 
3 
5 

12 
3 
6 

13 

3 

42 
617 

509 
475 
2,533 
150 
121 

557 

41 

305 

686 

93 

i 

15 

9 
8 
42 
3 
6 

12 
3 
6 

13 

3 

42 
617 

509 
275 
2,533 
150 
121 

557 

41 

305 

686 

93 

'fi 

New  Yorlc 

1 

500 

12 

5 

2 

47 

869 

161 

130 

1,571 

10 

5 

2 

47 

369 

161 
130 

1,571 

2 

SOO 

v 

■US 

North  Dakota. . 

1 



1 

200 

■") 

Ohio 

1  1        500 

in 

11 

T 

2     i.noo 

44 

1,755 

44 

1,755 

11 

South  Carolina    

14 

South  Dakota 

1 
1 

7 

10 
39 

240 

1 
1 

7 

10 
39 

240 

I') 

2 

1,200 

16 

1 

17 

Utah..                     



1 

18 

1 

3 

7 

60 
209 

3 

7 

60 
209 

1Q 

Virginia  . 

i 

3 

108 

3 

108 

1 

4n 

"■■  1 

2 

3,300 

1 

41 

West  Virginia            .  . 

1 

10 
8 

1 

4i7 
143 
44 

10 
8 

1 

417 
143 
44 

4? 

■ 

22 
1 

1,163 
75 

22 
1 

1,163 
75 

41 

All  other  states  1 

1 

1 



i 

>  Includes  states  having  less  than  3  stations,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed.    These  stations  are  distributed  as  follows:  Idaho,  2; 
Montana,  2;  Rhode  Island,  1. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

GENERATING  EQUIPMENT,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907— Continued. 


169 


GENERATING  AND  OTHER  MAIN-STATION   EOmPHENT—COntlnued. 

Dynamos— Continued. 

Transformers. 

* 

Boosters. 

Rotaries. 

Storage- 
battery 
cells  in 
main 
stations. 

Kilowatt 
capacity 
of  miscel- 
laneous 
apparatus. 

Alternating  single-phase  and  polyphase  current. 

Total. 

"••"•         ■      500  K.W. 

500  K.W. 
but  under 
1,000  K.W. 

1,000  K.W. 
but  under 
2,000  K.W. 

2,000  K.W. 
but  under 
5,000  K.W. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

KUo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Kilo- 
watts. 

1,445 

163,023 

1,267 

107,488 

163 

42,285 

11 

6,450 

3 

4,800 

1 

2,000 

145 

5,287 

21 

338 

5 

n3 

496 

953 

1 

31 
14 
18 
11 
11 

7 

24 

71 

105 

91 

45 
41 
16 
24 
4 

5 
52 
127 
61 

48 

61 
22 
5 
11 

66 

44 

4 

146 

14 
6 

62 

20 

8 

35 

11 
10 
19 
13 

6 
4 

85 

7 

2,955 
1,590 
2,773 
643 
1,925 

560 
2,713 
6,867 
10,756 
11,872 

3,457 
4,124 
2,210 
2,108 
750 

770 
9,160 
16,029 
6,219 
4.779 

6,224 
1.988 
545 
1.175 
6,881 

4,179 

405 

16.551 

1.235 
370 

6,549 

1,935 

705 

4,416 

2,000 
1,460 
2.737 
1.815 

3.810 
300 

4.943 
540 

28 
13 
10 
11 
6 

7 
22 
65 
99 
71 

44 
36 
12 
22 
2 

4 
39 
112 
55 
43 

57 
20 
5 
10 
60 

42 

4 

124 

13 
6 

56 
19 

8 
29 

4 

7 
13 
10 

4 
4 
64 

7 

2,315 

1,390 

943 

643 

420 

560 
2,233 

5,627 
7,606 
6.232 

3.257 

2,994 

960 

i,i;o8 

250 

3 

I 
8 

640 

200 

1,830 

15 
10 

H 

3 

6 

221 

\ 

.S 

5 

1,505 

1 

ioo 

60 

6 

7 

2 
6 
3 
19 

1 
5 
3 
2 
2 

480 
1,240 

900 
5,140 

200 
1,130 
750 
500 
500 

330 
3,675 
4,296 
1,500 
1,075 

1,375 
400 

17 

243 



1 

275 

12 
25 

R 

1 
2 

22 
9 

ff 

3 

1 

2.250 
500 

7 
23 

489 
2,119 

10 

2 

138 

11 

1 

13 

140 

35 
14 

12 

3 

71 

13 

1 

500 

1 

3 

14 

36 

1S 

16 

t 
440             1 

2 

24 

60 

17 

3,985 
9,733 

4.719 
3.704 

4,849 

12 
14 
6 
5 

4 

1 

1,500 

1R 

1 

2,000 

12 
3 

1 

8 

287 
76 
20 

287 

5 
3 

145 
36 

438 
50 
20 

95 

19 

128 

?0 

?l 

1 

200 

n 

1.588  '          2 

- 

V, 

545 

?4 

925 
5.281 

3,779 

405 

10.491 

1.035 

370 

4  697 

1 

s 

2 

250 
1,100 

400 

?"i 

1 

500 

9 
4 

214 
93 

26 

1 

30 

27 

14 
165 

?8 

21 

1 

5,580 
200 

1 

500 

20 

471 

4 

50 

W 

"     '■■ 

30 



1 

4 
13 

17 

12 
270 

31 

i 

852 
250 

2 

1,000 

3? 

1.685             1 

33 

705 
2.166 

132 

34 

1,050 

1,700 
850 

1,482 
700 

2 

1,200 

2 

35 

3[> 

300  1          7 

610            3 

1,255  ,          6 

1,115            3 

36 

37 

6 

240 

38 



39 

510 
300 

4.718 
540 

2 

3,300 

1 
1 
3 
2 

2 

2 

103 

15 

40 

41 

1 

225 

1 

4 

42 

43 

170 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 

Table  138 MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL   ELECTRIC   STATIONS— ANALYSIS 


STATE  OB  TEBRITOBY. 

Num- 
ber of 

sta- 
tions. 

ABC  UOHTDtO— NDMBEB  Or  LAMPS  WIRED  FOB  SEEVICE. 

Aggre- 
gate. 

Total. 

Direct-current. 

Alternating-current. 

Commercial. 

Public. 

Commercial. 

Public. 

Conunercial. 

Public. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

Open. 

Inclosed. 

1 

United  States 

1,252 

82,940 

426 

9,432 

18,004 

55,078 

354 

1,101 

17,209 

14,434 

72 

8,331 

796 

40,644 

Alabama ... 

? 

28 
13 
14 
7 
5 

.    6 
13 
59 

112 

68 

51 
32 
14 
21 
4 

8 
24 
104 
92 
39 

58 
25 
4 
7 
47 

36 

8 

105 

14 

11 

45 
17 
8 
28 

9 
9 
13 

14 

6 

5 
64 
5 

'  726 
609 
865 
125 
711 

56 
1,020 
2,013 
16.277 
5,498 

1,011 

1,505 

1,306 

608 

622 

715 
2,955 
10,541 
2,386 

837 

2,349 

942 

9 

175 

3,289 

1,519 
256 

9,517 
321 
52 

4,150 

784 

311 

1,728 

1,053 
147 
344 
604 

2,221 
728 

1,734 
231 

3 
3 

20 

"iu 
s' 

40 

3 
1 

■■■■ii2' 

2 

8' 

2" 

53' 

10 

54 
32 
40 
51 
279 

2 

50 

122 

153 

1,362 

263 

203 

201 

72 

5 

163 

853 

1,385 

693 

55 

302 

163 

9 

8 

234 

168 
39 

675 
60 

44 

9 

96 

15 

2 

177 

138 

7,460 

1.260 

40 
223 
282 

"    "2i2' 

74 

412 

1,993 

226 

712 
99 

625 
565 
709 
59 
432 

52 

649 

1,753 

8,659 

2,836 

705 
1,078 
823 
536 
405 

478 
1,690 
7,051 
1,465 

782 

1,335 
672 

3' 

5 

1 
2 

9' 

18 
15 

2 

177 

80 

7,350 

1,240 

10 
223 
282 

"2i2' 

74 

412 

1,792 

218 

668 
99 

34 
336 

76 

3 
26' 

49 
31 
38 
51 
196 

2 

50 

119 

132 

1,286 

100 

197 

201 

69 

5 

163 

819 

1,244 

396 

54 

282 

44 

78' 



58' 

110 
20 

3«. 



""■mi 

8 
44 

591 
229 
633 
S9 
317 

.    S2 
643 
1,727 
5,636 
2,066 

142 

888 
561 
396 
405 

164 

1,419 

5.480 

780 

727 

1,036 
547 

» 

4 

California. . 

5 

fi 

83 

115 

7 

Delaware 

S 

Florida         

144 

5" 

40 

3 

6 

26 

3,023 

770 

563 
190 
262 
140 

...I. 

q 

3 
21 

76 

163 
6 

10 

Illinois       .                          .     . 

11 

1? 

11 

14 

i-i 

3 

Ifi 

Maine  

17 

314 

271 

1.571 

685 

56 

299 
125 

2i' 

18 

9i" 

2 

s' 

34 

141 

297 

1 

20 
2 

1<) 

?n 

?i 

?? 

Missouri           

?3 

161 

?4 

New  Hampsliire... 

9 

8 

234 

156 

14 

610 

M 

2 
498 

54 

16 

1,389 

15 

2,555 

1,297 
201 

7,400 
236 
52 

2,655 
738 
298 

1,615 

598 
53 
283 
520 

1,401 
170 

1,316 
166 

2 
95 

72' 

13 

165 

1.755 

1,005 
39 

5,725 
187 
49 

1,002 
738 
287 

1,510 

473 

53 

283 

308 

1,401 
40 

1,069 
57 

w 

403 

54 

16 

1,317 

800 

292 

162 

1,675 

49 

3 

1,653 

2 

3 

■n 

56" 

12 
25 
65 
9 

w 

North  Dakota 

w 

Ohio 

so 

Oklahoma             

10                51 

11 

3? 

Pennsylvania 

io' 

2 

157 
46 
13 
58 

191 
90 
14 
27 

820 

1,338 

45' 

264 

4 

45 

147 

"  "S58" 

140 

15 

31 

1,338 

126 

46 

1 

46 

181 
90 
14 
27 

820 

U 

4 

11 

South  Carolina 

?I4 

South  Dakota 

12 
12 

10 

31' 

264 

11 
105 

125 

io' 

an 

RA 

Texas 

17 

Utah 

88 

45 
147 

2 

It 

Virginia 

212 

40 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

41 

558 
140 
15 

130 
247 
109 

4? 

s' 

278 
42 

8' 

48 
19 



230 
23 

43 

All  other  states ' 

1  Includes  states  having  less  than  3  stations,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed.    These  stations  are  distributed  as  fallows:  Idaho, 2; 
Montana,  2;  Rhode  Island,  1. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

OF  SERVICE,    BY  STATES   AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


171 


INCANDESCENT  UGHTING— NUMBER  OF  LAMPS  WIKED  FOR 

SERVICE. 

OTHER      VARIETIES     OF 

STATIONARY 
MOTORS. 

Aggregate. 

Total. 

16-candlepower. 

32-candIepower. 

All  other  candiepower. 

UUM,  VAPOR,  ETC. 

Commercial. 

Public. 

Commercial. 

Public. 

Commercial. 

Public. 

Commercial. 

Public. 

Commercial. 

Public. 

Nimiber. 

Horse- 
power. 

4,052,448 

3,882,211 

170,237 

3,369,606 

117,866 

137,026 

29,169 

375,679 

23,202 

7,738 

1,132 

4,507 

31,689 

1 

42,223 
27,312 
111,209 
15,976 
53,177 

9,925 

88,169 

114,454 

203,659 

298,160 

141,168 
79, 420 
54,  426 
44,096 
8,806 

11,632 
223,293 
418,258 
270.880 

88,008 

133. 178 
81.227 
13. 572 
28. 164 

183, 729 

98,703 
23,604 
361,179 
17,613 
10,145 

127,759 
46.624 
36,010 
53,156 

26,812 
22,670 
63,136 
30,338 

215,242 

3,108 

157,392 

14,846 

40,622 
26. 685 
107,383 
15,804 
62,576 

9,106 
86,696 
111,614 
186,031 
293, 436 

136.640 
77,642 
52,794 
42,193 
6,279 

7,797 

211,914 

385,648 

264,608 

86,626 

129,733 
78,458 
13,099 
26,740 

177,106 

96,877 

23,266 

347,199 

17,086 

9,776 

114,  .576 
46,199 
36,096 
48,996 

24,692 
21,231 
61,683 
29,825 

210,161 

2,848 

152, 109 

14,565 

1,701 
627 

3,826 
172 
601 

820 

1,473 

2,840 

17,628 

4,724 

4,628 
1,778 
1,632 
1,903 
2,527 

3,836 
11,379 
32,610 
6,272 
1,383 

3,445 
2,769 
473 
1,414 
6,623 

1,826 

339 

13,980 

528 

369 

13,183 

1,425 

914 

4,160 

2,220 

1,439 

1,453 

513 

5,081 
260 

5,283 
281 

39,476 
23, 436 
91,607 
14, 441 
52,326 

8,355 

82, 122 

90,893 

157,426 

258, 953 

118,663 
67,278 
48,662 
39,874 
6,479 

7,405 

206,668 

329, 063 

229,954 

75,819 

121,335 

72,285 

8,029 

26,140 

114,546 

79,875 
19,009 
307,608 
14,346 
6,860 

102,937 
39, 478 
31,078 
44,390 

24, 460 
16,326 
50,069 
28,471 

166,989 

2,048 

136,341 

11,300 

1,479 

123 

1,878 

43 

820 

1,360 

3,114 

933 

250 

133 
302 
1,018 
93 
401 

140 
251 
229 
2,908 
752 

2,800 
328 
132 
644 
132 

188 
1,932 
1,796 
2,448 

524 

1,187 
366 
90 
713 
316 

338 

74 

1,436 

100 

183 

1,296 
226 
211 
977 

166 
523 
652 
185 

1,438 

208 

1,346 

90 

226 

1.900 

12,662 

430 

89 
202 
930 

36 
200 

180 
222 
641 
1,712 
216 

540 
121 
180 
264 
545 

56 

3,631 

1,062 

432 

281 

1,575 
193 
383 
301 
563 

506 
80 
1,155 
60 
63 

79 

139 

3 

1,230 

774 
300 
696 
93 

2,771 

4 

682 

22 

2 

42 

6 

295 

15 
156 

1 
121 

87 
67 
407 

202 

211 

76 

17 

8 

45 
607 
328 
300 

27 

86 
55 

238 

10 

2,206 

133 
1,132 

4 

915 

477 

266 

3,342 

611 
1,076 

666 
4S 
27 

412 
4,388 
2,009 
1,643 

307 

1,515 
195 

•) 

^ 

100 
33 
15 

62 

4 

5 

6 

7 

500 
1,000 
1,970 
13,008 
3,766 

1,188 
1,329 
1,320 
1,105 
1,860 

3,591 

5,816 

29,762 

3,392 

578 

683 
2,211 

760 

1.134 

11,264 

23,766 

24,936 

10,784 
4,955 
2,339 
1,114 
500 

342 
5,433 
46,823 
21,206 
6,152 

5,789 

1,933 

4,350 

400 

69,020 

12,360 
2,850 

30,295 
1.075 
2,785 

8,761 
2,357 
3,806 
2,400 

3,440 
9,457 
4,850 
9,547 

7,193 
5,409 
1,893 
1,205 
300 

60 

913 

10,762 

13,449 

4,664 

2,609 

4,240 

720 

200 

3,641 

4,642 
1,406 
9,396 
1,665 
131 

2,878 

3,364 

212 

2,206 

132 
1,612 
1,818 

593 

9,230 

63 

5,089 

1,690 

3 
202 
265 

8 

35 

160 

8 

f) 

285 

10 
11 

30 
133 

12 
13 
11 

16 

20 

395 

1,083 

626 

2 

58 
169 

17 

84 
285 

18 
19 

0] 

22 

0^ 

400 
5,745 

982 
186 
11,389 
368 
123 

11,808 

1,061 

700 

1,953 

1,280 
616 
105 
235 

872 

48 

3,265 

169 

100 
25 

34 

100 

211 

5 

20 
113 

81 

15 

338 

8 

2 

108 
71 
9 

18 

90 
81 
66 
98 

215 

2 

81 

33 

81 
951 

929 

46 

1,681 

25 

8 

790 
451 
39 

280 

566 
640 
722 
864 

1,734 

40 

378 

57 

""> 

140 

26 

97 

'8 

22 

29 

in 

31 

127 
6 
10 
20 

T> 

33 

34 

•<5 

?fi 

3,293 

9,806 

761 

33,942 

737 

11,679 

1,575 

7 
237 

37 

38 

3,532 

88 

40 
41 

94 
6« 

3 

42 
43 

172 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table    139.— MUNICIPAL    CENTRAL    ELECTRIC    STATIONS— CHARACTER    OF    SERVICE,    BONDS,    AND    COST    OF 
CONSTRUCTION  AND  EQUIPMENT,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


STATE  OB   TEEEITORY. 


United  SUUs 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

All  other  states ' 


NUMBEE  OF  STATIONS. 


Total. 


1,252 


28 
13 
U 
7 
S 

6 
13 
59 
112 

68 

51 
32 
14 
21 
4 

8 
24 
104 
92 
39 

58 

25 

4 

7 

47 

36 
8 
105 
14 
11 

45 
17 
8 
28 


Class. 


Purely 
elec- 
tric. 


521 


Com- 
posite. 


731 


Character  of  service. 


Lighting. 


Arc. 


Com- 
mercial, 


541 
10 


Public. 


41 
29 
12 
17 
3 

4 

19 

100 

86 

30 

49 
19 


5 
42 

33 

8 

103 

14 
5 

41 

17 
8 
21 


Incandescent. 


Com 
mercial. 


1,153 


Public. 


1,018 


Station- 
ary 
motors. 


350 


AU 
other 
electric 
service. 


$29,031,638  (25,343,654  $1,149,432 


Par  value. 


Author- 
ized. 


Outstand- 
ing. 


Interest. 


538,500 
231,600 
493,000 
25,700 
737,500 

126,000 
367,500 

1,045,500 
791,990 

1,013,228 

428,800 
472,000 

74,000 
535.500 

54,320 

135,000 
2,042,870 
2,770,375 
1,230,050 
1,395,200 

1,338,550 
298,100 
200,000 
178.520 

1,054,090 

990,900 
108,040 
3, 425, 725 
480,000 
274,500 

1,245,300 

305,500 

41,500 

766,200 

106,000 
197,880 
476,000 
245,000 

1,868,000 
41,500 
789,700 
103,000 


508,500 
195, 100 
406,400 
22,700 
737,500 

117,500 
350,600 
971,400 
427,140 
726,551 

338.830 
426,000 

65,600 
314,650 

54,320 

127,000 
1,814,312 
2,429,601 
1,096,050 
1,370,600 

1,081,200 
290,100 
200,000 
178,520 
889,200 

923, 400 
108,040 
2,873,260 
480,000 
235, 100 

1,168,200 

305,600 

41,500 

739,700 

96,000 
191,880 
388,200 
240,000 

1,697,600 
31,200 
682.600 
102.500 


26,225 
10, 736 
19,433 
1,257 
33,150 

5,256 
17,790 

48. 517 
20,344 
37,668 

17,212 
18,639 
3,246 

18. 518 
2,616 

5,250 
68,760 
107.597 
54.071 
72,038 

60,189 

10,739 

7,000 

6,976 

34,463 

48, 132 
6,902 
130,268 
22,560 
10,638 

47,654 

16,165 

2,156 

35,345 

4,950 
9,085 
15,100 
10,390 

54,825 

1,469 

31.237 

5,889 


$42, 879, 447 


COST  OF  CONSTRUC- 
TION AND  EQUIP- 
MENT. 


Total. 


$5,166,366 


489, 817 
417,066 
908,974 
120,643 
719, 708 

109,611 

818, 866 

1,127.594 

5, 946, 525 

2,263,178 

1,032,677 
747,197 
624, 644 
476, 860 
185,303 

238,280 
2,756,981 
4,344,825 
1.946,328 

899,108 

1,311,189 

508,986 

76,849 

258,433 

1,632,127 

816,279 
145,012 
3, 424, 494 
202,350 
121,646 

1,697,084 
412,626 
198,695 
841,434 

407,852 
335, 166 
581,591 
462,014 

2,168,305 
100,872 

1,097.057 
127,322 


During 

the 

year. 


86,420 
17, 767 
394,315 
10,971 
66,664 

1,395 

120,856 
103,852 
779, 486 
296,075 

87,537 
101,596 
18,558 
53,017 
8,591 

19,184 
357,737 
450,238 
241,760 

57,368 

136,801 
74,560 
2,469 
26,  671 

166,609 

97, 101 
28,993 
380, 677 
39, 194 
14.342 

87,668 
46,908 
20,649 
64,428 

71,937 
21,611 
66,676 
31,342 

432, 465 

990 

114.743 

18,254 


'Includes  states  having  less  than  3  stations,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed.    These  stations  are  distributed  as  follows:  Idaho,  2; 
Montana,  2;  Rhode  Island,  1. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


173 


Table  140.— MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— CONDENSED   STATEMENT: 

STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


INCOME  AND    EXPENSES,  BY 


STATE  OR  TERRITORY. 


United  states 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

CalUornia 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucliy 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  York. 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

South 'Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

All  other  states' 


Number 

of 
stations. 


28 
13 
14 
7 
5 

6 
-13 

59 
112 

68 

51 
32 
14 
21 
4 


24 
104 
92 
39 

58 
25 
4 

7 
47 


105 
14 
11 

45 
17 


Gross 
Income. 


$14,011,999 


185,576 
122,471 
290,987 
52, 177 
163,765 

42, 166 

380, 229 

453,495 

1,605,061 

857,499 

416,789 
232, 228 
179,987 
242, 547 
69,994 

92, 145 
749, 709 
1,233,086 
771,219 
328, 882 

503, 878 

218, 689 

22,287 

70,069 

448, 462 

313,440 

76, 742 

1,135,279 

86,371 

41,943 

660,161 

147,526 

73,915 

287,540 

207,234 
57, 134 
109,418 
137,573 

535,662 
54,735 

378, 730 
75,309 


Electric  service. 


Total. 


J13, 014, 434 


182,216 
121,830 
284, 225 
51,317 
163,685 

41,876 

370,342 

441,826 

1,498,256 

837,887 

380,874 
219,928 
177,787 
241,637 
68,801 

90,222 
732, 161 
1,175,934 
718,565 
318, 699 

494, 423 
214, 497 
21,652 
69, 673 
438, 840 

307, 797 

69, 974 

1,106,915 

84,801 

40,563 

653,656 

132,667 

71,982 

274,828 

207,234 
57,026 
103,916 
134,618 

528, 188 
54,695 

353,517 
74,904 


Lighting. 


»13,040,263 


178, 674 
120, 255 
229,089 
49,637 
144,897 

40,819 

358,664 

436, 106 

1,491,343 

799, 749 

366,851 
211,634 
163, 798 
229, 227 
68, 476 

86, 102 
636,221 
1,140,216 
685,939 
308, 168 

473,411 
206,997 
21,652 
66,116 
427, 338 

296,013 
68,572 
1,083,367 
83,662 
40,319 

635, 825 

128, 235 

71,202 

254, 362 

191,773 
50,327 
94, 401 

119,637 

504, 485 
54,295 

348,426 
74,084 


Stationary 
motors. 


$510,373 


3,292 

392 

52,875 

1,680 
18,421 

25 
10,878 
5,220 
5,607 
35,939 

13,563 
7,356 

13,989 

2,104 

325 

4,120 
94,083 
30,236 
30,426 

5,389 

14,611 
7,500 


1,057 
10,903 

11,634 

1,384 

19, 470 

780 

33 

17, 761 

3,785 

780 

19, 760 

14,844 
6,519 
7,216 

14,350 

22,044 

400 

4,856 

760 


$57, 798 


250 
1,183 
2,261 


367 

1,032 

800 

500 

1,306 

2,199 

460 
938 


10,306 


1,857 
5,482 
2,200 
5,142 

6,401 


2,500 
599 

150 

18 

4,078 

459 

211 

70 
647 


700 

617 

180 

2,299 

631 

1,659 


236 
60 


All  other 
sources. 


Total. 


$397,565  ''  $9,167,188 


3,360 
641 

6,762 
860 
80 

290 
9,887 

11,669 
6,806 

19,612 

35,915 
12,300 

2,200 
910 

1,193 

1,923 
17,548 
57, 152 
52, 654 
10,183 

9,455 

4,092 

635 

396 

9,622 

5,643 
6,768 
28, 364 
1,570 
1,380 

6,495 
14,859 

1,933 
12,712 


108 
5,502 
2,955 

7,474 

40 

25,213 

405 


Salaries 

and 
wages. 


$3,485,015 


121,914 
87,928 

168, 797 
31,491 
88, 618 

33,803 

218,583 

272,545 

1,067,265 

584, 293 

302, 733 
157, 461 
105,247 
183, 016 
32, 741 

73,645 
469,656 
790, 195 
552,  753 
218,026 

343, 369 

122,016 

11,913 

37,688 

300, 104 

213, 491 
68,523 

742,418 
64,411 
28,452 

388, 717 
117,125 
57, 179 
169,610 

119,918 
32, 271 
68,893 
76, 348 


46,062  i 
284, 179 
45,024 


42, 970 
31,350 
63,412 
12,380 
33, 103 

12,815 
78,669 
111,068 
445, 849 
197, 221 

99,283 
67,865 
39,830 
54,027 
19,550 

27,926 
169,393 
319, 133 
180,414 

80,777 

116,568 
44,875 
6,660 
15,846 

126,833 

72,.054 
22,741 
294,961 
26,946 
11,003 

154,273 
36,052 
18,540 
67,513 

42,888 
19,527 
26,690 
28,667 

132, 463 
20,660 
96, 818 
17, 712 


Cost  of 
supplies, 
materials, 
and  fuel. 


$4, 967, 687 


72,212 
60, 897 
96, 261 
17, 221 
43,618 

16,504 
131,800 
146, 186 
576, 620 
340,902 

175, 341 
77,252 
56,570 

110,498 
7,790 

39,905 
243,815 
405,901 
328, 703 
115,678 

190, 797 

69,356 

4,816 

18,049 

150,331 

126, 722 
39, 162 

381,695 
32,628 
16,643 

206,547 
76,693 
33,053 
85,573 

64,890 
8,004 
27,363 
43,444 

124,665 
24,618 

169,089 
21,065 


Rents, 
taxes,  In- 
surance, 
and  other 
miscella- 
neous 
expenses. 


$714,486 


6,732 
5,681 
9,124 
1,890 
11,967 

4,484 

8,214 

16,291 

44,796 

46, 170 

28,109 
12,344 

8,847 
18, 491 

5,401 

5,814 
66, 448 
65,161 
43, 636 
21,570 

36,004 
7,785 
1,437 
3,693 

22,940 

14,  715 
6,630 

65,762 
4,837 
1,906 

27, 897 
4,380 
6,586 

16,524 

12,140 
4,740 

15,960 
4,237 

11,740 

894 
18,272 
6,247 


1  Includes  states  having  less  than  3  stations,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed.   These  stations  are  distributed  as  follows:  Idaho,  2; 
Montana,  2;  Rhode  Island,  1. 


174 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  141 MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— ANALYSIS  OF 


STATE  OB  TEBBITOKT. 


United  States 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

All  other  states » 


Num- 
ber ol 
sta- 
tions. 


1,252 


28 
13 
14 
7 
5 

6 

13 

S9 

112 


24 
104 
92 
39 


105 
14 
11 

45 
17 

8 
28 


Aggregate 
cost. 


(4,967,687 


72, 212 
50,897 
96,261 
17,221 
43,548 

16,504 
131,800 
146,186 
576,620 
340,902 

175, 341 
77,252 
56,570 

110,498 
7,790 

39,905 
243,815 
405,901 
328, 703 
115,678 

190, 797 

69,356 

4,816 

18,049 

150, 331 

126,722 
39, 152 

381,695 
32,628 
15,543 

206,547 
76,693 
33,053 

85,573 

64,890 

8,004 

27,353 

43,444 

124,665 
24,618 

169,089 
21,065 


SUPPLIES  AND  MATEBIALS. 


Total  cost. 


$1,734,904 


14,323 
12,082 
55,978 
8,957 
8,410 

5,082 

24,393 

45,339 

210,045 

116,952 

62,996 
27,202 
24,550 
18,309 
7,189 

8,032 
119,981 
127,602 
91, 173 

24,784 

49,037 
15, 107 
4,368 
4,726 
52,099 

39,915 

9,787 

121,083 

4,941 

5,980 

84,587 
25,810 
13,923 
25,355 

10,328 

5,811 

15,468 

22,224 

121,465 
14,404 
66,325 
8,782 


Meters. 


Number. 


3,876 


4 

136 
506 

234 
60 
20 
45 


84 
266 
232 

83 

202 
27 


57 
26 

4 

93 

657 

6 


171 

138 

10 

16 

2 

12 

2 

124 

300 


163 
30 


Cost. 


$48,193 


432 
262 


12 


97 

48 

1,497 

6,682 

3,068 
742 
307 
395 


1,142 
2,842 
2,922 
1,109 

4,374 
387 


671 
297 

46 
1,637 
7,925 

73 


1,938 

1,636 

150 

192 

25 

165 

42 

1,496 

3,150 


1,973 
371 


Motors. 


Number.      Cost 


36 


$7,749 


318 
ISO 


34 

503 

85 

2,062 


210 


158 
2,310 


300 


Transformers. 


Number. 


100 
213 


2 
20 
59 
54 
18 

113 
11 
1 

14 
19 


169 

25 

4 

40 
2 


Cost. 


$49,120 


1,751 
493 
139 


114 

897 

3,570 

6,251 

1,201 
739 
513 

1,370 


56 

1,567 

2,377 

1,423 

525 

4,226 
557 
27 
444 
712 

377 

8,285 
888 
180 

1,782 
76 


970 

216 
1,127 

729 
2,606 


30 

2,060 
807 


Incandescent 
lamps. 


Niunber. 


771,643 


7,259 
8,849 

12,536 
3,495 

12, 174 

3,790 
6,501 
29,836 
31,241 
35,192 

37,500 
27,852 
18, 110 
7,624 
2,964 

9,780 
60,097 
91,400 
41.880 

6,165 

26,095 

27,973 

3,354 

1.446 

20,017 

24,488 
2,885 

56,891 

690 

2,000 

34, 139 
9,071 
3,090 

19,819 

7,168 
6,935 
5,525 
9,180 

13,930 

310 

37,992 

4.100 


Cost. 


$144,558 


1,274 
1,574 
2,073 
693 
2,118 


1,214 
5,117 
6,804 
6,453 

7,819 
5,037 
3,508 
1,817 
527 

1,353 
11,920 
17,016 
8,055 
1,164 

4,754 

5,224 

974 

430 

3,795 

4,535 

568 

10,263 

116 

463 

5,621 

1,679 

542 

3,501 

1,268 
1,357 
1,267 
1,872 

2,153 
71 

7,045 


1  Includes  states  having  leas  than  3  stations,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 
Montana,  2;  Rhode  Island,  1. 


These  stations  are  distributed  as  follows:  Idaho,  2; 


GENERAL  TABLES. 

SUPPLIES,   MATERIALS,   AND   FUEL,   BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


175 


SUPPLIES  AKD  MATERIALS — Continued. 

■ 

COST 

or  ruEL. 

Nernst 
lamps, 
vacuum 
and  vapor 
lamps, 

etc. 
(cost). 

Lamp 
nttings, 
etc.  (ex- 
cept for 

arc 
lamps) 
(cost). 

Carbons, 
globes, 
hoods,  and 
other  sup- 
plies for 
arc  lamps 
and  repairs 
(cost). 

Poles  and 
other 

supports 
(cost). 

Wire  and 

cable 
(cost). 

Another 
supplies 

and 
materials, 
including 
water  for 
boilers, mill 
supplies, 
etc.  (cost). 

Power  purchased. 

Rent  of 
water 

privileges 
for  water 
wheels  or 
turbines 
(cost). 

Freight 

not 
included 
in  cost 
of  ma- 
terials. 

Total. 

Coal. 

Crude 
petro- 
leum. 

Natural 
gas. 

All 
other 
iuel. 

Electric 
(cost). 

All  other 
(cost).- 

$3,956 

$86,254 

$241,278 

$56,298 

$146,031 

$443,547 

$336,332 

$41,952 

$35,109 

$94,527 

$3,232,783 

$2,900,338 

$128,547 

$40,407 

$103,431 

1 

503 

85 

1,978 

173 

1,542 
1,617 
3,540 
275 
1,(J35 

337 

5,106 

4.849 

58.762 

16,  474 

2,854 
2.262 
5,277 
1.476 
4,191 

2,337 
5,598 
29, 396 
6.241 
2,205 

6,315 
1,753 

1,487 

1,367 

1,321 

77 

995 

45 
1, 143 

2,802 
5.374 
2,941 

2.358 
347 
340 
384 
300 

110 
4,590 
7,154 
2,488 

826 

1,695 

432 

18 

335 

923 

735 
573 
3,392 
508 
301 

2,0.56 
917 
696 
845 

1,148 
677 
114 
719 

816 

316 

1,948 

685 

1.528 

1,415 

4,685 

84 

693 

25 
2, 121 
4,991 
11.215 
10,217 

8.957 

1.230 

934 

1.520 

61 

260 

16.063 

11,666 

8,426 

1,768 

5.448 

1,066 

165 

350 

4,312 

768 
940 
10,281 
159 
548 

4.400 

2,874 

619 

1,431 

2,001 

1,260 

932 

3.225 

7,345 

10 

9,778 

264 

4,886 
2.809 
4,514 
953 
2,922 

1,287 
12,442 
10, 622 
55,463 
26,067 

20,827 
7.539 

11.278 

9,922 

907 

3,586 
18,504 
32,871 
31,199 

7,978 

13.324 

3.074 

384 

1.863 

11,693 

9,482 

3,625 

40,051 

2.460 

28,518 
2,946 
2,242 
6,050 

3,382 

645 

2,153 

4.133 

16. 754 
8,460 

12. 728 
2.288 

600 
400 

57,889 
38,815 
40,283 
8, 264 
35. 138 

11,422 
107,407 
100,847 
366,575 
223,950 

112,343 
50,050 
32,020 
92, 189 
001 

31,873 
1        123,834 

278.299 
237.530 
90,894 

141,760 
54,249 

448 
13.323 
98,232 

86,807 

29,365 

260.612 

27.687 

1           9.563 

i        121.960 
50.883 
19,130 
60,218 

i          54,502 

1           2, 193 

11,885 

21,220 

3,200 

10,214 

102,764 

12.283 

49,488 
36,710 

8,401 
2,105 
6,600 

2 

2,000 

3 

37,640 
6,702 

33,683 

4 

8,264 
27, 103 

11,422 

85,945 

76,083 

360,045 

221,267 

112, 185 
41,965 
32,020 
36, 250 
Wl 

30,512 
117,437 
270, 103 
215,040 

87,603 

j        133,039 

53.920 

426 

13.251 

94,379 

77.260 
27,654 
242, 638 
25.687 
1,410 

112.822 
46.763 
17.655 
59.738 

28.349 
2.193 
11.885 
21.208 

400 

7.094 

89. 928 

12. 196 

1 

5 

3,382 

4,653 

fi 

18 
2,023 
3,577 
1,576 
2,212 

4,105 

5.511 

1,564 

400 

910 

80 

1.793 

10, 950 

4.778 
3,773 

3.731 
1,651 

578 

2,094 

133 

2,953 

7,955 
16,188 

9,552 
1.164 

839 
41 

303 

250 

57 

2.205 

15.093 

625 

4.419 
963 

7 

21,462 

24,764 

2.930 

44 

160 
500 

""'3,' 376' 

8 

173 
150 
2.30 

135 
16 

9.310 
63.679 
11,244 

9 

4.100 
11,600 

1,940 
1,709 

1,800 

1.800 
2,639 

10 

75 

II 

12 

900 

7, 585 

13 

"52,'569' 

14 

984 

15 

16 

1,361 
4,334 
8,196 
22,490 
3,291 

1,880 

329 

22 

72 

1,597 

9,547 

1,811 

3 

17 

39, 169 
7,067 
6,775 
2,849 

19.544 

625 

3.  BOO 

2,063 

18 

140 

88 

2,800 

1<) 

W 

21 

751 

2,707 

4,134 

W, 

1   ' 

23 

1,300 

1.500 

24 

14 
149 

55 

2,641 

774 

103 

4,750 

354 

6,561 

4,057 

566 

20,918 

737 

221 

16,892 

2,102 

7l« 

4,790 

1.988 
290 
699 

2,669 

4,381 

5.  472 

3.408 

371 

25 

16, 867 
9.688 



9,202 

1 

4.148 

251 

1,760 
11.075 

1,982 

274 

26 
27 

28 

229 

2.199  j 

1.715 

3,443 

14,528 
2,100 

29 
.30 

131 

3.512 

7.026 

654 

2, 949 

.300 

203 

1,978 

105 

4.686 

10 

4,770 

216 

3.300 

11.896 
4,200 
8,215 
1,255 

180 
2,759 

8,153 

3,081 

4,120 

340 

480 

2,000 

31 

25 
44 

4.i 

1.736 

3,294 

2,305 

3,752 

32 

:« 

1,135 

34 

2.080 

692 

:m 

24,213 

,3fi 

87 

284 

2.349 

37 

460 

5,810 
2.000 

80,692 

1,000 
1.050 

38 

1 

12 
2,800 

,39 

1,188 

40 

35 

4,374 

«4 

2,520 

41 

119 

11,507 
2,500 

2,301 

3,66.0 

400 

12. 436 

87 

4' 

43 

25142—10- 


-12 


176 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table   142.— MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL   ELECTRIC  STATIONS— ANALYSIS   OF   INCOME,   BY  STATES   AND  TERRI- 
TORIES:  1907. 


STATE  OB  TEBUTOBT. 


Number 

of 
stations. 


United  States 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia. 

nilnols 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

All  other  states  ^ .. . 


1,252 


28 
13 
14 
7 
5 

6 
13 

S9 
112 
68 

51 
32 
14 
21 
4 

8 
24 
104 
92 
39 

58 

25 

4 

7 

47 

36 

8 

105 

14 

11 

45 
17 
8 
28 


Gross 
Income. 


114,011,999 


186,576 
122,471 
290.987 
52, 177 
163,765 

42,166 

380.229 

453,495 

1,505,061 

857,499 

416,789 
232,228 
179,987 
242.547 
69,994 

92,J4S 
749,709 
1,233,086 
771,219 
328,882 

503,878 

218,589 

22,287 

70,069 

448,462 

313,440 

76, 742 

1,135.279 

86,371 

41.943 

660, 151 

147.526 

73.915 

287,540 

207, 234 
57, 134 
109,418 
137,573 

535,662 
54,735 

378,730 
75,309 


113,614,434 


Electric  service. 


Total. 


182, 216 
121,830 
284,225 
51,317 
163,685 

41,876 

370,342 

441,820 

1.498.256 

837,887 

380,874 
219,928 

177,787 

241.637 

68.801 

90,222 

732, 161 

1,175,934 

718,565 

318,699 

494,423 

214,497 

21,652 

69,673 

438.840 

307,797 

69,974 

1,106,915 

84,801 

40,563 

653,656 
132, 667 
71,982 
274,828 

207,234 
57,026 
103,916 
134, 618 

528.188 
54,695 

353,517 
74,904 


Lighting. 


Commer- 
cial. 


$7,394,987 


128,972 
72,881 
155,831 

42,181 
103,830 

27,761 
292, 639 
280,349 
350.908 
531,682 

268,746 
128.217 
86.977 
163.530 
7,404 

28,523 
373,513 
586,227 
518,638 
2)8, 113 

28S,  480 
132, 144 
15,168 
40.225 
225,170 

201,663 
50,660 

551,749 
56.650 
32,038 

202,157 
77,907 
47,711 

109,944 

111,690 
40,659 
64,095 
69,816 

391,389 

6,838 

239,681 

52,441 


Public. 


»5, 645, 276 


4«,7D3 

47,574 
73,268 

7,456  ' 
41,067 

13,058 

66,025 

155,757 

1,140,435 

268,067 

98,105 
83,417 
76,821 
65,697 
61,072 

57.579 
262, 708 
553,989 
167,301 

70,055 

184,931 

74.853 

6,484 

25.891 

202, 168 

94,350 

17,912 

531.618 

26.912 

8,281 

433,668 
50.328 
23,491 

144,418 

80,083 

9,668 

30,306 

49, 821 

113,096 
47,457 

108,744 
21,643 


Station- 
ary 


1516,373 


Electric- 
railway 
service. 


Current 
sold  to 
other 
electric 
compa- 
nies. 


tI2,2B        «,M4 


3,292 
392 

52,875 

1,680 

18,421 

25 

10,878 

5,220 

5,607 
35,939  j 

1.3,563  I. 

7,356  I 
13.989  t. 

2.104  i. 
325  .. 

4,120 
94,083 
30,236 
30,426 

5,389 

14,611 
7,500 


1,057 
10,903 

11,634 

1..384 

19.470 

780 

33 

17,761 

3,785 

780 

19,766 

14,844 
6,519 
7,216 

14,350 

22,044 

400 

4,856 

760 


1,032 
800 


1,500 


300 


6,090 


2,500 


1,170 


108 
1,677 


180 
950 


1,659 


Electric 
heating. 


M,350 


140 


100 
341 


336 


340 

220 

1,141 

48 


57 


1,375 

"iie 


10 
647 


100 


Charging 

auto- 
mobiles. 


47 


75 


160 
6 


313 
179 
55 


92 


All 
other. 


(1,288      131,494 


110 
1,183 
1,134 


292 


500 
36 

75 

280 
602 


9,970 


1,096 
3,406 
1,004 
5,094 

311 


2,703 
459 
65 


617  I 


1,349 

531  I 


All 

other 

sources. 


*397,565 


3,360 
641 

6,762 
860 
80 

290 

9,887 
11.669 

6,805 
19,612 

.35,915 
12,300 

2.200 
910 

1.193 

1,923 
17,548 
57, 152 
52,654 
10,183 

9,455 

4,092 

635 

396 

9,622 

5,643 
6,768 
28,364 
1.570 
1,380 

6,495 
14,859 

1,933 
12,712 


108 
5,502 
2,956 

7,474 

40 

25,213 

405 


>  Includes  states  having  less  than  3  stations,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed.    These  stations  are  distributed  as  follows: 
Montana,  2;  Rhode  Island,  1. 


Idaho,  2; 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


177 


Table  143.— MUNICIPAL   CENTRAL    ELECTRIC    STATIONS— NUMBER  OF  SALARIED    EMPLOYEES    AND   TOTAL 

SALARIES,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


STATE   OR  TERRITOEY. 


Number 

of 
stations. 


United  States. 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

California. . . 

Colorado 

Connecticut . 


Delaware. 
Florida. . . 
Georgia . . . 
Illinois . . . 
Indiana.. 


Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky . 
Louisiana. 
Maine 


Maryland 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi-. . . 


Ittissouri 

Nebraska 

New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey 

New  York 


North  Carolina. 
North  Dakota . . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 


Pennsylvania. . 
South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota.. 
Tennessee 


Texas 

Utah 

Vermont. 
Virginia.. 


Washington 

West  Virginia.. 

Wisconsin 

All  other  states ' 


1,252 


28 
13 

1*  , 
7  ! 

S  I 

6 
13  i 

sg 

112 

68 

51 
32 
14 
21 
4 


24 
104 
92 


58 
25 
4 

7 
47 

36 
8 
105 
14 
11 

46 

17 

8 

28 


Number.     Salaries. 


1,615 


73 


60 
176 
97 
56 

59 

23 

5 

7 

58 

40 

10 

206 

19 


S994,832 


17,915 
11,600 
21,208 
5,630 
9,010 

4,929 
21,550 
50,775 
52,623 
55,309 

30,170 
22,165 
11,300 
23,644 
3,082 

2,970 
40,248 
100,823 
74,905 
34,878 

37,363 

13,554 

2,650 

4,050 

29,769 

30,187 
10,307 
75,305 
9,112 
2,995 

28,437 

15,000 

7,540 

21,783 

13,042 
7,173 
9,061 
7,135 

34,455 
1,720 

31,534 
7,926 


OENEHAL  MANA- 
GERS, SUPERIN- 
TENDENTS, ETC. 


CLERKS  AND  BOOK- 
KEEPERS. 


Number. 


104 
67 
40 

41 
15 
2 
3 
32 

32 

8 

134 

13 

5 

32 

17 

7 

30 


Salaries.     Number. 


$814,929  I 


17,705 
9,530 

14,655 
4,250 
6,270 

4,149 
11,620 
46,775 
45,480 
46,741 

25,728 
19,826 

9,980 
20,580 

3,082 

2,580 
29,437 
81,735 
63,541 
29,329 

33,150 

11,930 

2,300 

2,540 

23,642 

27,747 
9,272 

56,606 
7.920 
2,795 

23,314 

13,280 

7,540 

20,851 

6,540 
6,033 
8,328 
6,470 

14,765 
1,360 

29,003 
6,550 


Salaries. 


1179,903 


210 
2,070 
6,553 
1,380 
2,740 

780 
9,930 
4,000 
7,143 
8,568 

4,442 
2,339 
1,320 
3,064 


390 
10,811 
19,088 
11,364 
5,549 

4,213 
1,624 
350 
1,510 
6,127 

2,440 

1,035 

18,699 

1,192 

200 

5,123 
1,720 


932 

6,502 

1,140 

733 

665 

19,690 

360 

2,531 

1,376 


■  Includes  states  having  less  than  3  stations,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed.  These  stations  are  distributed  as  follows:  Idaho,  2; 
Montana,  2;  Rhode  Island,  1. 


178 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  144.— MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— AVERAGE   NUMBER   OF  WAGE-EARNERS   AND    TOTAL 

WAGES,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


STATE  OB  TERRITOBY. 

Number 

of 
sUtions. 

TOTAL. 

t 

FOREMEN. 

INSPECTOES. 

ENGINEERS. 

ALL    OTHER    EMPLOY- 
EES (I  NCLUDIN  G 
FIREMEN,    DYNAMO 
AND    SWITCHBOARD 
MEN,  LINEMEN,  ME- 
CHANICS, AND  LAMP 
TRIMMERS). 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

United  States 

1,252 

3,951 

12.490.183 

1            90 

181,446 

34 

128.6.32 

1,411 

$969, 147 

2,416  1    SI,  410, 968 

28 
13 
14 
7 
5 

il 

59 
112 

68 

51 
32 
14 
21 

4 

8 
24 
104 
92 
39 

58 
25 
4 
7 
47 

36 
8 
106 
14 
11 

45 

17 

8 

28 

9 
9 
13 
14 

6 
6 

67 
31 
58 
10 
32 

IS 
104 
137 
476 
239 

113 
89 
48 
65 
23 

37 
164 
398 
178 
105 

127. 

50 
5 

22 
158 

91 
16 
337 
31 
15 

167 
49 
18 
84 

45 
18 
28 
34 

110 

29 
114 

15 

25,055 
19,750 
42,204 
6,750 
24.093 

7,886 

57,019 

60,293 

393,226 

141,912 

69,113 
45,700 
28,530 
30,383 
16,468 

24,956 
129,145 
218.310 
105.509 

45,899 

79,205 
31,321 
3,010 
11,796 
97,064 

41,867 
12,434 
219,656 
17,834 
8,008 

125,836 
21,052 
11,000 
46,730 

29.846 
12.354 
16.529 
21,532 

98,008 
18,830 
65,284 
9,786 

1 

27 
14 
19 
6 
10 

8 
20 
43 
137 
89 

61 
44 
18 
25 
3 

11 
51 
138 
96 
42 

61 
22 

11.125 
9.640 

16. 547 
3.840 
9.198 

4.940 

13. 182 

23.181 

111,961 

57,632 

41, 195 
26, 136 
12,290 
15,689 
2,616 

8,883 
46,607 
81.943 
63.839 
21.022 

30.513 
15,014 

40  1            13,930 

Arkansas 

I 

1,000 
3,436 

1 

480 

15                 8,630 

California 

.36  '             22,221 

Colorado 

4  1               2,910 

1 

884 

1 

728 

20  '            13,283 

7                2,946 

Florida 

1 
4 
14 
3 

2 

i                2 

1                 1 

1,200 
2,380 
14,055 
2.630 

1,510 

1.080 

900 

6 

4,387 

77  !            38,250 

Georeia                              

90              34. 732 

Illinois 

2 
3 

2,280 
2,160 

322            264.930 

144              79.490 

50  '             26,408 
43                18.484 

TfftnsM 

1 

29  1             15.340 

liOiilifianA 

40                14  694 

H>Mrf«*..  . 

!                 1 

300 

19                13.552 

26  !            16,073 

Massachusetts 

1               6 

'              '8 

2 

3 

6,242 
4,637 
1,440 
2.340 

4,620 

3 
2 

2,707 
2,250 

104  1            73,580 

Michigan 

260  1          129,480 
80  I            40,230 
60              22,537 

70  1           -O  112 

Minn^'-'u^t^ 

Mississippi 

"   "       '1          

Missouri       

1 
1  ■               960 

Nebraska 

28 
5 
13 
99 

60 

7 

185 

105 

33 

9 

56 

28 
16 
26 
19 

96 
9 

16, 307 

Npw  Hftmpshirp 

1 

3,010 

1 
4 

3 

832 
3,469 

2.250 

1  1               624 

7 
55 

28 

9 

141 

18 
8 

53 

16 

8 

29 

15 
3 
2 

13 

3 

7 

56 

5 

4.i52 
35.835 

14,691 
7.766 
106,316 
11.734 
5,215 

42, 249 
3,640 
5,720 

17,705 

10,566 
2,569 
1,837 
9,750 

2,280 

6.284 

38.726 

4.120 

6,188 
57,760 

New  York 

24. 926 

North  Dakota 

4  6(i8 

Ohio 

8 

7,615 

3              2,236 

103.490 

Oklahoma 

6,100 

i i 

2,793 
74.930 

5 

5,516 

4              3, 141 

11,412 
4,950 

South  Dakota , 

1 

330 

I 

1 

28,025 

Texas 

1 

1,200 

1                  900 

17,180 

Utah 

9.785 

14,692 

Virginia 

2  [            1.540 

3  '             3  240 

10, 242 

8 
I 

9,780 

82,708 

West  Virginia 

720 
1,080 

12, 820 

26,479 

1             1  nnn 

4,666 

>  Includes  states  having  less  than  3  stations,  In  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed. 
Uontana,  2;  Rhode  Island,  1. 


These  stations  are  distributed  as  follows:  Idaho,  2; 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


179 


Table  145.— MUNICIPAL  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS— ANALYSIS  OF  MISCELLANEOUS  EXPENSES,  BY  STATES 

AND  TERRITORIES:  1907. 


STATE  OR  TERKITORV. 


United  States. 


.\labama 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut. 


Delaware. 
Florida... 
Georgia. .. 

Illinois 

Indiana... 


Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky. 
Louisiana.. 
Maine 


Maryland 

Massachusetts.. 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 


Missouri 

Nebraska 

New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey 

New  York 


North  Carolina. . 
North  Dakota... 

Ohio 

Oklahoma , 

Oregon 


Pennsylvania. . 
South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota. . 
Tennessee 


Texas 

Utah 

Vermont. 
Virginia. . 


Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

All  other  states  ' . 


Number 

of 
stations. 


28 
13 
14 
7 
5 

6 

13 

5S 

112 

68 

51 
32 
14 
21 
4 


24 
104 
92 
39 

58 
25 
4 


36 

8 

105 

14 

11 

45 
17 


Total 
expenses. 


1714,486 


6,732 
6,681 
9,124 
1,890 
11,967 

4,484 

8,214 

15,291 

44,7% 

46, 170 

28,109 
12,344 

8,847 
18,491 

5,401 

5,814 
56,448 
65,161 
43,636 
21,570 

36,004 
7,785 
1,437 
3,693 

22,940 

14.715 
6,630 

65.762 
4,837 
1,906 

27,897 
4,380 
5,586 

16,524 

12.140 
4,740 

15,950 
4,237 

11.740 

894 

18, 272 

6,247 


Rent  of 
stations, 
line-wire 
supports, 
conduits, 
etc. 


15,654 


386 
175 


120 


26 


1,320 


612 
120 


Rent  of 
offices. 


JIO,  721 


168 
130 


30 

145 
46 
243 
133 
1,241 

168 
270 
192 


120 
628 
676 
402 
65 

540 
256 
96 
540 
206 


225 
670 
172 


18 
183 


600 
300 
411 
280 


18 
180 


Taxes. 


15,224 


150 


159 
117 


6 
127 
170 


700 
160 


53 
414 


100 
200 


403 


650 
920 


46 
175 


Injuries 
and 


132,468 


662 

2,700 

25 


25 
625 


2,992 

1,685 

11,100 

3,300 


1,130 


3,315 
40 


15 
286 


2,000 
308 


80 
350 


Insurance. 


JUO,  269 


885 
1,069 
1,578 

314 
1,958 

326 

4,746 
3,635 
6,259 
7,737 

4,592 
1,895 
1,737 
1,775 
483 

576 
9,802 
7,646 
8,659 
3,003 

5,708 
840 
251 
872 

4,479 

2,319 

1,066 

8,003 

606 

241 

2,961 

1,083 

421 

1,872 

2,592 

105 

2,166 

1,045 

406 

102 

3,801 

666 


Ordinary 
repairs  of 
buildings 

and 
machinery. 


$314,098 


2,519 
2,561 
2,452 
250 
6,527 

2,322 
2,238 
5,001 
22, 144 
19,629 

9,493 
6,946 
3,123 
14,781 
2,602 

3,606 
23,756 
33,783 
24,187 

4,096 

14,330 

3,673 

243 

852 
9,832 

4,516 

3,718 

31,390 

2,008 

665 

15,226 
1,588 
1,516 
6,565 

6,464 
3,372 
4,018 
1,258 

820 

467 

7,805 

2,858 


All  other 
expenses. 


$236,052 


3,160 
1,771 
5,094 
1,230 
3,452 

1,532 
1,067 
6,750 
12,685 
17,030 

12,026 
4,234 
3,442 
1,860 
2,316 

987 

21,871 

19, 762 

8,344 

3,186 

11,426 
2,856 
847 
1,376 
7,983 

5,961 

1,431 

22,321 

2,  on 

1,000 

8,947 
1,210 
3,633 
4,547 

2,176 
963 

8,094 
614 

9,014 

325 

6,510 

2,018 


■  Includes  states  having  less  than  3  stations,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  Individual  stations  may  not  be  disclosed.   These  stations  are  distributed  as  follows:  Idaho,  2; 

Uontana,  2;  Rhode  Island,  1. 


180 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  146.— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS  OPERATED  BY   STREET-RAILWAY  COMPANIES- 
ANALYSIS  OF  ARC-LIGHTING  SERVICE,  BY  STATES:  1907'  AND  1902. 

[Separate  reports  for  these  stations  could  not  be  secured,  hence  the  statistics  for  them  have  been  Included  with  those  for  electric  rallways-l 


Census. 

Kum- 
berof 
com- 
panies. 

ABC 

UOHTraO— NUMBER  07  LAMPS  WIRED  FOR  SERVICE. 

Aggre- 
gate.. 

Total. 

Direct-current. 

Alternating-current. 

-  Ali  other.' 

STATE  OB  TEREITOEY. 

Commercial. 

Public. 

Commercial. 

Public. 

Commercial. 

Public. 

Commercial. 

Public 
(open). 

" 

Open. 

In- 
closed. 

Open. 

In- 
Closed. 

Open. 

In- 
closed. 

Open. 

In- 
closed. 

Open. 

In- 
closed. 

Open. 

In- 
closed. 

Open. 

In- 
closed. 

Total 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 

1907 
1902 

1907 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 

1907 
1902 

1907 

1907 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

1907 
1902 

177 
118 

80,102 
33,863 

4,491 
2,582 

46,183 
13,603 

4,644 
10,868 

24,784 
6,810 

882 
2,413 

11,013 
6,459 

4,504 
10,495 

6,220 
1,072 

3,609 
1 

35,170 
7,069 

140 
8 

18,564 
5,738 

168 

75 

365 

6 

4 

5 

5 
3 

7 
7 

12 

4 

7 

11 
8 

3 

3 
3 

7 
6 

6 
3 

4 
3 

11 

10 

8 
5 

20 
U 

7 

3 
3 

3 

4 

10 

7 

6 
4 

7 
3 

7 
9 

16 
25 

2,633 
1,291 

1,527 

745 
222 

6,172 
4,347 

4,099 
817 

2,133 

2,886 
1,603 

483 

658 
431 

1,308 
869 

899 
477 

1,079 
203 

2,566 
2,594 

1,821 
613 

7,152 
2,933 

619 

1,114 
693 

3,914 

£40 

5,956 
2,983 

3,340 
1,854 

1,259 
572 

5,391 
4,715 

21,808 
6,646 

■'449' 

109 
103 

164 
238 

103 
235 

38 
133 

39 
"'25' 

""'so' 

""'37' 

759 
56 

""u 
'""■ii 

2,765 

7 

42 
219 

"■'iie' 

420 
387 

45 
518 

1,759 
442 

1,368 

287 
55 

3,308 
2,092 

2,447 
328 

1,196 

1,219 
388 

53 

454 
230 

590 
286 

254 
112 

890 
5 

306 
1,070 

837 
174 

2,659 
518 

3,38 

432 
236 

809 

299 

3,305 
1,710 

2,932 
1,416 

325 
70 

1,773 

1,778 

18,343 
2,693 

""325" 

727 
761 

278 

74 

234 

812 

93 

104 
115 

89 
352 

"   "i32' 

"iii" 

163 

964 

194 
325 

359 
1,838 

14 

483 

757 

ig' 

75' 

1,348 
1,871 

484 
2,411 

874 
75 

159 

349 
64 

1,973 
1,256 

1,271 
254 

863 

1,395 
270 

298 

100 
61 

629 
201 

645 
233 

189 
50 

1,338 
504 

790 
102 

4,134 
553 

267 

682 
457 

340 

234 

2,126 
297 

408 
303 

934 

427 

1,850 
679 

2,936 
1,024 

""449' 

109 
103 

161 
238 

"235' 

1,015 
388 

350 

744 

54 

1,018 

287 
55 

1,653 
798 

1,306 
33 

1,196 

1,079 
304 

48 

353 
115 

590 
250 

254 
112 

890 
5 

275 
1,005 

837 
174 

1,361 
353 

326 

432 
199 

809 

287 

1,392 

777 

1,458 
153 

325 
70 

716 
501 

17.534 
2.  in 

20 

874 
75 

159 

349 
64 

1,734 
1,018 

631 

325 

Florida 

1,655 
1,294 

1,141 
295 

707 
761 

278 

74 

234 

812 

93 

104 
115 

89 
352 

239 
238 

640 

254 

661 

51 
40 

3 
103 

8 

Illinois 

110 

10 
8 

202 

1,344 
230 

298 

48 
31 

629 
201 

645 
233 

189 
50 

938 
504 

790 
102 

1,579 
553 

267 

407 
259 

340 

234 

1,856 
197 

408 
182 

900 
427 

1,835 
588 

1,908 
1,024 

30 
133 

39 
"'25' 

140 

84 

5 

101 
115 

52 
30 

30 

36 

132 

37 
"'55' 

31 

65 

111 

163 
964 

194 
325 

249 
l,-838 

14 

400 

759 
1 

12 
"■■24' 

1,298 
90 

12 

Ohio 

2,555 

75 

Pennsylvania  * 

South  Carolina 

275 
198 

2,703 
7 

62 

42 
219 

'"'iiu" 

37 

12 

1,913 
933 

1,474 
1,263 

Virginia 

483 

757 

270 
100 

19 

121 
34 



WestVh-ginla 

75 

1,348 

1,871 

474 
2,038 

420 
387 

19 
350 

1,057 
1,277 

809 
582 

15 
91 

1,028 

26 

All  other  states  5 

168 

365 

'  Two  companies  in  one  of  the  outlying  districts  (Porto  Rico)  reported  light  plants,  which  have  been  excluded  from  this  table. 

«  Not  reported  in  1907. 

•  Included  in  "All  other  states"  in  1902. 

■•No  report  for  1902. 


Minnesota,  1;  Montana,  1;  Nebraska,  1;  New  Hampshire,  1;  New  Jersey,  2;  Oregon,  1;  Tennessee,  2. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


181 


Table  147.— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS  OPERATED  BY  STREET-RAILWAY  COMPANIES- 
ANALYSIS  OF  INCANDESCENT  AND  OTHER  VARIETIES  OF  LIGHTING  SERVICE  AS  WELL  AS  MOTOR  SERVICE 
AND  NUMBER  OF  METERS,  BY  STATES:  1907'  AND  1902. 

[Separate  reports  (or  these  stations  could  not  be  secured,  hence  the  statistics  for  them  have  been  included  with  those  for  electric  railways.) 


STATE  OR  TERRI- 
TOHV. 


Total 

Alabama 

Arkansas' 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana  > 

Iowa 

Kansas' 

Maine 

Michigan 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

New  York 

North  Carolina. 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania  <.. 
South  Carolina. 

Tennessee' 

Texas" 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia.. 

Wisconsin 

AH  other  states^ 


Cen- 
sus. 


Num- 
ber of 
com- 
panies. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1S07 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1907 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


177 
118 


11  ! 

8  ! 


INCANDESCENT  LIGHTING— NUMBER  OP  LAMPS  WIRED  POR  SERVICE. 


Aggre- 
gate. 


545,839 
442,685 


151,108 
50,704 

88,897 

83,066 
19,872 

322,843 
136,978 

270,367 
42,426 


150,693 
62,284 

36,000 

82,363 
39, 443 

103, 462 
43,389 

66,240 
12,887 

88,930 
66,130 

134,363 
100,561 

126, 131 
31,742 

522,022 
189,708 

31,331 

115,767 
24,225 

191,491 

82,656 

373,928 
65,148 

293,672 
93,247 

88,967 
23,294 

382,724 
180,073 

667,514 
260,574 


4,487,681 
1,423,659 


Total. 


Com- 
mercial. 


151,003 
50,045 


88,404 


81,790 
19,541 


320,761 
1.35,604 


270. 193 
42,426 


150,289 
61,924 

29,000 

82,036 
39, 379 

100,902 
41,169 

65,620 
11,890 

88.820 
66,075 

124,273 
98,812 

124,681 
31,498 

516,469 
188,065 

31,057 

110,370 
24,117 

191,491 

80,811 

372,713 
64,815 

292,068 
90,483 

78. 571 
23,294 

382.278 
179,611 

662,903 
254,911 


Public. 


58,158 
19,026 


105 
659 


1,276 
331 


2,082 
1,374 


404 
360 

7,000 

327 
64 

2,560 
2,220 

620 
997 

110 
55 

10,090 
1,749 

1,450 
244 

5,553 
1,643 

274 

5,397 
108 


l(><;andlepower.     32^;andlepower. 


Com- 
mercial. 


3,871,786 
1,313,303 


1,845 
1,215 


1,604 
2,764 


446 
462 


4,611 
5,663 


150,648 
47,705 

78,219 

81,165 
19,408 

313,261 
132, 630 

238,140 
37,883 


114,592 
57,610 


60,974 
38,079 

92,740 
36,577 

58,920 
11,290 

65,999 
45,000 

119,697 
86,950 

102,882 
28,132 

386,692 
186,683 

25,988 

101,370 
23, 517 

177,439 

80,811 

284,321 
52,595 

276,618 
70,667 

(■)8,6fi2 
20.984 

381,278 
170,305 

533,281 
247,288 


PubUc. 


48,451 
13,065 


105 
659 


1,235 


1,536 
900 


245 
60 


6,500 
238 


2,371 
2,130 

405 

997 

60 
50 

5,051 
691 

1,450 
204 

5,198 
1,613 

150 

5,391 
100 


1,845 


849 
328 


1,564 
20S 


10,005 


396 
337 


3,651 
4,468 


Com- 
mercial. 


217,228 
31,597 


355 
2,203 

1,362 

250 
127 

7,500 
1,470 

7,837 
226 


6,620 
1,830 

22,300 

7,854 
300 

2,550 
1,134 

5,000 
100 

22,578 
75 

1,451 
2,257 

3,697 
423 

32,705 
682 

564 

6,000 
600 


7,030 
2,224 


1,635 
10,828 


4,459 
1,647 


3,646 


67,249 
1,825 


Public. 


2,264 
1,119 


131 


159 
50 


150 


215 


150 
20 


116 
6 


230 
5 


391 


50 
125 


391 

625 


All  other. 


Com- 
mercial. 


398,667 
78,759 


137 

8,823 

375 
6 


24,216 
4,317 


29,077 
2,484 

1,500 

13,208 
1,000 

5,612 
3,458 

1,700 
500 

243 
21,000 

3,125 
9,605 

18, 102 
2,943 

97,072 
700 

4,505 

3,000 


81,362 
9,9% 


13,915 


5,450 
663 

1,000 
5,660 

62,373 
5,798 


Public. 


7,443 

4,842 


362 
41 


546 
444 


250 
350 


5,018 
1,011 


205 
10 


2,524 


569 
S70 


OTHER  ELECTRIC  LIGHT- 
ING 2  (NERN.ST,  VAC- 
UUM, VAPOR,  ETC.)— 
NUMBER  OP  LAMPS 
WIRED  FOR    SERVICE. 


Total. 


28,641 


167 
391 


80 
2,838 


65 


204 
22 


169 


31 

9,251 

22 


566 
187 


11,108 
1,551 


Com- 
mercial. 


28,267 


167 
114 


80 
2,832 


65 


202 
148 
22 


380 


1,300 
169 


31 

9,251 

22 


566 
187 


11,108 
1,551 


PubUc. 


374 


277 


56 


STATIONARY- 
MOTOR  SERVICE. 


Num- 
ber of 
motors. 


20,468 
10,049 


158,923 
35,688 


648 


580 
137 


1,853 
2,066 


1,490 
202 


947 
549 

164 

283 
129 

527 
136 

151 
295 

392 

87 

482 
336 

556 
105 

2,275 
513 

70 

339 

689 

801 

275 

894 
1,960 

1,614 

587 

153 

28 

1,914 

87 

2,348 
1,495 


Total 
capac- 
ity In 
horse- 
power. 


2,420 

2,624 
714 

14,377 
4,844 

5,952 
611 

2,123 

5,408 
1,479 

1,491 

2,279 
1,011 

3,277 
700 

1,065 
198 

2,621 
119 

5,446 
2,662 

5,043 
1,544 

17,613 
3,589 

451 


618 

10,083 

3,349 

15, 416 
1,467 

12,861 
3,720 

857 
121 

13,121 
3,711 

18,525 
7,644 


Num- 
ber of 
meters 
on  con- 
sump- 
tion cir- 
cuits. 


213,886 
56,601 


9,331 
2,606 

6,305 

5,404 
880 

12,572 
5,121 

10,862 
1,475 

4,842 

7,356 
3,338 

1,787 

2,353 
1,139 

S,360 
1,857 

4,160 
714 

3,966 
1,553 

6,434 
6,217 

6,562 
1,273 

19,211 
5,813 

1,251 

3,629 
1,270 


6,729 

15,553 
3,100 

22,181 
4,838 

4,171 
770 

12,708 
5,403 

33,871 
9,234 


'  Two  companies  In  one  of  the  outlying  districts  (Porto  Rico)  reported  light  plants,  which  have  been  excluded  from  this  table. 

'  Not  reported  in  1902. 

'  Included  in  "  All  other  states"  in  1902. 

<  No  report  for  1902. 

^  Includes  states  having  less  than  3  companies,  in  order  that  theoperationsof  individual  companies  may  not  be  disclosed.  These  companies  are  distributed  as  follows: 
In  1907- California,  1;  Colorado,  2;  Connecticut,  1;  Kentucky,  2;  Louisiana,  2;  Maryland,  I:  Mas-sachusctts,  1;  Minnesota,  1;  Montana,  1;  Nebraska,  1;  New  Hampshire,  1; 
New  Mexico,  1;  Utah,  1;  in  1902— Arkansas,  2;  California,  2;  Colorado,  2;  Connecticut,  2;  Delaware,  1;  Indiana,  2;  Kansas,  1;  Kentucky,  2;  Louisiana,  1;  Maryland,  1; 
Minnesota,  1;  Montana,  1;  Nebraska,  1;  New  Hampshire,  1;  New  Jersey,  2;  Oregon,  1;  Tennessee,  2. 


182 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


Table  148.— CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS  OPERATED  BY  STREET-RAILWAY  COMPANIES- 
INCOME,  BY  STATES:  1907  '  AND  1902. 

[Separate  reports  for  tbese  stations  could  not  he  secured,  hence  the  statistics  for  them  have  Ijeen  included  with  those  for  electric  railways.] 


Total. 
Alabama 


Arliansas'. 
Florida.... 


Georgia. 
Illinois.. 


Indiana'. 
Iowa 


Kansas ' 
Maine... 


Michigan 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

New  York 

North  Carolina.. 
Ohio 


Pennsylvania'. 
South  Carolina. 


Tennessee'.. 

Texas= 

Virginia 


Washington 

West  Virginia. . . . 

Wisconsin 

All  other  states  <. 


STATE  OB  TERRITORY. 


Census. 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 


1907 
1902 


1907 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1907 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


1907 
1902 


Number 
of  com- 
panies. 


177 

118 


Gross 
income. 


tl7,291,824 
6,469,726 


671,425 
318,660 

383,631 

380,022 
110,209 

1,498,822 
722,728 

943,859 
161,070 


594,884 
291,142 

146,669 

188,456 
101,892 

345,813 
162,549 


274,929 
163, 406 

621,856 
413,782 

491,081 
155, 770 

1,597,195 
687,967 

104,703 

438,911 
171,561 

700,100 

484,860 

1,444,593 
359,158 

1,295,428 
618,385 

326,752 
105, 102 

1,024,621 
689,572 

2,684,017 
1,237,935 


From  sale  of  current. 


Total. 


$16,576,555 
6,271,815 


671,425 
317,011 

383,225 

375,691 
110,209 

1,484,966 
713,700 

829,687 
151,867 

315,220 

540,986 
270,423 


187,237 
94,736 

321,768 
157,920 

308,053 
98,838 

240,967 
161,004 

612,683 
412,403 

473,651 
155,770 

1,461,559 
574,929 

102,878 

437, 483 
156,248 

700,100 

484,128 

1,434,429 
355,600 

1,135,051 
562,332 

323,434 
105, 102 

962,315 
662,983 

2,657,695 
1,221,740 


Lighting. 


$13,273,295 
5,492,669 


586,629 
290,166 

340,624 

326,207 
96,557 

1,169,744 
594,207 

686,299 
125,078 

270,610 

428,788 
230,380 

104,850 

165,637 
79,695 

256,329 
148,680 

292,363 
89,779 

195, 105 
148,764 

532,373 
384,231 

389,632 
119,405 

1,184,656 
621,547 

93,446 

272,293 
133,121 

534,804 

391,070 

1,122,482 
327,200 

898,397 
483,902 

282,923 
103,434 

766,039 
585,817 

1,993,306 
1,030,906 


Stationary 
motors. 


$2,686,013 
768,040 


84,796 
26,345  I 

39,529 

49,427 
13,652  ] 

284,938  ! 
119,260 

106,664  ! 
23,038  I 


103,091 
40,043 

27,074 

29,618 
15,141 

30,778 
9,340 

15,400 
8,982 

45,852 
2,240 

74,058 
28,172 

81,282 
36,365 

210, 712 
63,382 

9,422 

164,156 
22,127 

146, 798 

93,058 

172,207 
28,400 

221,086 
76,636 

9,102 
1,668 

194,135 
77,166 

448,121 
186,064 


All  other 
electric 
service. 


1618,247 
11,106 


500 

3,172 

57 


30,284 
233 

37,704 
3,751 

1,000 

9,107 


30 
1,982 


34,661 


300 

77 


6,252 


66,292 


10 
1,034 


18,498 


139,740 


15,669 
1,795 

31,40C 
2,141 


216,288 
4,750 


From  all 

other 
sources. 


$715,269 
197,911 


1,649 

406 

4,331 


13,856 
9,028 

114,192 


16,122 

53,898 
20,719 

14,715 

1,219 
7,158 

24,045 
4,629 

9,802 


33,972 
12,402 

9,173 
1,379 

17,430 


135,636 
13,038 

1,825 

1,428 
16,313 


732 

10,164 
3,558 

160,377 
56,063 

3,318 


62,306 
26,689 

26,322 
16, 195 


'  Two  companies  in  one  of  the  outlying  districts  (Porto  Rico)  reported  light  plants,  which  have  been  excluded  from  this  table. 

'  Included  in  "All  other  states"  in  1902. 

■  No  report  for  1902. 

<  Includes  states  having  less  than  3  companies,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual  companies  may  not  lie  disclosed.  These  companies  are  distributed  as  follows: 
In  1907— California,  1;  Colorado,  2;  Connecticut,  1;  Kentuclty,  2;  Louisiana,  2;  Maryland,  1;  Massachusetts,  1;  Minnesota,  1;  Montana,  1;  Nebraslta,  1;  New  Hampshire,  1; 
New  Mexico,  1;  Utah,  1;  in  1902 — Arlcansas,  2;  California,  2;  Colorado,  2;  Connecticut,  2;  Delaware,  1;  Indiana,  2;  Kansas,  1;  Kentuciiy,  2;  Louisiana,  1;  Maryland,  1; 
Minnesota,  I;  Montana,  1;  Nebraslta,  1;  New  Hampshire,  1;  New  Jersey,  2;  Oregon,  1;  Tennessee,  2. 


APPENDICES 


Appendix  A— SCHEDULE 

Appendix  B.— INSTRUCTIONS  TO  SPECIAL  AGENTS 


(183) 


APPENDIX  A. 


SCHEDULE. 


Name  of  company  or  plant ■ 

T       .1        »   1     t  (State County 

Location  of  plant.  |city  or  town Street  and  No. 

General  Office  (give  state,  city,  street,  and  number) 


Washington,  D.  C,  December  SI,  1907. 

The  act  of  Congress  of  June  7,  1906,  directs  the  Director  of  the  Census  to  take  a 
census  of  electric  light  and  power  stations  every  Ave  years,  and  this  schedule  has 
been  formulated  for  that  purpose. 

The  infonnation  returned  on  this  schedule  should  cover  the  business  year  of  the 
company  most  nearly  conforming  to  the  year  ending  December  31,  1907.  All  ques- 
tions that  require  a  fixed  time,  such  as  cash  on  hand,  number  of  lamps,  etc.,  should 
be  of  the  date  of  the  last  day  of  the  year  covered  by  the  report. 

The  answers  to  inquiries  in  regard  to  fmancial  matters  will  be  held  absolutely 
confidential;  the  separate  reports  will  i>e  combined  so  as  to  show  totals  for  all  com- 
panies in  the  different  states.  No  publication  will  be  made  in  the  census  reports 
disclosing  the  operations  of  individual  companies.  The  information  will  be  used 
only  for  the  statistical  purposes  for  which  it  is  given. 

The  canvass  is  to  be  made  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  W.  M.  Steuart,  Chief 

Statistician  for  Manufactures.  ,  „   „ 

S.  N.  D.  North, 

Director  of  the  Census. 


Extract  from  act  of  Congress,  March  3, 1899: 

Section  22.  *  »  *  "  And  every  president,  treasurer,  secretary,  director,  agent, 
or  other  ofTicer  of  every  corporation ,  and  every  establishment  of  productive  industry, 
whether  conducted  as  a  corporate  body,  limited  liatiility  company,  or  l\v  private 
Individuals,  from  which  answers  to  any  of  the  schedules,  inquiries,  or  statistical 
interrogatories  provided  for  bv  this  act  are  herein  required,  who  shall,  if  thereto 
requested  l)y  the  Director,  supervisor,  enumerator,  or  special  agent,  willfully  neglect 
or  refuse  to  give  true  and  complete  answers  to  any  Inquiries  authorized  by  this  act, 
or  shall  willfully  give  false  information,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon 
conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  ten  thousand  dollars,  to  which  may 
be  added  iinprisonment  for  a  period  not  exceeding  one  year." 

CERTIFICATE. 

This  is  to  certify  that  the  information  contained  in  this  schedule  is  complete  and 

correct  to  the  best  otmy  knowledge  and  belief , and  it  covers  the  iieriod  from , 

190  ,  to ,  190  . 

(Signature  and  offi- 
cial designation  of 
the  person  fur- 
nishing the  infor- 
mation.) 

(Signature  of  spe- 
cial agent.) 

(Address  of  person 
furnishing  the  In- 
formation.) 

1.  Character  of  ownership:  State  the  form  of  ownership  as  It  existed  on  the  last  day 

of  the  year  covered  by  the  report,  whether  Individual,  Ann  or  partnership. 
Incorporated  company,  municipal,  or  other  form 

2.  If  a  consolidated  company,  give  names  and  location  of  constituent  companies 

Included  in  this  report,  or  wTite  same  on  last  page 

3.  If  a  reorganized  company,  give  name  of  original  company 

4.  If  a  subsidiary  or  leased  company,  give  name  and  address  of  operating  company 

or  lessee 

5.  If  the  corporation  or  firm  Is  engaged  In  any  business  or  industry  other  than  that 

of  central-station  work  for  electric  light  and  power,  state  the  character  of  such 
business  or  Industrj',  and  whether  conducted  In  the  same  or  separate  plants. . 


Number  of  lamps:  Account  for  all  lamps  wired  for  service  on  last  day  of  year 
covered  by  report,  Irrespective  of  ownership.  If  actual  numljer  Is  not  known 
give  careful  estimate. 


Class. 


Arc  lamps: 

Direct  current. 


Alternating  current. 


Total. 


Incandescent  lamps: 

Sixteen  candlepower 

Thirty-two  candlepower.. 

Another 

Total 


Type  of 
lamp. 


Public. 

i  (Number.) 


Open 

Inclosed.. 

Open 

Inclosed. 

Open 

Inclosed. 


Other  varieties  (Nernst,  vacuum,  vapor,  etc. 
[state  kind]) 


Commer-  ' 
cial  or  other 

private. 
(Niunber.) 


Lamps  used  by  company  to  light  its  own  properties,  and  not  reported 
above:  (For  municipal  plants  Include  only  lamps  In  power  houses.) 


Arc. 


Incandescent 

Other  varieties  (state  kind) . 


Total. 
(Number.) 


7.  Miscellaneous  statistics. 


Stationary  motors  served  (do  not  Include  small  fan  motors) . 

Total  capacity  In  horsepower 

Give  estimate  of  number  of  small  fan  motors  served 

Railway  motor  cars  served 


Meters  on  consumption  circuits  (Include  all  kinds,  mechanical,  chem- 
ical, etc.) 


Transformers  in  circuits  for  customers 

Total  capacity  in  kilowatts 

Total  number  of  ciwtomers  furnished  electric  current 

Number  of  customers  furnished  electric  current  for  heating  or  cooking 
apparatus ■ 


Miles  of  street  occupied  by  underground  conduits  for  mains  and  feed- 


(If  underground  conduits  are  rented  from  a  mimicipality  or  commer- 
cial company,  give  particulars  of  agreement  and  annual  rental  paid, 
on  last  page  of  schedule.) 


Number. 


(185) 


186 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


8.  Power-plant  equipment. 


Oeneratlng  power  plant. 


Steam  engines,  number. 


Total  rapacity  in  horse- 
power  


Steam  turbines,  number. 


Total  capacity  in  liorse- 
power , ,,,. 


Gas  engines,  number. . 


Total  capacity  in  horse- 
power  


Water  wheels,  number. . 


Total  capacity  in  horse- 
power  


500  H.  P. 
or  under. 


Over  500 
H.  P. 
and  un- 
der 1,000 
H.  P. 


1,000  H. 
P.  and 
under 
2,000 
H.  P. 


2,000  H. 
P.  and 
under 
5,000 
H.  P. 


5,000  H. 
P.  and 
over. 


Auxiliary  engines  for  use  within  plant  as  accessories,  etc.: 

Number ,  total  capacity  in  horsepower. 


'  Length  to  be  stated  in  miles  and  decimals  of  a  mile  carried  to  two  places. 

9.  Electrical  generators:  The  kilowatt  rapacity,  Voltage,  and  amperage  reported 
should  represent  a  single  machine.  If  more  than  one  machine  of  the  same 
class,  give  separate  information  for  each. 


Number. 

Total  ca- 
pacity in 
kilowatts 

of  each 
machine. 

Indicated 
voltage 
of  each 

machine. 

Indicated 

amperage 

of  each 

machine. 

Dynamos: 

Directrcurrent,  constant-volt- 
age  

Directcurrent,  constant-am- 
perage  

Alternating  and  polyphase 
current 

Boosters 

notaries 

Storage-batterv    ceils    in    main 
power  plants 

Miscellaneous  apparatus  (state 
Und) r. 

10.  Output  of  station:  The  output  should  be  calculated  from  the  voltage  and  amper- 
age of  the  generators,  or  obtained  from  the  actual  watt  or  kilowatt  readings 
of  dynamo  meters. 


Kilowatt  hours,  average  per  day 

Kilowatt  hours,  total  for  year 

State  the  number  of  hours  of  operation,   per  day,   if  day   circuits  are    not 
operated .". 

II.  Substation  equipment:  The  kilowatt  capacity,  voltage,  and  amperage  reported 
should  represent  a  single  machine.  If  more  than  one  machine  of  the  same 
class,  give  separate  information  for  each. 


Class. 


Storage  battery,  cells. 

Transformers 

Rotary  converters 


Miscellaneous  apparatus  (state 
kind) 


Number. 


Total 
rapacity  in 
kilowatts 
of  each  ma- 
chine. 


Indicated 
voltage  of 
each  ma- 
chine. 


Indlrated 
amperage 
of  each  ma- 
chine. 


12.  Cost  of  plant:  The  answer  must  show  the  total  cost  of  land— buildings— machin- 
ery, tools,  and  implements  within  stations  and  shops — overhead  and  under- 
ground electric-service  construction— lamps,  motors,  meters,  and  transformers 
wired  for  use— supplies  of  every  description  on  hand  not  enumerated  else- 
where. If  land  was  donated,  so  state  and  give  estimated  value  at  time  of 
donation,  but  do  not  include  the  amount  in  the  total.  For  municipal  plants 
include  the  preliminary  cost  of  experts'  reports,  engineering  plans,  holding 
special  elections,  etc. 

Cost  during  the  year $ 

Cost  to  date $ 

Is  value  of  franchise  included?    (Answer  Yes  or  No) 


13.  Supplies  and  materials  used  during  the  year  for  ordinary  repairs  and  replace- 
ments: This  inquiry  is  not  intended  to  cover  mercantile  transactions,  but  il 
the  company  incidentally  sells  electric  supplies  and  fixtures  to  its  customers 
the  quantity  and  cost  of  such  supplies  disposed  of  during  the  year  should  be 
Included.  If  the  company  pays  freight  on  any  of  the  supplies  and  materials 
used,  and  the  amount  is  not  included  in  their  cost,  report  the  amount  of  this 
freight  under  "Amount  of  freight,  if  any,  paid  on  the  above."  (Do  not  include 
expenditures  for  additions  or  extensions.) 


Kind. 


Supplies: 

Meters 

Motors 

Transformers 

Incandescent  lamps 

Nernst  lamps,  vacuum  and  vapor  lamps,  etc. 


Number. 


Cost. 


Incandescent  and  other  lamp  fittings,  sockets,  etc.    (Do  not  in- 
clude arc-lamp  supplies) 


Carbons,  globes,  hoods,  and  other  suppUes  for  arc  lamps,  including 
arc-lamp  repairs 


Poles  or  other  supports. 

Wire  and  cable 

Fuel: 

Coal 


All  other  fuel  (state  kind) 

Electric  current  purchased  for  distribution ' 

Power  purchased  (state  kind) 

Rent  of  water  privileges  for  water  wheels  or  turbines 

All  other  supplies  and  materials,  including  water  for  boilers,  mill  sup- 
plies, etc 


Total  cost . 


Amount  of  freight,  if  any,  paid  on  the  above(not  included  in  the  "Cost"),   t 


1  Give  name  and  address  of  company  from  whom  purchased. 


14.  Miscellaneous  expenses. 


Rent  of  stations,  and  line-wire  supports,  conduits,  or  underground 
privileges 

Rent  of  offices 


Amount. 


Taxes  (state  Idnd) 

Injuries  and  damages . 
Insurance .... 


Ordinary  repairs  of  buildings,  machinery,  etc.    (Do  not  include 
amounts  reported  in  Inquiry  13,  "  Supplies  and  materials  ") 


Amount  paid  for  interest,  advertising,  office  supplies,  law  expenses, 
telegraph  and  telephone  service,  and  all  other  expense  incident  to 
operation  and  mamtenance  not  elsewhere  reported.  (Do  not  in- 
clude Interest  on  bonds  or  dividends  on  stock) 


Total. 


15.  Employees,  salaries,  and  wages:  The  average  number  employed  during  the 
year  is  the  number  that  would  be  requued,  at  continuous  employment,  for 
the  twelve  months.  If  any  of  the  persons  enumerated  were  employed  only 
a  portion  of  the  time,  give  only  the  wages  paid  in  connection  with  the  electric 
service.  Account  for  all  regular  officers  and  employees  wtether  engaged  on 
maintenance,  canvassing,  collecting,  operation,  or  otherwise.  (Do  not  include 
employees  engaged  exclusively  on  additions  or  extensions.) 


APPENDIX  A. 


187 


Salaried  employees: 

Salaried  officers  of  corporation. 


Other  oflicers  (general  managers,  superintendents, 
electricians,  and  experts) 

Clerks  and  iiookkeepers : 


Total. 


Wage-earners  (do  not  include  salaried  employees  reported 

above): 

Foremen 

Inspectors 

Engineers 


Average 

number 

employed 

during  the 

year. 


Total 

amount 
paid  in 
salaries 

and  wages 
during 

the  year. 


All  other  employees  (including  firemen,  dynamo  and 
switchiward  men,  linemen,  mechanics,  and  lamp 
trimmers) 


Total. 


16.  Income:  Give  the  total  amount  of  income  for  the  year  as  indicated  by  the  books 
of  the  company.  If  accounts  do  not  show  the  income  from  each  class  of 
service  enumerated,  give  a  carefully  estimated  segregation. 

Commercial  companies  shouid  include  not  only  income  from  current  actually 
sold,  but  also  the  estimated  value  of  current  supplied  municipaiity  or  other  gov- 
ernment free  of  charge,  the  estimate  to  be  based  on  the  prevailing  commercial  rates. 
(Estimated  value  of  current  consumed  by  lamps  and  motors  on  the  company's 
own  propertiesshouldno/be included.) 

Municipal  plants  must  include  in  answer  to  the  inquiry  the  estimated  value  of 
current  consumed  in  public  buildings  and  in  lighting  streets,  parks,  etc.,  the  estimate 
to  be  based  on  the  prevailing  commercial  rates.  ( Estimated  value  of  current  con- 
sumed by  lamps  and  motors  in  municipal-power  houses  should  not  be  included. 


Source. 


Lighting: 

Commercial  or  other  private- 
Arc  lamps 

Incandescent  lamps 

Other  iamps 


Public,  furnished  municipality  or  other  government  for  buildings 
and  streets- 
Arc  lamps 

Incandescent  lamps , 

Other  lamps 


Amount. 


Source. 


Motor  service,  stationary  (not  including  small  fan  motors). 

Electric-railway  service 

Sale  of  current  to  other  electric  companies 

Electric  heating,  cooking,  welding,  etc 

Charging  automobiles 

All  other  electric  serv^ice  (specify  items) 

Gross  income  from  sale  of  supplies  and  fixtures 

Income  from  all  other  sources  (specify  Items) 


Total. 


Amount. 


If  a  commercial  company,  give  amount  of  estimated  income  for  free 
service,  which  is  included  above $. 


If  a  municipal  plant,  give  amount  of  estimated  income  represented  by 
current  consumed  in  public  buildings  and  in  lighting  streets,  parks, 
etc.,  which  is  included  al>ove $. 


17.  Capital  stock,  bonds,  dividends,  and  interest:  If  the  company  operates  a  gas 

or  water  plant  or  other  industry  in  connection  with  the  electric  light  and 
power  plant,  and  it  Is  impossible  to  segregate  the  capitalization,  report  the 
entire  capital  and  give  an  estimate  of  the  proportion  chargeable  to  the  electric 
light  and  power  plant  department. 


Number 
of  shares 
or  bonds. 

Total 

par 

value. 

Dividends  declared  and 
interest  paid  or  due  for 
the  year. 

Rate. 

Amount. 

Authorized  capitalization  by  char- 
ter: 

s 

X  X  X  X 

X    X    X    X    X    X 

X  X  X  X 

X   X    X   X   X   X 

X  X  X  X 

X    X   X   X   X   X 

Capital  stock  and  bonds  outstand- 
ing: 

$ 

1 

1 

Estimated  proportion  of  above  outstanding  capitalization  chargeable  to  the  elec, 
trie  light  and  power  plant  department 


18.  Poles  purchased  during  1907. 


Cedar. 

Chestnut. 

Juniper. 

Other  species.    (Specify.) 

length,  feet. 

Number. 

Average  cost 

per  pole  at 

point  of 

purchase. 

Number. 

Average  cost 

per  pole  at 

point  of 

purchase. 

Number. 

Average  cost 

per  pole  at 

point  of 

purchase. 

Number. 

Average  cost 

per  pole  at 

point  of 

purchase. 

Under  20 

How  many  treated  poles  were  purchased  during  1907? 

What  preservative  was  used? 

How  many  poles  wore  treated  during  1907? 

What  preservative  was  used? 


APPENDIX  B. 


INSTRUCTIONS  TO  SPECIAL  AGENTS. 


Period  covered. — The  act  of  Congress,  approved  June  7,  190C,  pro- 
vides that  every  five  years  this  office  shall  collect  statistics  relating 
to  electric  light  and  power  stations.  The  census  of  this  industry 
will  relate  to  the  year  ending  December  31,  1907,  and  all  plants  that 
were  in  existence  during  any  portion  of  the  year  must  be  reported. 

Special  agents,  daihj  reports,  and  correspondence . — The  canvass  will 
be  made  by  the  regular  employees  of  the  Census  Office  working 
under  the  supervision  of  the  chief  statistician  for  manufactures. 
The  employees  detailed  for  field  work  must  make  daily  reports  on 
Form  8-185b  for  every  day  on  which  they  are  actually  employed. 
The  daily  reports,  together  with  all  schedules  taken  daily,  must  be 
forwarded  by  registered  mail  at  the  close  of  each  day,  in  the  return 
penalty  envelope  addressed  to  the  Director  of  the  Census.  The 
office  number  and  the  running  number  of  the  report  should  be  placed  on 
the  daily  report  for  all  schedules  sent  in.  Inquiries  concerning  sched- 
ules or  further  instructions  must  be  made  by  letter  and  not  on  the 
daily  reports.  Each  inquiry  or  requisition  .should  be  made  in  a 
separate  letter.  Employees  must  give  sufficient  notice  of  the  date 
they  will  complete  the  district  to  which  they  are  assigned,  so  that, 
if  necessary,  they  may  bo  assigned  to  other  territory  without  loss 
of  time. 

In  all  correspondence,  make  reference  to  office  letters  by  date, 
and  to  schedules  and  memoranda  containing  criticism,  by  referring 
to  the  office  number  on  the  list  and  the  full  name  and  address  of 
the  company  in  question. 

Day's  u'ork.-~The  relative  efficiency  of  each  emjiloyee  engaged 
in  field  work  will  be  determined  by  the  number  and  completeness 
of  the  reports  secured.  Each  daily  report  must  account  for  the  work 
of  the  day.  Schedules  must  not  be  retained  for  a  number  of  days 
and  daily  reports  made  out  so  as  to  show  a  fair  average  for  each  day. 

Districts  and  lists.- The  entire  country  has  been  divided  into 
districts  and  one  or  more  special  agents  will  be  assigned  to  each 
district.  The  agents  will  be  held  accountable  for  a  thorough  canvass 
of  their  respective  districts.  To  a-^sist  in  locating  the  plants  to  be 
enumerated,  each  agent  will  be  furnished  with  a  list  giving  the 
names,  locations,  and  addresses  of  all  electric  properties  covered 
by  the  census  in  the  territory  assigned  him.  These  lists  are  based 
on  information  obtained  from  directories,  postmasters,  and  other 
sources.  The  agents  must  not  accept  them  as  complete,  but  must  be 
constantly  on  the  alert  to  discover  other  plants  or  systems,  especially 
municipal  electric  fire-alarm  and  police-patrol  sy,stems  in  towns 
of  less  than  2,500  inhabitants. 

The  different  cities  must  be  visited  in  the  order  named  on  the 
list,  unless  the  agent  finds  that  railroad  connections  and  local  con- 
ditions make  a  change  advisable.  In  such  cases  the  character 
and  necessity  for  the  change  must  be  given  on  the  agent's  daily 
report. 

An  agent  should  not  return  to  a  city  already  canvassed  to  secure 
information  for  a  report  returned  to  him  for  correction  unless 
especially  advised  to  do  so.  It  is  believed  that  the  agent  will  be 
able  in  most  cases  to  supply  the  information  from  his  knowledge  of 
the  conditions.  If  he  can  not  do  so,  he  should  return  the  schedule 
to  the  office  with  such  explanation  for  his  error  or  neglect  as  he 
may  be  able  to  make.  To  obviate  the  necessity  of  returning 
schedules  for  additional  information,  the  agent  must  be  careful  to 
secure  complete  reports  for  all  plants  before  leaving  a  city. 


Reports  secured  by  mail. — Schedules  were  mailed  to  all  companies, 
and  if  a  complete  report  has  been  thus  secured,  the  name  on  the 
agent's  list  will  be  marked  "schedule  received."  If  the  mail 
report  is  unsatisfactory,  the  name  will  be  stamped  "incomplete 
schedule  received,"  and  the  original  schedule  furnished  the  agent 
to  complete.  These  schedules  must  be  completed  or  corrected, 
signed,  and  returned  by  the  agent.  If  it  is  found  advisable  to 
prepare  a  new  report  in  place  of  the  original,  such  report  must  be 
marked  "corrected  report"  on  the  title  page.  Otherwise  the  agent 
will  still  be  charged  with  the  original  schedule.  If  the  agent  has 
not  been  advised  that  the  office  is  in  receipt  of  the  report,  he  must 
secure  the  same,  although  the  company  may  claim  that  the  schedule 
has  been  furnished. 

Proposed  plants. — Some  of  the  names  on  the  list  are  for  plants 
or  systems  that  were  contemplated  or  projected,  or  supposed  to  be 
under  construction,  but  not  necessarily  building  or  in  operation; 
when  possible,  such  plants  have  been  designated  as  "proposed," 
or  as  "under  construction."  These  plants  should  not  be  visited 
when  it  requires  a  special  trip  unless  the  agent  can  obtain  informa- 
tion that  they  were  actually  in  operation.  If  for  other  purposes 
the  agent  visits  a  place  where  such  a  plant  or  system  is  supposed  to 
be  located,  he  must  account  for  the  name  on  his  daily  report  and 
give  information  which  will  enable  the  office  to  dispose  of  the  name 
on  the  office  list. 

Idle  plants. — The  instructions  in  the  preceding  paragraph  in 
regard  to  "  proposed  "  plants  are  applicable  also  to  idle  plants.  While 
the  census  is  to  cover  all  plants  that  were  in  existence  during  1907, 
the  agent  should  not  make  a  special  trip  to  secure  the  report  of  a 
plant  that  was  not  in  operation  during  any  part  of  the  year. 

New  plants. — If  a  report  is  secured  for  a  listed  company  under  a 
name  other  than  that  given  on  the  agent's  list,  a  memorandum  must 
be  made  on  the  schedule  giving  the  name  of  the  company  as  it 
appears  on  the  list.  If  this  is  not  done,  the  name  will  remain  on  the 
list  as  charged  to  the  agent.  If  schedules  are  secured  for  plants  not 
on  the  li.st,  the  words  "not  on  list"  must  be  written  in  the  upper 
left-hand  corner  of  the  title  page. 

Central  offices. — A  large  number  of  properties  are  controlled  from 
offices  located  elsewhere  than  at  the  plants.  When  known,  central 
offices  of  this  character  are  indicated  on  the  lists  with  the  names  of 
the  plants  for  which  reports  will  be  prepared  at  the  central  office. 
Agents  canvassing  the  districts  in  which  central  offices  are  located 
must  in  every  instance  secure  reports  from  these  offices  before  can- 
vassing the  other  plants.  A  large  number  of  controlling  companies 
have  advised  the  office  that  reports  for  certain  properties  will  be 
prepared  at  their  office.  The  names  of  these  controlled  companies 
will  appear  on  the  agent's  list  without  a  number,  but  with  a  notation 

' '  see  central  office,  "or  "  report  will  be  secured  at ."     Agents 

must  not  secure  reports  for  these  controlled  companies  unle.ss  espe- 
cially directed  to  do  so.  If  in  the  city,  the  agent  should  call  at  such 
plants  and  explain  that  a  census  of  electrical  industries  is  being 
taken;  also  that  it  is  understood  the  report  is  being  prepared  at  the 
central  office  of  the  company.  He  should  also  leave  blank  .sched- 
ules, explaining  the  requirements  of  the  census,  so  that  the  local 
officials  will  know  just  what  information  is  required  if  the  central 
office  requests  them  to  furnish  data  for  the  reports. 

If  a  plant  is  owned  by  a  company  whose  business  office  is  in 

(189) 


190 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


another  locality  outside  the  territory  assigned  the  agent  and  a  por- 
tion of  the  information  must  be  obtained  from  such  office,  the  agent 
should  complete  the  schedule  so  far  as  possible  from  the  data  obtain- 
able at  the  plant  and  forward  it  to  the  Census  Office  with  a  full 
statement  of  the  facts,  giving  also  the  names  and  addresses  of  the 
persons  from  whom  further  information  can  be  obtained.  The  agent 
must,  however,  exhaust  every  reasonable  means  to  complete  the 
report  before  sending  it  in  to  the  Census  Office. 

Annual  reports. — In  all  cases  where  an  annual  reportof  the  com- 
pany is  printed,  a  copy  of  the  latest  report  should  be  secured  and 
forwarded  with  the  schedule.  Copies  should  also  be  returned  of  the 
latest  report  of  the  directors  or  officers  of  the  company,  or  other 
printed  matter  that  would  add  to  the  information  contained  in  the 
schedule. 

The  schedule. — An  exact  answer  to  each  question  enumerated  in 
the  several  inquiries  is  what  is  required,  and  is  what  should  be  given 
if  it  can  be  secured  with  a  reasonable  amount  of  labor.  It  is  antici- 
pated, however,  that  in  a  number  of  cases  the  accounts  are  not  kept 
under  just  such  a  series  of  items  as  is  enumerated  in  the  schedule. 
If  the  accounts  cover  two  or  more  of  the  items  enumerated  for  any  of 
the  inquiries,  the  total  should  be  equitably  apportioned  for  the  reply 
to  each  subinquiry.  In  all  cases  where  the  answers  are  estimated 
the  amounts  must  be  preceded  by  the  word  "estimate." 

All  answers  must  be  made  clearly  and  neatly  in  ink.  Amounts 
and  values  must  be  obtained  from  book  accounts,  if  such  accounts 
are  available.  Each  question  is  to  be  answered.  If  any  question 
is  found  not  applicable  and  no  amounts  are  reported,  write  the  word 
"none." 

The  following  instructions,  in  addition  to  those  on  the  schedule, 
should  be  followed  by  the  agents  in  preparing  all  reports: 

The  title-page. — Page  1  must  contain  the  name  and  location  of  the 
company,  the  address  of  the  general  office,  and  the  signature, 
address,  and  official  designation  of  the  person  furnishing  the  infor- 
mation. Place  the  office  number  and  the  running  number  of  the  report 
in  the  upper  right-hand  comer.  If  the  address  of  the  general  or  busi- 
ness office  is  at  a  different  place  from  that  of  the  plant,  care  must  be 
taken  to  give  both. 

The  reports  for  plants  that  were  in  operation  only  a  portion  of  the 
census  year  will  be  tabulated  separately;  therefore  it  is  essential  to 
give  on  the  title-page  the  exact  period  covered  by  each  report. 

Reports  must  be  secured  for  all  electric  plants  doing  a  public-serv. 
ice  business;  that  is,  for  all  plants,  whether  owned  or  operated  by 
individuals,  companies,  corporations,  or  municipalities,  estab- 
lished for  the  purpose  of  generating  electric  current  for  sale,  that 
were  in  existence  during  any  portion  of  the  year  ending  December 
31,  1907. 

No  report  is  required  for  isolated  electric  light  or  power  plants 
operated  primarily  for  the  benefit  of  the  owner  in  lighting  and  fur- 
nishing power  for  his  factory,  hotel,  or  other  enterprise,  even  though 
some  current  may  be  sold.  The  instructions  on  the  title-page  of  the 
schedule  provide  that  "isolated  plants  which  incidentally  sell  cur- 
rent must  be  reported."  This  was  intended  for  the  guidance  of 
persons  who  would  receive  the  blank  schedule  through  the  mail, 
and  to  avoid  the  possibility  of  omitting  any  central  stations.  Such 
plants  can  not  be  considered  as  central  stations,  and  agents  must  not 
secure  reports  for  them. 

Electric  plants  owned  by  the  United  States  Government  and 
operated  primarily  for  supplying  light  or  power  to  public  buildings, 
military  posts,  naval  stations,  Indian  reservations,  etc.,  should  be 
considered  isolated  plants  and  no  report  secured;  also  electric 
plants  owned  by  and  operated  primarily  for  the  benefit  of  state 
institutions. 

Combined  reports. — If  the  electric  plant  is  operated  in  connec- 
tion with  an  electric  railway,  separate  reports  should,  if  possible, 
be  prepared.  If  this  can  not  be  done,  a  combined  report  should 
be  prepared  on  the  railway  schedule. 

If  the  electric  plant  is  operated  in  connection  with  any  business 
other  than  a  street  railway  and  the  system  of  accounts  will  not 
permit  of  the  preparation  of  a  separate  return,  careful  estimates 


must  be  prepared  for  answer  to  all  the  questions  contained  in  the 
schedule;  these  estimates  must  be  prepared  by,  or  submitted  to 
and  approved  by,  the  person  furnishing  the  information.  The 
items  of  cost  of  plant;  supplies  and  materials;  miscellaneous  ex- 
penses; employees,  salaries,  and  wages,  and  income,  must  pertain 
only  to  the  electric  light  or  power  station. 

Where  two  or  more  plants  arc  owned  by  one  individual,  com- 
pany, or  corporation,  and  located  in  the  same  city  or  town,  one 
combined  report  may  be  secured.  In  such  cases  the  number  of 
separate  plants  included  in  the  report  should  be  stated  in  answer 
to  inquiry  2.  Light  and  power  plants  operated  by  the  same  cor- 
poration, firm,  or  individual,  and  located  in  different  states, 
counties,  cities,  or  towns  should  be  reported  separately. 

Inquiries  1  to  5,  i.vclusive. 

These  are  intended  to  obtain  information  concerning  the  char- 
acter of  the  organization  under  which  the  company  i.s  operated, 
the  character  of  the  changes  in  such  organization,  and  whether  or 
not  conducted  in  connection  with  some  other  industry.  The  answers 
given  to  each  of  these  questions  must  be  consistent. 

I.s'QuiRY  G. — Number  op  lamps. 

The  answers  to  this  inquiry  must  show  the  total  number  of  the 
different  varieties  of  lamps  connected  or  wired  ready  to  render 
service,  and  not  the  number  actually  performing  service  at  any 
one  time.  The  total  must  include  all  lamps  in  position  to  earn  an 
income,  irrespective  of  their  ownership.  Therefore  it  may  include 
many  lamps  that  are  not  owned  by  the  company.  If  there  is  no 
record  of  the  actual  number  of  lamps,  secure  a  careful  estimate. 
The  distinction  between  "public"  and  "commercial  or  private" 
lighting  must  be  carefully  preserved.  This  public  service  is  the 
lighting  of  streets,  parks,  public  buildings,  and  all  other  public 
places  for  the  illumination  of  which  the  municipality  or  other 
form  of  government  is  responsible. 

Open  arc  electric  lamps  are  usually  employed  in  street  lighting, 
and  are  those  having  either  one  or  two  pairs  of  carbons  inclosed  in 
a  single  large  globe.  They  are  designed  to  burn  a  small  number  of 
hours  (ten  to  fifteen)  before  having  the  carbon  renewed.  An 
inclosed  arc  lamp  has  two  globes,  a  large  or  outer  one  inclosing  a 
small  one  in  which  a  single  pair  of  carbons  is  incased,  and  is  de- 
signed to  burn  a  large  number  of  hours  (one  hundred  to  one  hundred 
and  fifty)  before  having  the  carbons  renewed.  Both  kinds  may  be 
either  of  the  direct-current  or  of  the  alternating-current  type. 

Inquiry  7. — Miscellaneous  statistics. 

Stationary  motors. — This  term  is  applied  by  central  station  men 
to  electric  motors  that  are  permanently  located  in  one  place,  as 
distinguished  from  electric  railway  motors  on  cars.  Such  stationary 
motors  will  cover  an  infinite  variety  of  work,  and  in  many  cases 
the  companies  will  have  difficulty  in  reporting  the  number  of 
motors  on  their  circuits,  or  in  giving  the  separate  income  from 
motors  (inquiry  IG),  especially  where  current  is  furnished  through 
meters.  But  the  inquiry  must  be  pushed,  and  where  exact  figures 
can  not  be  given  from  records  it  is  desirable  that  a  close  estimate 
be  secured.  The  field  covered  by  these  stationary  motors  will 
include  every  class  of  industrial  work  and  many  other  methods 
of  application,  such  as  in  running  large  ventilating  fans,  elevators, 
etc.  It  is  a  custom  of  many  companies  to  make  special  rates  for 
what  they  call  "power"  business,  as  distinct  from  that  done  in 
supplying  current  for  lamps;  and  where  this  is  the  case,  their  rec- 
ords should  show  the  data  as  to  motor  service  and  income. 

The  actual  or  the  estimated  number  of  small  fan  motors  and 
railway  motor  cars  served  with  current  should  be  reported  for 
every  plant. 

Meters  on  consumption  circuits. — This  inquiry  applies  solely  to 
meters  installed  on  the  consumers'  premises,  just  as  gas  meters  are, 
and  does  not  relate  to  meters  installed  at  the  central  station. 

Transformers  in  circuits  for  customers. — The  number  and  total 
capacity  in  kilowatts  of  all  transformers  in  circuits  for  customers 
should  be  reported  here. 


APPENDIX  B. 


191 


A  great  deal  of  electrical  work  in  scattered  communities  is 
done  with  the  aid  of  transformers,  which  are  also  to  be  found  in 
some  of  the  larger  cities  at  the  customers'  end  of  the  line,  although 
as  a  general  thing  in  large  city  plants  it  is  the  practice  to  furnish 
direct  current  to  the  consumer,  in  which  case  transformers  are  not 
needed  outside  the  station  or  substation.  Where  the  lamps  in  a 
customer's  house  or  store  are  fed  with  alternating  current,  the 
transformers  are  placed  on  an  adjacent  pole  or  in  a  cellar  or  other 
room  where  they  are  not  generally  accessible,  as  the  primary  voltage 
is  dangerous  to  life.  The  current  is  sent  out  at  a  high  pressure  from 
the  central  station  and  is  received  by  the  primary  coil  in  the  trans- 
former at  perhaps  1,000  to  2,000  volts.  The  secondary  coil  takes  the 
small-quantity  high-pressure  current  from  the  primary  coil  and 
transforms  it  into  large-quantity  low-pressure  current  for  use  in 
the  lamps,  motors,  etc.  The  coils  and  the  iron  core  they  surround 
are  inclosed  in  water-tight  metal  boxes,  which  present  a  rough 
resemblance  to  mail  boxes  and  fire-alarm  boxes. 

Inquiries  8  and  9. — Power-plant  equipment  and  electrical 
generator.s. 

The  capacity  of  the  engines  and  water  wheels  and  of  the  dynamos 
is  closely  related.  The  engines  and  water  wheels,  as  a  rule,  have 
an  excess  capacity  over  that  of  the  dynamos.  "Auxiliary  engines" 
will  sometimes  be  found  in  small  stations,  but  in  the  larger  plants 
electric  motors  are  in  common  use  to  drive  pumps,  etc.,  and  the 
superintendent  or  manager  can  readily  enumerate  them. 

There  will  be  no  difficulty  in  ascertaining  the  facts  as  to  the 
different  classes  of  dynamos.  The  voltage  of  machines  for  lighting 
purposes  varies  greatly.  In  all  cases  the  kilowatt  capacity,  voltage, 
and  amperage  reported  must  represent  a  single  machine.  If  there 
is  more  than  one  machine  of  the  same  class,  give  separate  informa- 
tion for  each. 

Storage  batteries  are  used,  either  in  the  main  power  plants  or 
in  the  substations,  to  help  maintain  a  steady  supply  of  current 
at  the  right  pressure,  and  "boosters"  are  dynamos  assisting  to  the 
same  end.  The  substation  is  particularly  a  feature  of  long-distance 
work,  but  competent  engineers  are  generally  to  be  found  who  can 
give  the  substation  equipment  should  it  not  be  in  possession  of 
the  management. 

Inquiry  10. — Output  of  Station. 

The  kilowatt  hours  may  be  tested  by  the  earnings.  The  average 
earnings  per  kilowatt  hour  for  all  plants  at  the  census  of  1902  was 
about  3J  cents.  The  average  varies  considerably  for  individual 
plants,  but  if  the  average  is  less  than  1  cent  or  more  than  15  cents 
per  kilowatt  hour,  the  figures  should  be  questioned  and  if  found 
correct,  explanation  made. 

A  standard  arc  lamp  consumes  from  450  to  550  watts  per  hour; 
ordinary  standard  incandescent  lamps  of  16  candlepower  have  an 
average  consumption  per  hour  of  about  3.1  watts  per  candlepower. 
Many  incande.scent  lamps  now  in  use,  like  the  tantalum,  take  less. 

In  all  calculations  of  average  earnings  per  kilowatt  hour  and 
consumption  of  current  per  lamp,  etc.,  the  loss  of  current  in  trans- 
mission must  be  considered. 

Inquiry  11. — Substation  equipment. 

The  feature  of  substation  equipment  is  that  it  does  not  generate 
current,  but  receives  it,  manipulates  it,  stores  it,  and  lowers  the 
pressure  or  changes  the  form  for  local  consumption.  All  the  gen- 
erating plants  will  usually  be  found  in  the  generating  stations,  but 
sometimes  substation  apparatus  will  be  found  under  the  same  roof 
as  the  main  generating  plant  apparatus. 

Inquiry  12. — Cost  of  plant. 

The  answer  to  this  inquiry  must  show  the  total  cost  of  the  plant 
and  equipment  up  to  the  end  of  the  year  for  which  the  report  is 
made,  with  a  separate  statement  of  the  cost  of  additions  and  ex- 
tensions during  the  year.    The  cost  of  plant  must  include  all  ex- 
25142—10 13 


penses  incident  to  the  organization  of  the  company  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  plant.  If  the  land  wa-i  donated,  that  fact  should  be 
stated  and  the  estimated  value  at  the  time  of  the  donation  given 
separately,  but  not  included  in  the  total. 

Inquiry  13. — Supplies  and  materials  used  during  the  year 

FOR   ordinary   repairs   AND   REPLACEMENTS. 

The  actual  cost  of  all  materials  and  supplies  used  during  the  year 
must  be  reported.  In  answering  this  inquiry  report  only  the  ma- 
terials and  supplies  that  were  used  for  ordinary  repairs  or  replace- 
ment during  the  year  reported.  Expenditures  for  additions  to  the 
plant,  such  as  new  machinery,  or  additional  lines  on  which  new 
meters,  motors  or  transformers,  or  lamps  are  installed,  should  be 
included  in  answer  to  inquiry  12,  cost  of  plant. 

As  a  rule  all  equipment  that  adds  to  the  capacity  of  the  plant 
should  be  regarded  as  "extension"  and  whatever  merely  sustains 
existing  efficiency  as  "repairs."  Incandescent  lamps  are  often 
paid  for  by  the  central-station  customers.  If  this  is  the  case,  only 
those  used  in  renewing  street  lamps  or  such  others  as  the  company 
is  responsible  for  should  be  reported.  The  quantity  (number)  and 
cost  should  be  given  for  the  first  five  articles  listed  under  supplies. 
If  large  quantities  of  supplies  or  fuel  were  purchased  with  a  view  of 
taking  advantage  of  low  prices,  that  fact  must  be  stated  in  a  foot- 
note, but  in  such  cases  the  answer  to  the  inquiry  should  show  only 
the  quantity  and  cost  of  such  as  were  consumed  during  the  year. 

The  cost  of  water  hired  or  rented  to  run  water  wheels  or  turbines 
should  be  reported  in  answer  to  the  question  "rent  of  water  privi- 
leges for  water  wheels  or  turbines."  The  amount  paid  annually 
for  land  used  for  obtaining  a  water  supply  should  not  be  reported 
in  answer  to  this  question,  but  should  be  included  under  the  first 
question  of  inquiry  14 — miscellaneous  expenses. 

Amount  of  freight,  if  any,  paid  on  the  above  (not  included  in  the 
"cost"). — If  the  company  reporting  pays  freight  on  any  of  the  sup- 
plies and  materials  used,  and  the  amount  is  not  included  in  their 
cost,  the  amount  of  the  freight  should  be  reported  in  answer  to  this 
question . 

Inquiry  14. — Miscellaneous  expenses. 

All  items  of  expense  incident  to  the  business  for  the  year  and  not 
included  in  answer  to  inquiries  13  and  15  must  be  reported  here. 
Do  not  include  any  portion  of  the  freight  reported  under  inquiry  13 
as  paid  on  supplies  and  materials.  Expenses  incident  to  additions 
or  extensions  of  the  plant  or  line  should  not  be  included  in  answer 
to  inquiries  13,  14,  or  15.  The  cost  of  such  additions  must  be  re- 
ported as  cost  of  plant — inquiry  12. 

Inquiry  15. — Employees,  salaries,  and  wages. 

Account  for  all  regular  employees  of  the  company  who  were  re- 
quired to  supervise  and  keep  up  the  usual  work  of  the  plant.  Do 
not  include  those  employed  exclusively  on  extension  work.  Give 
the  number  of  officers  who  receive  salaries  (not  the  number  of 
stockholders)  and  the  gross  amount  of  their  salaries.  Report 
separately  the  number  and  wages  of  foremen,  inspectors,  and  en- 
gineers. In  a  few  cases  the  company  may  rent  houses  to,  or  possi- 
bly board,  its  employees  at  a  reduced  rate;  in  such  cases  the  salaries 
and  wages  reported  should  include  the  allowance  for  board  or  rent 
furnished  as  part  compensation.  The  average  number  employed 
during  the  year  is  the  number  that  would  be  required,  at  con- 
tinuous employment,  for  the  twelve  months.  There  should  be  no 
difficulty  in  securing  this  information  for  the  plant  of  ordinary  size, 
but  it  may  be  that  the  large  companies  keep  an  itemized  pay  roll, 
the  total  only  being  carried  forward  each  week  or  month.  In  such 
cases  it  will  be  necessary  either  to  add  the  pay  roll  of  each  week  or 
month,  for  each  class  of  employees,  or  to  compute  the  aggregate  for 
each  class,  using  a  pay  roll  for  a  representative  week  or  month  as 
the  base.     Results  obtained  by  the  latter  method  will  be  accepted. 

Inquiry  16. — Income. 

The  total  amount  of  income  indicated  by  the  books  of  the  com- 
pany for  the  entire  year  should  be  reported.    Give  separate  amounts 


192 


CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  STATIONS. 


for  the  different  sources  enumerated.  Electric  companies  fre- 
quently furnish  free  service  to  the  municipality  in  which  they  are 
located,  such  as  the  illumination  of  some  or  all  of  the  public  build- 
ings, the  supply  of  a  certain  number  of  lamps,  or  the  granting  of  a 
special  discount  on  the  lamps  used,  or  in  other  ways  make  a  return 
for  the  ordinance  or  franchise  by  which  the  company  was  granted 
the  use  of  the  streets.  The  value  of  this  free  service  must  be  esti- 
mated and  included  as  indicated  by  the  inquiry,  and  must  also  be 
stated  separately  in  answer  to  the  subquestion,  "If  a  commercial 
company,  give  amount  of  estimated  income  for  free  service,  which 
is  included  above." 

It  is  essential  to  show  separately  the  income  from  commercial  or 
private  service  and  public  service.  If  incandescent  and  arc  lamps 
are  connected  on  the  same  meter,  and  it  is  found  impossible  to 
separate  the  income,  the  total  income  for  both  classes  of  service 
should  be  ascertained  and  a  careful  estimate  made  for  the  two 
classes.  Public-lighting  contracts  are  usually  made  for  a  term  of 
years.  The  customary  contract  is  based  on  what  is  known  as  a 
lighting  schedule.  Two  principal  schedules  which  show  the  ex- 
tremes are,  respectively,  designated  by  business  men  as  the  "all- 
nigh  t-and-€very-night  schedule,"  estimated  at  4,000  hours  per  year, 
and  the  "dark-of-moon,  every-night,  one-hour-after-sunset-until-12- 
o'clock-midnight  schedule,"  estimated  at  1,200  hours  per  year. 
Between  these  extremes  are  numberless  variations.  The  income 
received  from  public  service,  therefore,  can  be  very  easily  ascer- 
tained. If  this  income  is  not  shown  separately  for  arc  lighting  and 
incandescent  lighting,  the  separation  should  be  estimated  in  the 
same  manner  as  above  indicated  for  arc  lighting  and  incandescent 
lighting  in  general. 

Electrical  signs  have  become  quite  an  important  feature  of 
central  station  work.  These  signs  are  usually  lighted  by  in- 
candescent lamps,  and  the  income  from  this  service  should  be 
accounted  for  under  the  proper  item  of  inquiry  16,  and  the  number 
of  lamps  wired  for  service  included  under  inquiry  6. 

Under  normal  conditions  the  net  income — i.  e.,  the  total  income 
for  the  year  as  reported  in  inquiry  16,  less  the  total  expenses  of 
operation  and  maintenance  (the  sum  of  the  totals  of  inquiries  13, 
14,  and  15) — should  be  sufficient  to  pay  the  dividends  on  stock 
and  the  interest  on  bonds  reported  in  inquiry  17.  If  the  net  income 
is  not  sufficient  to  pay  the  dividends  and  interest  for  the  year,  or  if 
a  net  deficit  is  indicated  for  the  year's  operations,  attention  should 
be  called  to  this  fact,  and  if  found  correct,  explanation  made  under 
"remarks." 

Inquiry  17. — CAprrAL  stock,  bonds,  dividends,  and  interest. 

Account  for  the  entire  amount  of  stock  and  bonds  authorized 
by  charter  and  the  amount  outstanding  on  the  last  day  of  the 
year  covered  by  the  report.  Give  full  amount  of  dividends  de- 
clared and  interest  paid  or  due  for  the  year.  The  rate  of  interest 
should  always  be  stated,  even  though  no  interest  may  have  been 
paid  or  due  for  the  year. 

If  some  other  industry  is  carried  on  in  connection  with  and  by 
the  use  of  the  same  capitalization,  the  estimated  proportion  charge- 
able to  the  electric  light  and  power  plant  department  may  be 
based  upon  the  ratio  between  the  income  of  the  lighting  plant 
and  the  total  income  from  all  departments  represented  by  the 
entire  capital  liability. 


Inquiry  18. — Poles  purchased  during  1907. 

This  inquiry  is  separate  and  distinct  and  bears  no  direct  relation 
to  the  other  inquiries  of  the  schedule.  The  instructions  on  the 
schedule  should  be  applied,  and  the  questions  answered  for  all 
companies  or  plants. 

MUNICIPAL   PLANTS. 

Schedule  B2-231  is  prepared  primarily  for  plants  owned  by 
individuals,  companies,  or  corporations.  In  applying  this  sched- 
ule to  plants  owned  and  operated  by  municipalities  certain  changes 
will  be  necessary.  These  changes  should  be  made  by  the  agent, 
and  additional  information,  when  required,  must  be  given  under 
"remarks"  on  the  last  page  of  the  schedule. 

It  will  often  occur  that  the  administration  of  a  municipal  plant 
is  assigned  to  a  public  officer  or  officers  performing  other  duties,  or 
that  a  part  or  all  of  the  labor  of  collecting  and  accounting  is  done  in 
the  office  of  some  other  department — waterworks,  for  example. 
If,  in  these  cases,  a  general  account  is  kept  for  two  or  more  depart- 
ments, such  as  water,  streets,  etc.,  the  expenses  for  the  electric 
plant  should  be  apportioned  equitably.  The  following  plan  is 
suggested  to  aid  in  arriving  at  an  equita,ble  apportionment  of  the 
salaries,  wages,  miscellaneous  expenses,  etc.:  For  officers,  clerks, 
and  all  employees,  charge  to  each  service  the  same  proportion  of  the 
total  amount  paid  in  salaries  or  wages  as  the  time  devoted  to  that 
service  constitutes  of  the  whole  time  worked;  for  rent  and  all 
sundry  office  expenses,  charge  in  proportion  to  the  income  of  each 
service;  for  insurance,  taxes,  law  expenses,  interest,  and  all  con- 
tingent expenses,  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  investment;  for 
fuel,  water,  and  all  other  power  expenses,  in  proportion  to  the  horse- 
power utilized  by  each  service. 

Inquiry  12 — Cost  of  plant. — The  installation  of  municipal  plants 
is  frequently  attended  by  a  preliminary  cost  for  experts'  reports, 
engineering  plans,  specifications,  printing,  advertising,  holding  a 
special  election,  traveling  inspection  by  a  special  committee,  etc., 
which  would  not,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  be  included  in  the 
cost  of  the  plant.  Care  must  be  taken  in  all  cases  of  this  character 
to  include  such  expenses  in  answer  to  this  inquiry. 

Inquiry  16 — Income. — As  shown  by  the  instructions  on  the  sched- 
ule, the  income  for  municipal  plants  must  include  not  only  the 
actual  cash  received  for  service  to  private  interests,  but  also  the 
value  of  the  service  to  the  city  if  paid  for  at  prevailing  commercial 
rates,  because  the  industry  must  be  charged  with  all  expenditures 
incident  to  it  for  the  year  and  therefore  should  be  credited  with  an 
income  for  all  service  rendered  and  which  was  made  possible  by 
the  expenditure.  As  called  for  by  the  last  subquestion  of  the 
inquiry,  an  estimate  of  the  income  of  the  municipality's  own  free 
service  is  required  separately. 

Inquiry  11 — Capital  stock,  bonds,  dividends,  and  interest. — The 
portion  of  the  inquiry  relative  to  capital  stock  and  dividends 
is  not  applicable  to  municipal  plants.  As  a  rule  there  is  a  special 
bond  issue  to  cover  the  installation  of  the  electric  plant.  The 
amount  of  such  bonds  authorized  by  the  special  act  and  the  amount 
outstanding  at  the  end  of  the  year,  together  with  the  interest  paid 
or  due  for  the  year,  should  be  reported.  If,  however,  there  was  no 
special  Issue  of  bonds,  the  cost  of  the  electric  plant  being  met  by 
proceeds  of  a  general  bond  issue  or  special  tax  fund,  a  full  explana- 
tion of  the  arrangement  and  a  description  of  the  general  bond  issue 
or  special  tax  should  be  given  under  "remarks." 


INDEX 


Alabama,  increase  in  total  cost  of  construc- 
tion, 71.     See  also  States  and  territories. 

American  Institute  of  Eleetrical  Engineers, 
description  of  illumination  at  twenty-fifth 
anniversary  of,  112. 

Apparatus,  miscellaneous,  kilowatt  capacity 
•  of,  for  commercial  and  municipal  stations 
(combined),  135,  136;  for  commercial  sta- 
tions, 151,  152;  for  municipal  stations,  169. 

Appleton,  Joseph,  extract  from  paper  Con- 
cerning batteries,  106. 

Arc  lamps,  number  of,  for  commercial  sta- 
tions, 53,  54;  for  municipal  stations,  53, 
54;  for  commercial  and  municipal  sta- 
tions (combined),  127;  average  per  station, 
60;  supplies  and  repairs,  cost  of,  for  com- 
mercial stations,  93,  161;  for  municipal 
stations,  93,  175;  for  commercial  and  mu- 
nicipal stations  (combined),  141;  rapid 
development  of  new  types,  106. 

flaming,  types  of,  106. 

hmiinous  magnetite,  description  of,  107. 

wired  for  service,  number  of,  for  cen- 
tral stations  operated  by  street-railway 
companies,  17,  180;  for  commercial  and 
municipal  stations  (combined),  138;  for 
commercial  stations,  154;  for  municipal 
stations,  170.  See  also  Lamps,  arc  and 
incandescent. 

Arc  lighting,  number  of  stations  selling  cur- 
rent, 59.    5e«  aZso  Arc  lamps. 

Arch  lighting,  varieties  of.  111. 

Arizona,  decrease  in  total  cost  of  new  con- 
struction, 73.  See  also  States  and  terri- 
tories. 

Arkansas,  increase  in  total  cost  of  new  con- 
struction, 73.  See  also  States  and  terri- 
tories. 

Aurora,  111.,  installation  of  arch  lighting.  111. 

Automobiles,  supply  of  current  for,  by  cen- 
tral station,  115;  income  from  charging, 
for  commercial  and  municipal  stations 
(combined),  142;  for  commercial  stations, 
159;  for  municipal  stations,  176. 

Ballard,  R.  H.,  on  transmission  of  current, 
102. 

Baltimore,  Md.,  number  and  horsepower  of 
steam  turbines,  42. 

Bath,  111.,  primary  power  and  dynamo 
capacity,  for  municipal  station,  26. 

Bell,  Dr.  Louis,  on  power  transmission,  102; 
decision  as  to  candlepower  of  mercury 
vapor  lamps,  113. 

Big  Horn,  Wyo.,  utilization  of  water  pres- 
sure for  dams,  99. 

Big  Rapids,  Mich.,  description  of  arch  light- 
ing, 111. 

Board  of  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Commis- 
sioners (Mass.),  meters  examined  and 
tested  by,  118;  decision  regarding  rates, 
123. 

Bonds,  authorized  and  outstanding,  par 
value,  for  commercial  stations,  157;  for 
municipal  stations,  172. 

Bookkeepers.    See  Clerks  and  bookkeepers. 

Boosters,  number  and  kilowatt  capacity  of, 
for  commercial  and  municipal  stations 
(combined),  135;  for  commercial  stations, 
151;  for  municipal  stations,  169. 

Boston,  Mass.,  number  and  horsepower  of 
steam  turbines,  42. 

Boston  Edison  Company,  increase  in  area  of 
system,  96. 


"Breakdown"  service.  See  Service, 
"breakdown." 

Brooklyn  Edison  Company,  amount  re- 
ceived per  month  for  service,  114. 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  number  of  fans  for  refrigerat- 
ing purposes,  115. 

Buildmgs  and  machinery,  repairs  of.  See 
Repairs  of  buildings  and  machinery. 

Cable.    See  Wire  and  cable. 

California,  number  of  plants  for  generation 
of  electricity,  22;  horsepower  of  steam 
power,  39;  number  and  horsepower  of 
steam  engines,  41;  of  stationary  motors, 
59;  horsepower  of  gas  engines,  42;  in- 
crease in  water  power,  43;  kilowatt  ca- 
pacity of  dynamos,  49;  lamps,  arc  and  in- 
candescent, 56;  meters  on  consumption 
circuits,  57;  number  and  kilowatt  capac- 
ity of  transformers  in  circuits,  58;  increase 
in  total  cost  of  construction,  71;  rank,  in 
expenditure  for  new  construction,  73; 
cost  of  construction,  for  commercial  sta- 
tions, 74;  gross  income,  82;  from  com- 
mercial and  public  lighting,  86;  from  sta- 
tionary-motor service,  87;  from  current 
sold  to  electric  railways  and  to  other  elec- 
tric companies,  88;  method  of  holding  up 
wires,  102;  length  of  circuits,  102.  See 
also  States  and  territories. 

California  Gas  and  Electric  Corporation, 
horsepower  and  dimension  of  engines,  98. 

Callahan,  E.  I.,  on  advantages  of  electric- 
heating  load,  116. 

Canada,  rates  for  testing  meters,  118. 

Canadian  Niagara  Power  Company,  capac- 
ity of  turbines,  100. 

Canvass,  basis  of,  15. 

Capital, difBcultyattendingsegregation  of,  13. 

Capital  stock,  amount  of,  for  companies  re- 
porting capitalization,  65,  67,  68;  au- 
thorized and  outstanding,  par  value,  for 
commercial  stations,  156.  See  also  Capi- 
talization. 

Capitalization,  increase  in,  61;  number  of 
companies  reporting,  61,  63-65;  amount 
of,  for  purely  electric  and  composite  com- 
panies, 62,  63;  for  commercial  companies, 
(57;  for  incorporated  companies,  74,  75; 
distribution  between  electric  light  and 
power  industry  and  allied  industries,  63; 
per  cent  distribution  and  average  per 
company,  68. 

Cells,  storage  battery.  See  Storage-battery 
cells. 

Cells  in  storage  batteries,  number  of,  for 
commercial  and  municipal  stations  (com- 
bined), 136;  for  commercial  stations,  152. 

Central  stations,  number  of,  16;  relation  of 
leading  items  to  population,  22,  24;  gener- 
ating equipment,  for  selected  cities,  24, 
25;  dynamo  capacity,  27;  comparison  with 
gas  plants,  28;  with  electric  railways,  36, 
52;  primary-power  machines,  35;  primary 
power,  by  states,  diagram,  37;  steam  and 
water  power,  by  states,  diagram,  40; 
steam  turbines,  for  selected  cities,  42; 
dynamos,  44-48;  output  of  generating  sta- 
tions, 50,  51;  lamp  equipment,  56;  meters 
on  consumption  circuits,  for  selected  states, 
57;  transformers  in  circuits,  58;  stationary 
motors,  59;  gross  income,  maps,  77;  for 
selected  states,  82,  86;  changes  in  use  of 
steam  power,  97. 


Central  stations  and  gas  plants,  comparative 
summary,  28. 

Central  stations  operated  by  street-railway 
companies,  summary  of  statistics,  17. 

Chicago,  111.,  number  and  horsepower  of 
steam  turbines,  25,  42;  primary  power  and 
dynamo  capacity,  for  municipal  station, 
26. 

Chicago  City  Railway,  cost  of  contract  for 
electrical  energy,  114. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  number  and  horsepower  of 
steam  turbines,  42. 

Clerks  and  bookkeepers,  number  and  sala- 
ries of,  for  commercial  and  municipal 
stations  (combined),  143;  for  commercial 
stations,  162;  for  municipal  stations,  177. 

Cleveland,  Ohio,  number  and  horsepower  of 
steam  turbines,  42. 

Coal.    See  Fuel. 

Colorado,  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos,  49; 
increase  in  total  cost  of  construction,  71; 
cost  of  construction,  for  commercial  sta- 
tions, 74;  gross  income,  from  commercial 
and  public  lighting,  86;  from  stationary- 
motor  service,  87.  See  also  States  and 
territories. 

Commercial  and  municipal  stations  (com- 
bined), number  of,  72;  cost  of  plants  and 
equipment,  72;  of  construction,  73;  gross 
income,  79;  by  kind  of  power  used,  83; 
for  stations  with  and  without  meters  on 
consumption  circuits,  84;  from  stationary- 
motor  service,  for  selected  states,  87; 
from  current  sold  to  electric  railways  and 
to  other  electric  companies,  88;  expenses, 
91,  145;  summary,  126;  primary  power 
and  generating  equipment,130. 

Commercial  companies,  capitalization  of,  61; 
classified  according  to  dynamo  capacity  of 
stations,  67. 

Commercial  stations,  comparison  with  mu- 
nicipal stations,  13;  number  of,  16;  by 
character  of  ownership,  17;  by  dynamo 
capacity,  26;  kind  of  associated  enter- 
pnses,  27;  changed  to  municipal,  29;  pri- 
mary-power machines,  36,  38;  number  and 
horsepower  of  steam  engines  and  steam 
turbines  (combined),  38;  of  steam  engines, 
39;  of  steam  turbines,  41;  of  water  wheels, 
43;  average  horsepower  per  station  and  per 
machine,  43;  kinds  of  primary  power,  44; 
dynamos,  46,  47;  miscellaneous  main-sta- 
tion equipment,  49;  sub.station  equip- 
ment, 49;  output  of  generating  stations, 
50;  lamps,  meters,  transformers  in  circuits, 
and  stationary  motors,  53,  60;  arc  lamps, 
53, 54 ;  incandescent  lamps,  53, 55;  dynamo 
capacity,  67;  total  cost  of  plants  and  equip- 
ment, 70,  72;  of  construction,  70,  74;  gross 
income,  76,  80,  158,  159;  for  stations  with 
and  without  meters  on  consumption  cir- 
cuits, 84;  from  commercial  and  public 
lighting,  85;  from  current  sold  to  electric 
railways,  87,  88;  from  miscellaneous  elec- 
tric service,  88;  expenses,  89,  95,  164;  em- 
ployees, salaries,  and  wages,  92,  162,  163; 
cost  of  supplies,  materials,  and  fuel,  93,  94, 
160,  161;  primary  power  and  generating 
equipment,  146;  substation  equipment, 
motors,  transformers,  meters,  customers, 
and  output  of  stations,  152;  analysis  of 
service,  154;  character  of  ownership,  serv- 
ice, capitalization,  and  cost  of  construction 
and  equipment,  156. 

(193) 


194 


INDEX. 


Common  stock,  classification  of,  65.  See  also 
Capital  stock. 

Commonwealth  Edison  Company  (Chicago), 
development  of  stations  by,  97;  capacity 
of  vertical-shaft  machine,  101;  sale  of  elec- 
trical energy  for  power  purposes,  114; 
rates  charged,  121. 

Companies,  number  of,  reporting  capitaliza- 
tion, 64,  65;  funded  debt,  66,  67;  paying 
and  not  paying  dividends  on  preferred 
stock,  66;  dynamo  capacity,  68. 

incorporated,  average  rate  of  return  on 

capitalization  of,  62. 

without  generating  equipment,  number 

of,  67,  68. 

"Composite,"  use  of  term,  13. 

Composite  central  stations,  number  of,  27; 
gross  income,  78;  expenses,  90. 

Composite  commercial  stations,  number  and 
gross  income  of,  81. 

Composite  companies,  number  and  capital- 
ization of,  63. 

Composite  municipal  stations,  funded  debt 
and  interest  of,  69;  number  and  gross  in- 
come, 81. 

Conduits,  rent  of.  See  Rent  of  stations,  line- 
wire  supports,  and  conduits. 

Connecticut,  number  and  horsepower  of 
internal-combustion  oil  engines,  42;  kilo- 
watt capacity  of  dynamos,  49;  gross  in- 
come from  stationary-motor  service,  87. 
See  also  States  and  territories. 

Conservation  conference,  subject  of  study, 
97. 

Construction,  cost  of,  70,  73,  74;  increase  in, 
71.    Se« ato  Construction  and  equipment. 

Construction  and  equipment,  cost  of,  for 
commercial  stations,  16,  18,  157;  for  mu- 
nicipal stations,  16,  30,  172;  for  purely 
electric  and  composite  stations,  19,  20;  for 
central  electric  stations  and  gas  plants,  28; 
for  stations  under  construction,  74,  75; 
for  commercial  and  municipal  stations 
(combined),  126. 

Cooking,  electric,  data  concerning,  115, 116. 

Cooley,  Professor,  on  perpetual  and  limited 
franchise,  121. 

Current  sold  to  other  electric  companies,  in- 
come from,  tor  commercial  and  municipal 
stations  (combined),  142;  for  commercial 
stations,  159;  for  municipal  stations,  176; 
for  central  stations  operated  by  street- 
railway  companies,  182. 

Custer  Reservoir  (Colo.),  height  of  dam,  99. 

Customers  furnished  electric  current,  num- 
ber of,  for  commercial  and  municipal  sta- 
tions (combined),  137;  for  commercial  sta- 
tions, 153;  for  municipal  stations,  165. 

Damages.     See  Injuries  and  damages. 

Delaware,  deorease  in  total  cost  of  new  con- 
struction, 73.  See  also  States  and  terri- 
tories. 

Delta,  Pa.,  utilization  of  water  power  for 
dam,  99. 

Denver,  Colo.,  number  and  horsepower  of 
steam  turbines,  42;  number  of  fans  for 
refrigerating  purposes,  115;  rate  system, 
123. 

Denver  Gas  and  Electric  Company,  change 
from  direct  to  alternating  current,  104. 

Detroit,  Mich.,  establishment  of  new  plant, 
-104. 

Distribution,  methods  of,  103. 

Dividends  and  interest,  amount  of,  63,  156, 
157;  analysis  of,  64,  per  cent  distribution, 
68.     See  also  Capitalization. 

Doherty  system,  basis  of,  123. 

Duffy,  C.  M.,  uniform  accounting  approved 
by,  122. 

Dunham,    ,    data    regarding    meter 

measurement,  119. 

Dynamocapacity,  of  commercial  and  munici- 
pal stations,  26;  of  purely  electric  and  com- 
posite stations,  27;  of  central  stations,  27. 


Dynamos,  number  and  kilowatt  capacity  of, 
for  commercial  stations,  16,  18,  44,  46,  148; 
for  municipal  stations,  16,  44,  46,  167; 
for  purely  electric  and  composite  stations, 
19;  for  central  stations,  44,  47,  48;  for 
electric  railways,  44 ;  relation  to  popula- 
tion, 22,  31;  average  kilowatt  capacity  per 
station  and  per  machine,  46;  for  selected 
states,  49;  cost  per  kilowatt  capacity,  70. 

Edison  Electric  Illuminating  Company  (Bos- 
ton), system  of  rates,  123. 

Electric  light  and  power  industry,  bonds 
outstanding  and  interest,  69. 

Electric  power,  development  in,  113. 

Electrical  Development  Company  (Niagara 
Falls,  Ont.),  capacity  of  turbines,  100. 

Electrical  energy,  development  and  use  of, 
22. 

Ellicott  City,  Md.,  utilization  of  water 
power  for  dam,  99. 

Employees,  miscellaneous,  number  and 
wages  of,  for  commercial  and  municipal 
stations  (combined),  144;  for  commercial 
stations,  163;  for  municipal  stations,  178. 

salaried.     See  Salariecl  employees. 

Engineers,  number  and  wages  of,  for  com- 
mercial and  municipal  stations  (com- 
bined'), 144;  for  commercial  stations,  163; 
for  municipal  stations,  178. 

Engines,  auxiliary,  number  and  horsepower 
of,  for  commercial  stations,  18,  36,  148; 
for  purely  electric  and  composite  stations, 
19;  for  central  stations  and  electric  rail- 
ways, 35;  for  municipal  stations,  36,  167; 
for  commercial  and  municipal  stations 
(combined),  132;  average  horsepower  per 
station  and  per  machine,  43. 

gas,  number  of,  for  commercial  stations, 

16,  18,  36,  148;  for  municipal  stations, 
16, 36, 167 ;  for  purely  electric  and  compos- 
ite stations,  19;  for  central  stations  and 
electric  railways,  35;  for  commercial  and 
municipalstations(combined),132;  classes 
of,  42;  average  horsepower  per  station 
and  per  machine,  43;  description  of,  98. 

internal-combustion  oil,   number  and 

horsepower  of,  42;  description  of,  98. 

reciprocating,  installation  of,  97. 

steam,  number  of,  for  commercial  sta- 
tions, 18,  36,  146;  for  purely  electric  and 
composite  stations,  19;  for  central  stations 
and  electric  railways,  35;  for  municipal 
stations,  36,  166;  for  commercial  and  mu- 
nicipal stations  (combined),  130. 

Engines  and  water  wheels,  horsepower  of,  22, 
127 ;  average  cost  per  horsepower  capacity, 
70. 

Equipment,  number  and  kilowatt  capacity 
of  substation,  49;  generating  and  other 
main-station,  132,  148,  167. 

miscellaneous    main-station,     number 

and  kilowatt  capacity  of,  49.  See  also 
Construction  and  equipment. 

Establishments,  number  of,  for  central  elec- 
tric stations  and  gas  plants,  28. 

Expenses,  for  commercial  stations,  16,  18, 
89,  158, 164;  tor  municipal  stations,  16,  31, 
89,  173,  179;  for  purely  electric  and  com- 
posite stations,  19,  20,  90;  for  commer- 
cial and  municipal  stations  (combined), 
91,  126,  145. 

miscellaneous,  for  commercial  stations, 

89,  95,  164;  for  municipal  stations,  89,  95, 
179;  for  purely  electric  and  composite 
stations,  90;  for  commercial  and  municipal 
stations  (combined),  91,  145. 

Fans,  for  refrigerating  purposes,  number  of, 
in  specified  cities,  115. 

Flatirons,  electric,  introduction  and  use  of, 
116. 

Florida,  increase  in  total  cost  of  new  con- 
struction, 73.  See  also  States  and  terri- 
tories. 


Foremen,  average  number  and  wages  of,  for 
commercial  and  municipal  stations  (com- 
bined), 144;  tor  commercial  stations,  163; 
for  municipal  stations,  178. 

Freight,  cost  of,  for  commercial  stations,  93, 
161;  for  municipal  stations,  93,  175;  for 
commercial  and  municipal  stations  (com- 
bined), 141. 

Fuel,  cost  of,  for  commercial  stations,  89, 
94,  161;  for  municipal  stations,  89,  94,  175; 
tor  purely  electric  and  composite  stations, 
90;  tor  commercial  and  municipal  stations 
(combined),  91,  127,  141.  See  also  Sup- 
plies, materials,  and  fuel. 

Funded  debt,  companies  reporting,  66,  67; 
per  cent  distribution,  according  to  dynamo 
capacity,  68;  amount  of,  for  municipal  sta- 
tions, 69 ;  tor  purely  electric  and  composite' 
stations,  69.     See  also  Capitalization. 

Ganz,  Prof.  Albert  F.,  on  popularity  of 
metallic-filament  lamps,  108. 

Gas,  manufactured  and  natural.    See  Fuel. 

Gas  engines.     See  Engines,  gas. 

Gas  plants.  See  Central  stations  and  gas 
plants. 

"Gem"  lamps,  number  of,  57;  power  con- 
sumption, 108;  carbon  lamps  replaced  by, 
109. 

Generating  equipment,  number  and  kilo- 
watt capacity  of  dynamos,  for  commercial 
stations,  16, 18, 148;  for  municipal  stations, 
16,  167;  for  purely  electric  and  composite 
stations,  19,  20;  for  commercial  and  munici- 
pal stations  (combined),  132.  See  also 
Equipment. 

Generators,  data  concerning,  100. 

Georgia,  increase  in  water  power,  43;  in  total 
cost  of  construction,  71;  kilowatt  capacity 
of  dynamos,  49.  See  also  States  and  terri- 
tories. 

"Glower"  lamps.  See  Nemst  or  "glower" 
lamps. 

Gossler  system,  adoption  of,  113. 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  description  of  arch 
lighting.  111. 

Great  Northern  Company  (Duluth,  Minn.), 
capacity  of  transformers,  105. 

Great  Western  Power  Comf)any  (Cal.),  capac- 
ity of  transformers,  105. 

Hartford,  Conn.,  number  and  horsepower  of 
steam  turbines,  42. 

Hartford  Electric  Light  Company,  variation 
in  meter  practice,  by  introduction  of  tung- 
sten lamps,  119. 

Hawaii.     See  States  and  territories. 

Heating,  electric,  income  from,  for  com- 
mercial and  municipal  stations  (com- 
bined), 142;  for  commercial  stations,  159; 
for  municipal  stations,  176. 

Heating  and  cooking,  electric,  cost  of,  com- 
pared with  other  methods,  115.  See  also 
Cooking,  electric. 

Hewitt,  Dr.  Peter  Cooper,  introduction  of 
mercury  vapor  lamps  by,  113. 

Idaho.     See  States  and  territories. 

Illinois,  horsepower  of  steam  power,  39; 
number  and  horsepower  of  steam  engines, 
41 ;  of  internal-combustion  oil  engines,  42; 
of  stationary  motors,  59;  kilowatt  capacity 
of  dynamos,  49;  lamps,  arc  and  incan- 
descent, 56;  meters  on  consumption  cir- 
cuits, 57;  number  and  kilowatt  capac- 
ity of  transformers  in  circuits,  58;  increase 
in  total  cost  of  construction,  71;  rank, 
in  expenditure  for  new  construction,  73; 
cost  of  construction,  for  commercial  sta- 
tions, 74;  gross  income,  82;  from  commer- 
cial and  public  lighting,  86;  from  sta- 
tionary-motor service,  87;  from  current 
sold  to  electric  railways  and  to  other 
electric  companies,  88.  See  also  States 
and  territories. 


INDEX. 


195 


Incandescent  lamps,  number  of,  for  commer- 
cial st»tions,  55, 160;  for  municipal  stations, 
55,  174;  for  commercial  and  municipal  sta- 
tions (combined),  127,  140;  average  per 
station,  60;  cost  of,  for  commercial  stations, 
93,  160;  for  municipal  stations,  93,  174;  for 
commercial  and  municipal  stations  (com- 
bined), 140;  change  from  carbon-filament 
to  metallic-filament,  108. 

having  filament  of  tungsten,  consump- 
tion of,  109. 

wired  for  service,  number  of,  for  cen- 
tral stations  operated  by  street-railway 
companies,  17,  181;  for  commercial  and 
municipal  stations  (combined),  1:50;  for 
commercial  stations,  155;  for  municipal 
stations,  171.  See  also  Lamps,  arc  and  in- 
candescent. 

Incandescent  lighting,  number  of  stations 
selling  current,  59. 

Income,  amount  of,  for  central  stations  op- 
erated by  street-railway  companies,  17, 
182:  for  commercial  stations,  16,  18,  76, 
80,  84, 158;  for  municipal  stations,  16,  30, 
76,  80,  84,  173,  176;  for  purely  electric 
and  composite  stations,  19,  20,  78,  80,  81; 
for  central  stations,  77,  82;  for  central  sta- 
tions and  gas  plants,  28;  for  c<immercial 
and  municipal  stations  (combined),  79, 
83,  126;  from  commercial  and  public  light- 
ing, 85,  86;  from  stationary-motor  service, 
87;  from  current  sold  to  electric  railways 
and  to  other  electric  companies,  87,  88. 

Incorporated  companies.  See  Companies, 
incorporated. 

Indiana,  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos,  49; 
meters  on  consumption  circuits,  57;  num- 
ber and  kilowatt  capacity  of  transformers 
in  circuits,  58;  increase  in  total  cost  of 
construction,  71;  gross  income,  82;  from 
commercial  and  public  lighting,  86;  from 
stationary-motor  service,  87;  from  current 
sold  to  electric  railways  and  to  other 
electric  companies,  88.  See  also  States 
and  territories. 

Indiana  and  Michigan  Electric  Company, 
character  of  water-power  plant,  99. 

Indiano.pnlis,  Ind.,  number  and  horsepower 
of  steam  turbines,  42. 

Injuries  and  damages,  cost  of,  for  commercial 
stations,  95,  164;  for  municipal  stations, 
95,  179;  for  commercial  and  municipal 
stations  (combined),  145. 

Inspectors,  average  number  and  wages  of, 
for  commercial  and  municipal  stations 
(combined  I,  144;  for  commercial  stations, 
163;  for  municipal  stations,  178. 

Insurance,  cost  of,  for  commercial  stations, 
95,  164;  for  mimicipal  stations,  95,  179; 
for  commercial  and  municipal  stations 
(combined),  115.  See  also  Rents,  taxes, 
and  insurance. 

Interest.     See  Dividends  and  interest. 

Iowa,  decrease  in  total  cost  of  new  construc- 
tion, 73;  gross  income,  from  commercial  and 
pulilic  lighting,  86;  from  stationary-motor 
service,  87. 

Kansas,  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos,  49; 
gross  income  from  stationary-motor  service, 
87.     See  also  States  and  territories. 

Keene  Gas  and  Electric  Company  (N.  H.), 
complex  use  of  power,  98. 

Kentucky,  decrease  in  total  cost  of  new  con- 
struction, 73;  gross  income  from  station- 
ary-motor service,  87.  See  also  States  and 
territories. 

La  Crosse  Gas  and  Electric  Company,  ap- 
plication for  higher  rates,  120. 

Lamp  fittings  (except  for  arc  lamps),  cost  of, 
for  commercial  stations,  93,  160;  for  mu- 
nicipal stations,  93,  175;  for  commercial 
and  municipal  stations  (combined),  140. 


Lamps,  arc  and  incandescent,  total  number 
of,  22,  53;  for  central  stations  and  electric 
railways,  52;  for  selected  states,  56;  aver- 
age income  from,  86. 

other  than  arc  and  incandescent,  num- 
ber of,  for  central  stations  and  electric 
railways,  52;  for  commercial  stations,  53, 
55, 160;  for  municipal  stations,  53,  55,  171; 
for  central  stations,  57;  for  commercial 
and  municipal  stations  (combined),  140; 
for  central  stations  operated  by  street-rail- 
way companies,  181. 

quartz  mercury  vapor,  specific  con- 
sumption of,  113. 

used  by  central  stations  to  light  their 

own  properties,  52,  53. 

wired  for  service,  number  of,  for  com- 
mercial stations,  16,  18,  154;  for  municipal 
stations,  16,  31,  170;  for  central  stations 
operated  by  street-railway  companies,  17, 
180;  for  purely  electric  and  composite 
stations,  19,  20;  for  commercial  and  mu- 
nicipal stations  (combined),  138,  139. 
See  also  Arc  lamps  and  Incandescent 
lamps. 

Layman,  \V.  K.,  quoted  concerning  trans- 
formers, 105. 

Line  construction,  scope  of  inquiry,  60. 

Line-wire  supports,  rent  of.  See  Rent  of 
stations,  line-wire  supports,  and  conduits. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  number  and  horsepower 
of  steam  turbines,  42;  permits  issued  in 
regard  to  street  lighting,  111. 

Los  Angeles  (Cal.)  Edison  Company,  fre- 
quency of  transmissions,  102. 

Louisiana,  number  and  horsepower  of  in- 
ternal-combustion oil  engines,  42.  See 
also  Stales  and  territories. 

Louisville,  Ky.,  number  and  horsepower  of 
steam  turbines,  42. 

Lynchburg,  Va.,  power-plant  equipment, 
100. 

Machinery,  repairs  of.  See  Repairs  of  build- 
ings and  machinery. 

Maine,  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos,  49; 
decrease  in  total  cost  of  new  construction, 
73;  gross  income  from  stationary-motor 
service,  87.     See  also  States  and  territories. 

Managers  and  superintendents,  number  and 
salaries  of,  for  commercial  and  municipal 
stations  (combined),  143;  for  commercial 
stations,  162;    for  municipal  stations,  177. 

Maryland,  number  and  horsepower  of  steam 
engines,  41 ;  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos, 
49;  increase  in  total  cost  of  construction, 
71;  cost  of  construction,  for  commercial 
stations,  74;  gross  income  from  stationary- 
motor  service,  87.  See  also  States  and 
territories. 

Massachusetts,  horsepower  of  steam  power, 
39;  number  and  horsepower  of  internal- 
combustion  oil  engines,  42;  of  stationary 
motors,  59;  kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos, 
49;  lamps,  arc  and  incandescent,  56; 
meters  on  consumption  circuits,  57;  num- 
ber and  kilowatt  capacity  of  transformers 
in  circuits,  58;  increase  in  total  cost  of 
construction,  71;  decrease  in  total  cost  of 
new  construction,  73;  cost  of  construction, 
for  commercial  stations,  74;  gross  income, 
82;  from  commercial  and  public  lighting, 
86;  fromstationary-motorservice,  87;  from 
current  sold  to  electric  railways  and  to 
other  electric  companies,  88;  rates  for  test- 
ing meters,  118.  See  also  States  and  terri- 
tories. 

Materials.    See  Supplies,  materials,  and  fuel. 

Mercurj^  vapor  lamps,  use  of,  for  photo- 
graphic purposes,  113. 

Meridian  lamps,  number  of,  57. 

Meters,  number  and  cost  of,  for  commercial 
stations,  93,  160;  for  municipal  stations, 
93,  174;  for  commercial  and  municipal 
stations  (combined),  140;    testing  of,  119. 


Meters,  electric,  data  regarding,  117;  fees 
charged  for  testing,  118. 

I  on  consumption  circuits,  number  of,  for 

j  central  stations  operated  by  street-railway 
companies,  17,  181;  for  central  stations 
and  electric  railways,  52;  for  commercial 
stations,  53,  153;  for  municipal  stations, 
53,  165;  for  commercial  and  municipal 
stations  (combined),  137;  average  per  sta- 
tion, 60. 

Michigan,  increase  in  water  power,  43;  kilo- 
watt capacity  of  dynamos,  49;  lamps,  arc 
and  incandescent,  56;  meters  on  con- 
sumption circuits,  57;  number  and  kilo- 
watt capacity  of  transformers  in  circuits, 
58;  number  and  horsepower  of  stationary 
motors,  59;  increase  in  total  cost  of  con- 
struction, 71;  costof  construction,  for  com- 
mercial stations,  74;  gross  income,  82;  from 
commercial  and  public  lighting,  86;  from 
stationary-motor  service,  87;  from  current 
sold  to  electric  railways  and  to  other  elec- 
tric companies,  88;  arch  lighting,  111.  See 
also  States  and  territories. 

Michigan  Electric  Association,  data  of  com- 
mittee regarding  electric  heating  and  cook- 
ing, 116. 

Minneapolis,  Minn.,  description  of  arch 
lighting.  111. 

Minneapolis  General  Electric  Company, 
arch  lighting  installed  by.  111;  rates 
charged,  120. 

Minnesota,  increase  in  water  power,  43; 
kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos,  49;  increase 
in  total  cost  of  construction,  71;  cost  of 
construction,  for  commercial  stations,  74; 

foss  income,  from  commercial  and  public 
jhting,  86;  from  stationary-motor  serv- 
ice, 87.    See  also  States  and  territories. 

Mississippi.    See  States  and  territories. 

Missouri,  horsepower  of  steam  power,  39; 
kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos,  49;  lamps, 
arc  and  incandescent,  56;  number  and 
horsepower  capacity  of  stationary  motors, 
59;  increase  in  total  cost  of  construction, 
71;  gross  income,  82;  from  commercial  and 
public  lighting,  86;  from  stationary-motor 
service,  87;  from  current  sold  to  electric 
railways  and  to  other  electric  companies, 
88.     See  also  States  and  territories. 

Montana,  increase  in  water  power,  43;  in 
total  costof  construction,  71;  gross  income 
from  stationary-motor  service,  87.  .See 
also  States  and  territories. 

Montreal  Heat,  Light,  and  Power  Company, 
classes  of  customers  using  Gossler  svstem, 
113. 

Moore  tube  system,  progress  in,  113. 

Motor  service,  development  of,  for  refriger- 
ating purposes,  114. 

Motors,  number  and  cost  of,  for  commercial 
stations,  93,  160;  for  municipal  stations, 
93,  174;  for  commercial  and  municipal 
stations  (combined),  140. 

stationary,  number  and  horsepower  of, 

for  central  stations  operated  by  street-rail- 
way companies,  17;  for  central  stations 
and  electric  railways,  52;  for  commercial 
stations,  53,  1-53,  155;  for  municipal  sta- 
tions, 53,  165,  171;  for  commercial  and 
municipal  stations  (combined),  137,  139; 
average  per  station,  60. 

Municipal  stations,  comparison  with  commer- 
cial stations,  13;  number  of,  16,  29,  30;  by 
dynamo  capacity,  26;  kind  of  associated 
enterprises,  27;  supplying  and  not  supply- 
ing electric  service  in  cities  where  located, 
32,  33;  per  cent  distribution  of  income,  34; 
primary-power  machines,  36,  38;  number 
and  horsepower  of  steam  engines  and  steam 
turbines  (combined),  38;  of  steam  engines, 
39;  of  steam  turbines,  41;  of  water  wheels, 
43;  average  horsepower  per  station  and 
per  machine,  43;  kinds  of  primary  power, 
44;  dynamos,  46,  47:  miscellaneous  main- 


196 


INDEX. 


station  equipment,  49;  substation  equip- 
ment, 49;  output  ol  generating  stations, 
50,  lamps,  meters,  transformers  in  cir- 
cuits, and  stationary  motors,  53,  60;  arc 
lamps.  53,  54,  incandescent  lamps,  53,  55; 
funded  debt  and  interest,  69;  distribution 
of  funded  debt  and  interest  between  elec- 
tric light  and  power  industry  and  allied 
industries,  69,  total  cost  of  plants  and 
equipment,  70,  72;  of  construction,  70; 
gross  income,  76,  80,  173,  176;  for  stations 
with  and  without  meters  on  consumption 
circuits,  84,  from  commercial  and  public 
lighting,  85;  from  current  sold  to  electric 
railways,  87, 88;  from  miscellaneous  electric 
service,  88;  expenses,  89,  95,  179;  em- 
ployees, salaries,  and  wages,  92,  177,  178; 
cost  of  supplies,  materials,  and  fuel,  93,  94, 
174,  175,  substation  equipment,  motors, 
transformers,  meters,  customers,and  output 
of  stations,  165;  primary  power  and  gen- 
erating equipment,  166;  analysis  of  serv- 
ice, 170;  character  of  service,  bonds,  and 
cost  of  construction  and  equipment,  172. 
reporting  bonds  outstanding,  capitali- 
zation of,  61. 

Nebraska.    See  States  and  territories. 

Nernst  or  "glower"  lamps,  advantages  of, 
112.  See  also  Lamps,  other  than  arc  and 
incandescent. 

Nevada,  increase  in  total  cost  of  construc- 
tion, 71,  decrease  in  total  cost  of  new 
construction,  73.  See  also  States  and  ter- 
ritories. 

New  Hampshire,  number  and  horsepower 
of  internal-combustion  oil  engines,  42; 
decrease  in  total  cost  of  new  construction, 
73;  gross  income  from  current  sold  to  elec- 
tric railways  and  to  other  electric  com- 
panies, 88.    See  also  States  and  territories. 

New  Jersey,  number  and  horsepower  of 
internal-combustion  oil  engines,  42;  kilo- 
watt capacity  of  dynamos,  49;  increase  in 
total  cost  of  construction,  71;  cost  of  con- 
struction, for  commercial  stations,  74; 
gross  income,  82;  from  commercial  and 
public  lighting,  86;  from  stationary-motor 
service,  87.  See  also  States  and  terri- 
tories. 

New  Mexico.     See  States  and  territories. 

New  York,  horsepower  of  steam  power,  39; 
number  and  horsepower  of  steam  engines, 
41;  of  internal-combustion  oil  engines,  42; 
oi  stationary  motors,  59;  horsepower  of  gas 
engines,  42;  increase  in  water  power,  43; 
kilowatt  capacity  of  dynamos,  49;  lamps, 
arc  and  incandescent,  56;  meters  on  con- 
sumption circuits,  57;  number  and  kilo- 
watt capacity  of  transformers  in  circuits, 
58;  increa.se  in  total  cost  of  construction, 
71;  rank,  in  expenditure  for  new  con- 
Btruction,  73;  cost  of  construction,  for 
commercial  stations,  74;  gross  income,  82; 
from  commercial  and  public  lighting,  86; 
from  stationary-motor  service,  87;  from 
current  sold  to  electric  railways  and  to 
other  electric  companies,  88;  rates  for  test- 
ing meters,  118;  legislation  in  regard  to 
control  over  meters,  118;  uniform  account- 
ing in  force  in,  122.  See  also  States  and 
territories. 

New  York  City,  primary  power  and  dynamo 
capacity,  for  commercial  station,  26; 
number  and  horsepower  of  steam  turbines, 
42;  appropriation  for  fire  protection,  114; 
number  of  fans  for  refrigerating  purposes, 
115;  accuracy  of  meters,  118;  provision  for 
"breakdown"  service,  122. 

New  York  commission,  effort  to  introduce 
uniform  classification  of  accounts,  122. 

New  York  Edison  Company,  equipment  of 
stations,  97;  capacity  of  vertical  shaft 
units,  101;  installation  of  tungsten  lamps 
in  public  parks.  111;  permission  to  modify 
contracts  requested  by,  122. 


New  York  World,  description  of  lighting 
editorial  offices  of,  113. 

Newark,  N.  J.,  use  of  "flaming  arcs,"  106. 

NiagaraFalls,  N.  Y., hydro-electric  develop- 
ment of,  100;  frequency  of  transmission, 
102;  description  of  circuit  to  Syracuse,  102. 

North  Carolina.    See  States  and  territories. 

North  Dakota.    See  States  and  territories. 

Officers  of  corporations,  number  and  salaries 
of,  for  commercial  and  municipal  stations 
(combined),  143;  for  commercial  stations, 
162. 

Ohio,  horsepower  of  steam  power,  39;  of  gas 
engines,  42;  number  and  horsepower  of 
internal-combustion  oil  engines,  42;  of 
stationary  motors,  59;  kilowatt  capacity 
of  dynamos,  49;  lamps,  arc  and  incan- 
descent, 56;  meters  on  consumption  cir- 
cuits, 57;  number  and  kilowatt  capacity 
of  transformers  in  circuits,  58;  increase  in 
total  cost  of  construction,  71;  cost  of  con- 
struction, for  commercial  stations,  74; 
gross  income,  82;  from  commercial  and 
public  lighting,  86;  from  stationary-motor 
service,  87.     See  also  States  and  territories. 

Oil  engines,  internal-combustion.  See  En- 
gines, internal-combustion  oil. 

Oklahoma,  increase  in  total  cost  of  construc- 
tion, 71.     See  also  States  and  territories. 

Ontario  Power  Company,  capacity  of  tur- 
bines, 100;  of  transformers,  104. 

Orchard  Mesa,  Colo.,  extent  of  irrigation 
project,  99. 

Oregon,  increase  in  water  power,  43;  kilo- 
watt capacity  of  dynamos,  49;  cost  of  con- 
struction, for  commercial  stations,  74; 
gross  income,  from  stationary-motor  serv- 
ice, 87;  from  current  sold  to  electric  rail- 
ways and  to  other  electric  companies,  88. 
See  also  States  and  territories. 

Output  of  stations,  kilowatt  hours,  for  com- 
mercial stations,  16,  18,  50, 153;  for  munici- 
pal stations,  16,  31,  50,  165;  for  purely 
electric  and  composite  stations,  19,  20; 
for  central  stations,  22,  51;  for  commercial 
and  municipal  stations  (combined),  127, 
137. 

Ownership,  character  of,  18,  156;  total  cost 
of  plants  and  equipment,  by  character  of, 
73;  number  of  stations  under  construction, 
by  character  of,  74,  75;  cost  of  construction 
and  equipment  of  stations  under  con- 
struction, and  capitalization  of  incor- 
porated companies,  by  character  of,  74. 

Pacific  Gas  and  Electric  Company  (Cal.), 
development  of  generating  plant,  96. 

Pacific  Light  and  Power  Company  (Cal.), 
reciprocating  engines  installed  by,  97. 

Patapsco  Electric  and  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany (Ellicott  City,  Md.),  character  of 
water-power  plant,  99. 

Pearson,  F.  J.,  description  of  "glower" 
lighting  by,  112. 

Pennsylvania,  horsepower  of  steam  power, 
39;  of  gas  engines,  42;  number  and  horse- 
power of  steam  engines,  41;  of  internal- 
combustion  oil  engines,  42;  of  station- 
ary motors,  59;  kilowatt  capacity  of  dy- 
namos, 49;  lamps,  arc  and  incandes- 
cent, 56;  meters  on  consumption  circuits, 
57;  number  and  kilowatt  capacity  of 
transformers  in  circuits,  58;  increase  in 
total  cost  of  construction,  71;  cost  of  con- 
struction, for  commercial  stations,  74;  gross 
income,  82;  from  commercial  and  public 
lighting,  86;  from  stationary-motor  service, 
87;  from  current  sold  to  electric  railways 
and  to  other  electric  companies,  88.  Sef 
also  States  and  territories. 

Petroleum,  crude.    See  Fuel. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  number  and  horsepower 
of  steam  turbines,  42;  use  of  motor  service 
for  refrigerating  purposes,  114;  adoption  of 
refrigerating  machines  by  florists,  115. 


Philadelphia  Electric  Company,  increase  in 
use  of  refrigerating  machines,  114;  number 
of  fans  for  refrigerating  purposes,  115. 

Pittsfield  (Mass.)  Electric  Company,  oil- 
driven  plant  installed  by,  98. 

Plants,  electric-railway,  difficulty  in  secur- 
ing statistics,  13;  isolated,  purpose  of,  14; 
power  or  generating,  operation  of,  14;  pri- 
mary-power, horsepower  of,  31 ;  substation, 
number  and  kilowatt  capacity  of,  136, 
152,  165. 

Plants  and  equipment,  total  cost  of,  70;  for 
selected  states,  71;  by  kind  of  primary 
power,  72;  by  character  of  ownership,  73. 

Poles  and  supports,  cost  of,  for  commercial 
stations,  93,  161;  for  municipal  stations, 
93,   175;  for  commercial  and  municipal  , 
stations  (combined),  141. 

Population,  relation  of  leading  items  to,  22; 
estimated,  in  selected  cities,  23. 

Porto  Rico.    See  States  and  territories. 

Power,  kind  of,  for  stations  under  construc- 
tion, 75;  purchased,  costof,  for  commercial 
stations,  89,  93, 161 ;  for  municipal  stations, 
89,  93,  175;  for  purely  electric  and  com- 
posite stations,  90;  for  commercial  and 
municipal  stations  (combined),  91,  141; 
states  reporting  largest  amounts,  94. 

Preferred  stock,  number  of  companies  re- 
porting, 66;  dividend  and  nondividend 
paying,  66.    See  also  Capital  stock. 

Primary  power,  number  and  horsepower  ca- 
pacity of  machines,  for  commercial  sta- 
tions, 16,  18,  146;  for  municipal  stations, 
16,  166;  for  purely  electric  and  composite 
stations,  19, 20;  forcentralstations and  elec- 
tric railways,  35,  36;  for  commercial  and 
municipal  stations  (combined),  130;  by 
states,  diagram,  37;  average  horsepower 
per  station  and  per  machine,  43;  kinds 
of,  44,  73;  total  cost  of  plants  and  equip- 
ment, 72;  cost  of  construction,  74. 

Providence,  R.  I.,  number  of  fans  for  refrig- 
erating pur]K)ses,  115. 

Public  Service  Corporation  (N.  J.),  develop- 
ment of  generating  plant,  96. 

"Purely  electric,"  use  of  term,  13. 

Purely  electric  central  stations,  number  of, 
27;  gross  income,  78;  expenses,  90. 

Purely  electric  commercial  stations,  number 
and  gross  income  of,  80. 

Purely  electric  companies,  number  and 
capitalization  of,  63. 

Purely  electric  municipal  stations,  funded 
debt  and  interest  of,  69;  number  and 
gross  income  of,  81. 

Putnam,  H.  St.  Clair,  extract  from  report  to 
conservation  conference,  97. 

Quartz  mercury  vapor  lamps.  See  Lamps, 
quartz  mercury  vapor. 

Railways,  electric,  number  and  horsepower 
of  primary-power  machines,  35;  character 
of  power,  diagram,  36;  number  and  kilo- 
watt capacity  of  dynamos,  44;  output  of 
generating  stations,  50;  lamps,  meters, 
transformers  in  circuits,  and  stationary 
motors,  52;  gross  income,  from  current  sold 
to,  87,  88;  from  service,  142,  158,  159, 
176; 

Railways  and  Light  Company  (Toledo, 
Ohio),  rates  for  charging  automobiles,  115. 

Reed,  E.  G.,  extract  from  paper  concerning 
transformers,  105. 

Refrigerating  machines,  increase  in  use  of, 
114. 

Regulation  and  rates,  data  regarding,  120. 

Rent,  of  offices,  for  commercial  stations,  95, 
164;  for  municipal  stations,  95,  179;  for 
commercial  and  municipal  stations  (com- 
bined), 145. 

of  stations,  line-wire  supports,  and  con- 
duits, for  commercial  stations,  95,  164;  for 
municipal  stations,  95, 179;  for  commercial 
and  mimicipal  stations  (combined),  145. 


INDEX. 


197 


of  water  privileges,  lor  commercial  and 

municipal  stations  (combined),  141;  for 
commercial  stations,  161;  for  municipal 
stations,  175. 

Rents,  taxes,  and  insurance,  cost  of,  forcom- 
mercialand  municipal  stations(combined), 
127;  for  commercial  stations,  158;  for  mu- 
nicipal stations,  173. 

Repairs  of  buildings  and  machinery,  cost  of, 
for  commercial  stations,  95,  164;  for  mu- 
nicipal stations,  95,  179;  for  commercial 
and  municipal  stations  (combined),  145. 

Rhode  Island,  number  and  horsepower  of 
internal-combustion  oil  engines,  42;  de- 
crease in  total  cost  of  new  construction,  73. 
See  also  States  and  territories. 

Rochester,  N.  Y.,  erection  of  pole  line  on 
back-yard  boundary  line,  112. 

Rotaries,  number  and  kilowatt  capacity  of, 
for  commercial  and  municipal  stations 
(combined),  135,  136;  for  commercial  sta- 
tions, 151,  152;  for  municipal  stations,  169. 

Royal  Electric  Company  (Montreal),  adop- 
tion of  Gossler  system  by,  113. 

St.  Louis,  Mo.,  number  and  horsepower  of 
steam  turbines,  42;  number  of  fans  for 
refrigerating  purposes,  115. 

Salaried  employees,  number  and  salaries  of, 
for  commercial  stations,  92,  162 ;  for  munic- 
ipal stations,  92,  177;  for  commercial  and 
municipal  stations  (combined),  143. 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.,  number  and 
salaries  of,  for  commercial  stations,  16,  18; 
for  municipal  stations,  16;  for  purely  elec- 
tric and  composite  stations,  19;  for  central 
electric  stations  and  gas  plants,  28;  for 
commercial  and  municipal  stations  (com- 
bined), 127. 

Salaries  and  wages,  for  commercial  stations, 
16,  18,  89,  158;  for  purely  electric  and 
composite  stations,  19,  90;  for  municipal 
stations,  89,  173;  for  commercial  and  mu- 
nicipal stations  (combined),  91,  126. 

Seattle  and  Tacoma  Company  (Wash.),  ca- 
pacity of  turbine,  100, 

Service,  electric,  gross  income  from,  for  com- 
mercial stations,  76,  80,  158,  159;  for 
municipal  stations,  76,  80,  173,  176;  for 
purely  electric  and  composite  stations,  78, 
80,  81;  for  commercial  and  municipal  sta- 
tions (combined),  79,  83,  126,  142;  for 
stations  with  and  without  meters  on  con- 
sumption circuits,  84;  for  central  light  and 
power  stations  operated  by  street-railway 
companies,  182. 

• analysis  of,  for  commercial  and  munici- 
pal stations  (combined),  138;  for  commer- 
cial stations,  154;  for  municipal  stations, 
170. 

"breakdown,"  provision  for,  122. 

character  of,  156,  172. 

miscellaneous,  gross  income  from,  88. 

■ stationary-motor,  income  from,  for  se- 
lected   tates,  87. 

Sliding  scale,  use  of,  122. 

Smoot,  0.  H.,  suggestion  regarding  exhaust 
of  reciprocating  engines,  98. 

Snoqualmie  Falls  plant,  capacity  of  tur- 
bine, 100. 

South  Carolina,  generating  plant  in,  22; 
increase  in  water  power,  43;  kilowatt 
capacity  of  dynamos,  49;  increase  in  total 
cost  of  construction,  71;  gross  income  from 
stationary-motor  service,  87.  See  also 
States  and  territories. 

South  Dakota,  increase  in  total  cost  of  con- 
struction, 71.  See  also  States  and  terri- 
tories. 

Southern  Power  Company,  capacity  of  trans- 
formers, 104. 

Stanton,  Iowa,  primary  power  and  dynamo 
capacity  of  commercial  station,  26. 

States  and  territories,  primary  power,  dia- 
gram, 37 ;  steam  and  water  power,  diagram, 


40;  capacity  of  dynamos,  diagram,  48;  out- 
put of  generating  stations,  51;  comparative 
summary,  126;  primary  power  and  gener- 
ating equipment,  130,  166;  substation 
equipment,  136,  152,  165;  analysis  of  serv- 
ice, 138,  154,  170;  supplies,  materials,  and 
fuel,  140,  160,  174;  income  and  expenses, 
142,  158,  159,  173,  176,  182;  salaried  em- 
ployees and  salaries,  143,  162,  177;  wage- 
earners  and  wages,  144,  163,  178;  miscella- 
neous expenses,  145,  164,  179;  primary 
power  and  generating  equipment,  146; 
character  of  ownership,  156;  of  service, 
bonds,  and  cost  of  construction  and  equip- 
ment, 172;  arc  lighting,  180;  incandescent 
lighting,  181. 

Stationary-motor  service.  See  Service,  sta- 
tionary-motor. 

Stations,  line-wire  supports,  and  conduits, 
rent  of.  See  Rent  of  stations,  line-wire 
supports,  and  conduits. 

Statistics,  grouping  of,  15. 

Steam  engines.    See  Engines,  steam. 

Steam  engines  and  steam  turbines  (com- 
bined), horsepower  capacity  of,  38;  aver- 
age p'^r  station  and  per  machine,  43.  iSee 
also  Engines,  steam. 

Steam  power,  comparison  with  water  power, 
diagram,  40. 

Steam  turbines.    See  Turbines,  steam. 

Storage-battery  cells,  in  main  stations,  num- 
ber of,  for  commercial  and  municipal  sta- 
tions (combined),  135;  for  commercial  sta- 
tions, 151;  for  municipal  stations,  169. 

Street-railwaycompanies,  number  of  stations 
operated  by,  17,  180-182. 

Superintendents.  See  Managers  and  super- 
intendents. 

Supplies,  materials,  and  fuel,  cost  of,  for 
commercial  and  municipal  stations  (com- 
bined), 129;  for  commercial  stations,  158; 
for  municipal  stations,  173. 

Supplies,  materials,  power  purchased,  and 
fuel,  cost  of,  for  central  stations  and  gas 
plants,  28. 

Supplies  and  materials,  cost  of,  for  commer- 
cial stations,  89,  93;  for  municipal  sta- 
tions, 89,  93;  for  purely  electric  and  com- 
posite stations,  90;  for  commercial  and 
municipal  stations  (combined),  91,  127. 

miscellaneous,  cost  of,  for  commercial 

and  municipal  stations  (combined),  141; 
for  commercial  stations,  161;  for  municipal 
stations,  175. 

Supports.     See  Poles  and  supports. 

Sweet,  A.  J.,  phy.sical  properties  of  various 
forms  of  lamps  summarized  by,  110. 

Tantalum  lamps,  number  of,  57;  per  cent  of 
companies  using,  109. 

Taxes,  amount  of,  for  commercial  stations, 
95,  164;  for  municipal  stations,  95,  179; 
for  commercial  and  municipal  stations 
(combined),  145.  See  also  Rents,  taxes, 
and  insurance. 

Tennessee.     See  States  and  territories. 

Texas,  horsepower  of  gas  engines,  42;  num- 
ber and  horsepower  of  internal-combustion 
oil  engines,  42;  kilowatt  capacity  of  dyna- 
mos, 49;  cost  of  construction,  for  commer- 
cial stations,  74;  gross  income,  from  com- 
mercial and  public  lighting,  86;  from  sta- 
tionary-motor service,  87;  from  current 
sold  to  electric  railways  and  to  other  elec- 
tric companies,  88,  See  also  States  and 
territories, 

Toledo,  Ohio,  use  of  luminous  magnetite  arc 
lamps,  107. 

Toledo  (Ohio)  Gas,  Electric,  and  Heating 
Company,  alternating-current  system 
adopted  by,  104. 

Transformers,  transmission  methods  devel- 
oped by  introduction  of,  104;  number  and 
kilowatt  capacity,  for  commercial  and  mu- 
nicipal stations  (combined),  135,  136;  for 


commercial  stations,  151,  152;  for  munici- 
pal stations,  169;  cost  of,  for  commercial 
stations,  93,  160;  for  municipal  stations, 
93,  174;  for  commercial  and  municipal 
stations  (combined),  140. 

in  circuits,  number  and  kilowatt  ca- 
pacity of,  for  central  stations  and  electric 
railways,  52;  for  commercial  stations,  53, 
153;  for  municipal  stations,  53,  165;  for 
commercial  and  municipal  stations  (com- 
bined), 137;  for  selected  states,  58;  aver- 
age per  station,  60. 

Transmission,  extension  of  systems,  102. 

Tungsten  lamps,  number  of,  57;  improve- 
ments in,  109;  installation  of,  110, 

Turbines,  steam,  number  and  horsepower  of, 
for  central  stations  and  electric  railways, 
35;  for  commercial  stations,  36,  41, 147;  for 
municipal  stations,  36,  41,  166;  for  com- 
mercial and  municipal  stations  (com- 
bined), 131;  average  horsepower  per  sta- 
tion and  per  machine,  43. 

Turner,  M,  E.,  data  in  reference  to  use  of 
electrical  apparatus  for  cooking,  115. 

Union  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company 

(St.  Louis),  system  of  rates  established  by, 

121. 
Utah,  cause  of  decrease  in  total  co.st  of  plants 

and  equipment,  70.    See  also  States  and 

territories. 

Vacuum  lamps.     See  Lamps,  other  than  arc 

and  incandescent. 
Vapor  lamps.     See  Lamps,  other  than  arc 

and  incandescent. 
Vermont.     See  States  and  territories. 
Virginia.     See  States  and  territories. 

Wage-earners,  average  number  and  wages  of, 
for  commercial  stations,  16,  18,  92,  163; 
for  municipal  stations,  16,  92,  178;  for 
purely  electric  and  composite  stations,  19; 
for  central  stations  and  gas  plants,  28;  for 

.  commercial  and  municipal  stations  (com- 
bined), 127,  144. 

Washington,  D.  C,  number  and  horsepower 
of  steam  turbines,  42. 

Washington,  increase  in  water  power,  43 
kilowatt   capacity   of   dynamos,    49;   in 
crease  in  total  cost  of  construction,   71 
cost  of  construction,  for  commercial  sta 
tions,  74;  gross  income,  from  commercial 
and  public  lighting,  86;  from  stationary- 
motor  service,  87;     from  current  sold  to 
electric  railways  and  to  other  electric  com- 
panies, 88.    See  also  States  and  territories. 

Water  power,  increase  in,  25, 42, 98;  compari- 
son with  steam  power,  diagram,  40. 

Water  privileges,  rent  of.  See  Rent  of  water 
privileges. 

Water  wheels,  number  and  horsepower  of, 
for  commercial  stations,  16, 18,  36,  43,  147; 
for  municipal  stations,  16,  36,  43,  167;  for 
purely  electric  and  composite  stations,  19; 
for  central  stations  and  electric  railways, 
35;  for  commercial  and  municipal  stations 
(combined),  131;  average  horsepower  per 
station  and  per  machine,  43. 

West  Virginia,  decrease  in  total  cost  of  new 
construction,  73.  See  also  States  and  ter- 
ritories. 

Wire  and  cable,  cost  of,  for  commercial  sta- 
tions, 93,  161;  for  municipal  stations,  93, 
175;  for  commercial  and  municipal  sta- 
tions (combined),  141, 

Wisconsin,  number  and  horsepower  of  inter- 
nal-combustion oil  engines,  42;  horse- 
power of  gas  engines,  42;  gross  income  from 
stationary-motor  service,  87;  legislation 
in  regard  to  control  over  meters,  118,  See 
also  States  and  territories. 

Wisconsin  commission,  decision  in  regard  to 
rates,  120;  effort  to  introduce  uniform 
classification  of  accounts,  122. 

Wyoming.    See  States  and  territories. 


o 


# 


UNIVERSITY  01'  CALTFOKNIA  LIBRARY 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


NOV    3  ^^^'^ 
APR 25  iy'i> 


JUN  2  7  1999 
SENT  ON  ILL 

^v^uB  0  2  awo 

U:  C.  BERKELEY 


4 


30m-6,'14 


lelectric  1 
stations. 


m 


t  and  power 
Q^ ^ 


: 6 JOO ; 


o3:     M'ii  eez 


